Use of ward closure to control outbreaks among hospitalized patients in acute care settings: A systematic review

Systematic Reviews

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Wong, Holly ^a   Eso, Katherine ^a   Ip, Ada ^a   Jones, Jessica ^a   Kwon, Yoojin ^b   Powelson, Susan ^b   de Grood, Jill ^a   Geransar, Rose ^a   Santana, Maria ^a   Joffe, A Mark ^c,d   Taylor, Geoffrey ^c,d   Missaghi, Bayan ^a,c   Pearce, Craig ^c   Ghali, William A ^a,b,f   Conly, John ^a,b,c,e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c ALBERTA HEALTH SERVICES   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^e University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACINETOBACTER INFECTION; ARTICLE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; DATA PROCESSING; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EMERGENCY CARE; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INFLUENZA A; MICROBIAL COLONIZATION; NONHUMAN; NORWALK VIRUS; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ROTAVIRUS INFECTION; SALMONELLA ENTERICA SEROVAR PANAMA; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WARD; WARD CLOSURE; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HOSPITAL; HOSPITAL SUBDIVISIONS AND COMPONENTS; HOSPITALIZATION; PROCEDURES;

DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HEALTH FACILITY CLOSURE; HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION; HOSPITAL UNITS; HOSPITALIZATION; HOSPITALS; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; PATIENTS' ROOMS;

EID: 84946542727     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20464053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-015-0131-2     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Magill SS, Edwards JR, Bamberg W, Beldavs ZG, Dumyati G, Kainer MA, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1198-208.
2. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/. Accessed Oct 30 2015.
3. Khabbaz RF, Moseley RR, Steiner RJ, Levitt AM, Bell BP. Challenges of infectious diseases in the USA. Lancet. 2014;384(9937):53-63.
4. Zoutman DE, Ford BD, Bryce E, Gourdeau M, Hébert G, Henderson E, et al. The state of infection surveillance and control in Canadian acute care hospitals. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31(5):266-73.
5. Munk S, Jensen NJF, Andersen I, Kehlet H, Hansen TB. Effect of compression therapy on knee swelling and pain after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(2):388-92.
6. Miller MA, Hyland M, Ofner-Agostini M, Gourdeau M, Ishak M. Morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden of nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in Canadian hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(3):137-40.
7. Noone P, Griffiths RJ. The effect on sepsis rates of closing and cleaning hospital wards. J Clin Pathol. 1971;24(8):721-5.
8. Hansen S, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Zuschneid I, Behnke M, Rüden H, Vonberg RP, et al. Closure of medical departments during nosocomial outbreaks: data from a systematic analysis of the literature. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65(4):348-53.
9. Key infection control recommendations for the control of norovirus outbreaks in healthcare settings. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hai/pdfs/norovirus/229110A-NorovirusControlRecomm508A.pdf. Accessed Oct 30 2015.
10. Royal Cornwall Hospitals. NHS Trust. Ward Clsoure Policy. V3.0 http://www.rcht.nhs.uk/DocumentsLibrary/RoyalCornwallHospitalsTrust/Clinical/InfectionPreventionAndControl/WardClosures.pdf. acessed Oct 30 2015
11. MacCannell T, Umscheid C, Agarwal R, Lee I, Kuntz G, Stevenson K, et al. Guideline for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(10):939-69.
12. Illingworth E, Taborn E, Fielding D, Cheesbrough J, Diggle PJ, Orr D. Is closure of entire wards necessary to control norovirus outbreaks in hospital? Comparing the effectiveness of two infection control strategies. J Hosp Infect. 2011;79(1):32-7.
13. Haill CF, Newell P, Ford C, Whitley M, Cox J, Wallis M, et al. Compartmentalization of wards to cohort symptomatic patients at the beginning and end of norovirus outbreaks. J Hosp Infect. 2012;82(1):30-5.
14. Harris JP, Adak GK, O'Brien SJ. To close or not to close? Analysis of 4 year's data from national surveillance of norovirus outbreaks in hospitals in England. BMJ. 2014;4(1), e003919.
15. Alberta Health Services. Guidelines for outbreak prevention, control and management in acute care and facility living sites. AHS Population, Public and Aboriginal Health, Infection Prevention and Control, Workplace Health and Safety. 2015Available from: http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/Diseases/hi-dis-flu-prov-hlsl.pdf. Accessed Oct 30 2015.
16. Jüni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ. 2001;323(7303):42-6.
17. GRADEpro. Cochrane informatics and knowledge management department. [February 2014]; Available from: http://tech.cochrane.org/revman/other-resources/gradepro/resources. Accessed Oct 30 2015.
18. Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377-84.
19. Hsu J, Santesso N, Mustafa R, Brozek J, Chen YL, Hopkins JP, et al. Antivirals for treatment of influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(7):512-24.
20. Public Health Agency of Canada. Routine practices and additional precautions for preventing the transmission of infections in healthcare settings. Public Health Agency of Canada; 2012. Available from: http://www.ipac-canada.org/pdf/2013_PHAC_RPAP-EN.pdf. Accessed Oct 30 2015.
21. Clark JD, Hill SM, Phillips AD. Investigation of hospital-acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis using RNA electrophoresis. J Med Virol. 1988;26(3):289-99.
22. Fretz R, Schmid D, Jelovcan S, Tschertou R, Krassnitzer E, Schirmer M, et al. An outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in an Austrian hospital, winter 2006-2007. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2009;121(3-4):137-43.
23. Hastie KJ, Weymont G, Lewis DA. An outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in urological practice: a potential consequence of excessive antibiotic prophylaxis? J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1989;34(3):146-8.
24. Kienitz M, Licht W, Richter M. Kleinraumepidemie durch Salmonella panama im bereich einer pflegeeinheit. Med Klin. 1977;72(18):806-8.
25. Ratnayake L, McEwen J, Henderson N, Nathwani D, Phillips G, Brown D, et al. Control of an outbreak of diarrhoea in a vascular surgery unit caused by a high-level clindamycin-resistant Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 106. J Hosp Infect. 2011;79(3):242-7.
26. Weber DJ, Sickbert Bennett EE, Vinjé J, Brown VM, MacFarquhar JK, Engel JP, et al. Lessons learned from a norovirus outbreak in a locked pediatric inpatient psychiatric unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26(10):841-3.
27. Widdowson M, van Doornum GJ, van der Poel WH, de Boer AS, van de Heide R, Mahdi U, et al. An outbreak of diarrhea in a neonatal medium care unit caused by a novel strain of rotavirus: investigation using both epidemiologic and microbiological methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(11):665-70.
28. Cherifi S, Delmee M, van Broeck J, Beyer I, Byl B, Mascart G. Management of an outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among geriatric patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(11):1200-5.
29. Green J, Wright PA, Gallimore CI, Mitchell O, Morgan-Capner P, Brown DWG. The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. J Hosp Infect. 1998;39(1):39-45.
30. Zingg W, Colombo C, Jucker T, Bossart W, Ruef C. Impact of an outbreak of norovirus infection on hospital resources. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26(3):263-7.
31. McCall J, Smithson R. Rapid response and strict control measures can contain a hospital outbreak of Norwalk-like virus. Commun Dis Public Health. 2002;5(3):243-6.
32. Stevenson P, McCann R, Duthie R, Glew E, Ganguli L. A hospital outbreak due to norwalk virus. J Hosp Infect. 1994;26(4):261-72.
33. Cunney RJ, Costigan P, McNamara EB, Hayes B, Creamer E, LaFoy M, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norwalk-like virus, using solid phase immune electron microscopy. J Hosp Infect. 2000;44(2):113-8.
34. Kanerva M, Maunula L, Lappalainen M, Mannonen L, von Bonsdorff CH, Anttila VJ. Prolonged norovirus outbreak in a Finnish tertiary care hospital caused by GII.4-2006b subvariants. J Hosp Infect. 2009;71(3):206-13.
35. Russo PL, Spelman DW, Harrington GA, Jenney AWJ, Gunesekere IC, Wright PJ, et al. Hospital outbreak of norwalk-like virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997;18(8):576-9.
36. Hoffmann D, Seebach J, Foley BT, Frösner G, Nadas K, Protzer U, et al. Isolated norovirus GII.7 strain within an extended GII.4 outbreak. J Med Virol. 2010;82(6):1058-64.
37. Srinivasan G, Azarcon E, Muldoon MRL, Jenkins G, Polavarapu S, Kallick CA, et al. Rotavirus infection in normal nursery: Epidemic and surveillance. Infect Control. 1984;5(10):478-81.
38. Owolabi T, Kwolek S. Managing obstetrical patients during severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2004;26(1):35-41.
39. Denton M, Hawkey PM, Hoy CM, Porter C. Co-existent cross-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae and group B streptococci on an adult oncology unit. J Hosp Infect. 1993;23(4):271-8.
40. Horcajada JP, Pumarola T, Martínez JA, Tapias G, Bayas JM, de la Prada M, et al. A nosocomial outbreak of influenza during a period without influenza epidemic activity. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(2):303-7.
41. Jalal H, Bibby DF, Bennett J, Sampson RE, Brink NS, MacKinnon S, et al. Molecular investigations of an outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus infections in a hematology unit. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(6):1690-6.
42. Moisiuk SE, Robson D, Klass L, Kliewer G, Wasyliuk W, Davi M, et al. Outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 3 in an intermediate care neonatal nursery. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(1):49-53.
43. Risa KJ, McAndrew JM, Muder RR. Influenza outbreak management on a locked behavioral health unit. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37(1):76-8.
44. Sartor C, Zandotti C, Romain F, Jacomo V, Sophie S, Atlan-Gepner C, et al. Disruption of services in an internal medicine unit due to a nosocomial influenza outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(10):615-9.
45. Subramanian D, Sandoe JAT, Keer V, Wilcox MH. Rapid spread of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among high-risk hospital inpatients and the role of molecular typing in outbreak confirmation. J Hosp Infect. 2003;54(2):99-103.
46. Gopalakrishna G, Choo P, Leo YS, Tay BK, Lim YT, Khan AS, et al. SARS transmission and hospital containment. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(3):395.
47. Wong BCK, Lee N, Li Y, Chan PKS, Qiu H, Luo Z, et al. Possible role of aerosol transmission in a hospital outbreak of influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(10):1176-83.
48. Liu JW, Lu SN, Chen SS, Yang KD, Lin MC, Wu CC, et al. Epidemiologic study and containment of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in a medical center in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(5):466-72.
49. Delamare C, Lameloise V, Lozniewski A, Perrin M, Baudin C, Sellies J, et al. Épidémie en réanimation médicochirurgicale d'Enterococcus faecium résistants aux glycopeptides (ERG) avec cocirculation de deux clones différents. Pathol Biol. 2008;56(7-8):454-60.
50. Rettedal S, Löhr IH, Natås O, Giske CG, Sundsfjord A, Øymar K. First outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Norwegian neonatal intensive care unit; associated with contaminated breast milk and resolved by strict cohorting. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. 2012;120(8):612-21.
51. Barrett SP. The value of nasal mupirocin in containing an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an orthopaedic unit. J Hosp Infect. 1990;15(2):137-42.
52. Giuffrè M, Cipolla D, Bonura C, Geraci DM, Aleo A, Di Noto S, et al. Outbreak of colonizations by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli sequence type 131 in a neonatal intensive care unit, Italy. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013;2(1):8.
53. Iosifidis E, Karakoula K, Protonotariou E, Kaperoni M, Matapa E, Pournaras S, et al. Polyclonal outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a pediatric oncology department. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2012;34(7):511-6.
54. van der Steen LFBM, Harssema-Poot JJC, Willems R, Gaillard CA. Uitbraak van cancomycinresistente Enterococcus faecium op een afdeling nefrologie. Epidemiologische mededelingen. 2000;144(53):2568-72.
55. van der Zwet WC, van Riessen N, Bergervoet PWM, van der Laan JR, Savelkoul PHM, Sebens FW. Multiresistente Escherichia coli-epidemie op een chirurgische afdeling: verloop, maatregelen en consequenties voor toekomstige opnamen van besmette patiënten. Nederl Tijdschr Geneesk. 2005;149(41):2281.
56. Troelstra A, Kamp-Hopmans TE, Wessels FJ, Bilkert-Mooiman MA, Verhoef J, Mascini EM. Epidemic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus due to the transfer of 2 Dutch burn patients from a hospital outside of the Netherlands; who suffers the consequences? Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146(46):2204-7.
57. Dalben M, Varkulja G, Basso M, Krebs VLJ, Gibelli MA, van der Heijden I, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae in a neonatal unit and review of the literature. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70(1):7-14.
58. Finn A, Anday E, Talbot GH. An epidemic of adenovirus 7a infection in a neonatal nursery: Course, morbidity, and management. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1988;9(9):398-404.
59. Gupta AK, Shashi S, Mohan M, Lamba IMS, Gupta R. Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Trop Pediatr. 1993;39(1):32-6.
60. Moodley P, Coovadia YM, Sturm AW. Intravenous glucose preparation as the source of an outbreak of extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in the neonatal unit of a regional hospital in KwaZulu-Natal: original article. SAMJ. 2005;95(11):861-4.
61. Purdham DR, Purdham PA, Wood BS, George RH, Martin AJ. Severe echo 19 virus infection in a neonatal unit. Arch Dis Child. 1976;51(8):634-6.
62. Zanetti G, Blanc DS, Federli I, Raffoul W, Petignat C, Maravic P, et al. Importation of Acinetobacter baumannii into a burn unit: a recurrent outbreak of infection associated with widespread environmental contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(6):723-5.
63. Zawacki A, O'Rourke E, Potter-Bynoe G, Macone A, Harbarth S, Goldmann D. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and bloodstream infection associated with intermittent otitis externa in a healthcare worker. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(12):1083-9.
64. Kaneko H, Kondo T, Fujiwara T, Iida T, Miura R, Nakajima H, et al. Clinical and virological studies of nosocomial conjunctivitis infection caused by adenovirus type 37 variant. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2005;109(8):489-96.
65. Fujiwara O, Mitamura Y, Tagawa H, Ohba M, Hashimoto M, Suzuki Y, et al. Epidemic nosocomial keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 4. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2003;107(7):388-92.
66. LA Lahoucine M, Mhamed H, Quessar A, Benbachir M, Benchekroun S. Les germes producteurs de beta lactamases a spectre etendu: Epidemie dans un service d'hemato-oncologie. Tunis Med. 2004;82(11):1006-11.
67. Hamada N, Gotoh K, Hara K, Iwahashi J, Imamura Y, Nakamura S, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis accompanying environmental contamination with adenoviruses. J Hosp Infect. 2008;68(3):262-8.
68. Assadian O, Berger A, Aspöck C, Mustafa S, Kohlhauser C, Hirschl AM. Nosocomial outbreak of Serratia marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(8):457-61.
69. Ayraud-Thévenot S, Huart C, Mimoz O, Taouqi M, Laland C, Bousseau A, et al. Control of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreaks in an intensive care unit: feasibility and economic impact of rapid unit closure. J Hosp Infect. 2012;82(4):290-2.
70. Bartley PB, Schooneveldt JM, Looke DFM, Morton A, Johnson DW, Nimmo GR. The relationship of a clonal outbreak of Enterococcus faecium vanA to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus incidence in an Australian hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2001;48(1):43-54.
71. Deutscher M, Schillie S, Gould C, Baumbach J, Mueller M, Avery C, et al. Investigation of a group A Streptococcal outbreak among residents of a long-term acute care hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(8):988-94.
72. Donkers LE, van Furth AM, van der Zwet WC, Fetter WP, Roord JJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Enterobacter cloacae epidemic on a neonatal intensive care unit due to the use of contaminated thermometers. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2001;145(13):643-7. Epub 2001/04/18.
73. Ergaz Z, Arad I, Bar-Oz B, Peleg O, Benenson S, Minster N, et al. Elimination of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from a neonatal intensive care unit following an outbreak. J Hosp Infect. 2010;74(4):370-6.
74. Hill SF, Ferguson D. Multiply-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Bacteriophage type 90) in a special care baby unit. J Hosp Infect. 1984;5(1):56-62.
75. McKee Jr KT, Cotton RB, Stratton CW, Lavely GB, Wright PF, Shenai JP, et al. Nursery epidemic due to multiply-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: epidemiologic setting and impact on perinatal health care delivery. Infect Control. 1982;3(2):150-6.
76. Koeleman JG, Parlevliet GA, Dijkshoorn L, Savelkoul PH, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Nosocomial outbreak of multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii on a surgical ward: epidemiology and risk factors for acquisition. J Hosp Infect. 1997;37(2):113-23.
77. Landelle C, Legrand P, Lesprit P, Cizeau F, Ducellier D, Gouot C, et al. Protracted outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii after intercontinental transfer of colonized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(2):119-24.
78. Lewis DA, Hawkey PM, Watts JA, Speller DCE, Primavesi RJ, Fleming PJ, et al. Infection with netilmicin resistant Serratia marcescens in a special care baby unit. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287(6406):1701-5.
79. Maragakis L, Winkler A, Tucker MG, Cosgrove SE, Ross T, Lawson E, et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Serratia marcescens infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(5):418-23.
80. Liu Y, Cao B, Gu L, Liu K, Feng Z. Successful control of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium nosocomial outbreak in a teaching hospital in China. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):568-71.
81. Modi N, Damjanovic V, Cooke RW. Outbreak of cephalosporin resistant Enterobacter cloacae infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Arch Dis Child. 1987;62(2):148-51.
82. Moissenet D, Salauze B, Clermont O, Bingen E, Arlet G, Denamur E, et al. Meningitis caused by Escherichia coli producing TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase within an extensive outbreak in a neonatal ward: Epidemiological investigation and characterization of the strain. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(7):2459-63.
83. Moretti ML, de Oliveira Cardoso LG, Levy CE, Von Nowakosky A, Bachur LF, Bratfich O, et al. Controlling a vancomycin-resistant enterococci outbreak in a Brazilian teaching hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(3):369-74.
84. Price EH, Brain A, Dickson JAS. An outbreak of infection with a gentamicin and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal unit. J Hosp Infect. 1980;1(3):221-8.
85. Quinet B, Mitanchez D, Salauze B, Carbonne A, Bingen E, Fournier S, et al. Description et investigation d'une épidémie nosocomiale de colonisations et d'infections à Escherichia coli producteur d'une bêta-lactamase à spectre étendu dans un service de néonatologie. Arch Pediatrie. 2010;17(Supplement 4(0)):S145-S9.
86. Ramage L, Green K, Pyskir D, Simor AE. An outbreak of fatal nosocomial infections due to group A Streptococcus on a medical ward. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996;17(7):429-31.
87. Rampling A, Wiseman S, Davis L, Hyett AP, Walbridge AN, Payne GC, et al. Evidence that hospital hygiene is important in the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 2001;49(2):109-16.
88. Rashid A, Solomon LK, Lewis HG, Khan K. Outbreak of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a regional burns unit: management and implications. Burns. 2006;32(4):452-7.
89. Reish O, Ashkenazi S, Naor N, Samra Z, Merlob P. An outbreak of multiresistant Klebsiella in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 1993;25(4):287-91.
90. Ritter E, Bauerfeind A, Becker-Boost E, Fiehn A, Stocker H, Wirsing-von-Konig CH, et al. Ausbruch einer nosokomialen Infecktion durch SHV2-Betalaktamase-bildende Klebsiella-pneumoniae-Stamme in einer operative Intensivstation. Immun Infekt. 1992;20(1):3-6.
91. Seng C, Watkins P, Morse D, Barrett S, Zambon M, Andrews N, et al. Parvovirus B19 outbreak on an adult ward. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113(02):345-53.
92. Simor AE, Lee M, Vearncombe M, Jones-Paul L, Barry C, Gomez M, et al. An outbreak due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a burn unit: risk factors for acquisition and management. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(5):261-7.
93. Teare L, Shelley OP, Millership S, Kearns A. Outbreak of Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a regional burns unit. J Hosp Infect. 2010;76(3):220-4.
94. van den Berg RWA, Claahsen HL, Niessen M, Muytjens HL, Liem K, Voss A. Enterobacter cloacae outbreak in the NICU related to disinfected thermometers. J Hosp Infect. 2000;45(1):29-34.
95. Sample M, Gravel D, Oxley C, Toye B, Garber G, Ramotar K. An outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in a hematology-oncology unit: Control by patient cohorting and terminal cleaning of the environment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(8):468-70.
96. Danchivijitr S, Chokloikaew S, Chantrasakul C, Trakoolsomboon S. An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a burn unit. J Med Assoc Thai. 1995;78:S11-4.
97. Alfandari S, Gois J, Delannoy P-Y, Georges H, Boussekey N, Chiche A, et al. Management and control of a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit. Med Mal Infect. 2014.
98. Newman MJ. Multiple-resistant Salmonella group G outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. West Afr J Med. 1995;15(3):165-9.
99. Pillay D, Kibbler CC, Griffiths PD, Hurt S, Patou G. Parvovirus B19 outbreak in a children's ward. Lancet. 1992;339(8785):107-9.
100. Wagenvoort JHT, de Grauwer CHW, Klaassen AWH, Krings CJ, van der Linden HJM, Toenbreker AV. Controlling an epidemic with multi-resistance Acinetobactor baumannii. Hyg Med. 2006;31:94-102.
101. Carbonne A, Thiolet JM, Fournier S, Fortineau N, Kassis-Chikhani N, Boytchev I, et al. Control of a multi-hospital outbreak of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 in France, September to October 2009. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(48):19734.
102. Enoch DA, Summers C, Brown NM, Moore L, Gillham MI, Burnstein RM, et al. Investigation and management of an outbreak of multidrug-carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Cambridge, UK. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70(2):109-18.
103. Grogan J, Murphy H, Butler K. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Dublin paediatric hospital. Br J Biomed Sci. 1998;55(2):111-7.
104. Kassis-Chikhani N, Saliba F, Carbonne A, Neuville S, Decre D, Sengelin C, et al. Extended measures for controlling an outbreak of VIM-1 producing imipenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a liver transplant centre in France, 2003-2004. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(46):10-7.
105. Laurent C, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Rost F, Strale H, Vincent JL, Deplano A, et al. Intensive care unit outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae controlled by cohorting patients and reinforcing infection control measures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(6):517-24.
106. Macrae MB, Shannon KP, Rayner DM, Kaiser AM, Hoffman PN, French GL. A simultaneous outbreak on a neonatal unit of two strains of multiply antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae controllable only by ward closure. J Hosp Infect. 2001;49(3):183-92.
107. Boyce JM, Landry M, Deetz TR, DuPont HL. Epidemiologic studies of an outbreak of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Infect Control. 1981;2(2):110-6.
108. Kluytmans J, van Leeuwen W, Goessens W, Hollis R, Messer S, Herwaldt L, et al. Food-initiated outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus analyzed by pheno- and genotyping. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(5):1121-8.
109. Piagnerelli M, Kennes B, Brogniez Y, Deplano A, Govaerts D. Outbreak of nosocomial multidrug-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes in a geriatric unit: failure of isolation contact, analysis of risk factors, and use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(10):651-3.
110. Konjajev Z, Mozetic M, Erjavec M. An epidemic of infection with Coxsackie B5. G Mal Infett Parassit. 1976;28(8):473-6.
111. Farrington M, Redpath C, Trundle C, Coomber S, Brown NM. Winning the battle but losing the war: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection at a teaching hospital. Q J Med. 1998;91(8):539-48.
112. Selkon JB, Stokes ER, Ingham HR. The role of an isolation unit in the control of hospital infection with methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Hosp Infect. 1980;1(1):41-6.
113. Stone SP, Beric V, Quick A, Balestrini AA, Kibbler CC. The effect of an enhanced infection-control policy on the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection and methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus colonization in acute elderly medical patients. Age Ageing. 1998;27(5):561-8.
114. García MJS, Sánchez JAG, Pérez FA. Evaluación del efecto de una intervención de limpieza desinfección sobre la incidencia de infecciones por microorganismos multirresistentes en un Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Enferm Intensiva. 2009;20(1):27-34.
115. Cooper B, Stone S, Kibbler C, Cookson B, Roberts J, Medley G, et al. Systematic review of isolation policies in the hospital management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review of the literature with epidemiological and economic modelling. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7(39):1-194.
116. Stone SP, Cooper BS, Kibbler CC, Cookson BD, Roberts JA, Medley GF, et al. The ORION statement: guidelines for transparent reporting of outbreak reports and intervention studies of nosocomial infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(4):282-8.