When majority members exclude ethnic minorities: The impact of shame on the desire to object to immoral acts

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 728-741

  Berndsen, Mariëtte ^a   Gausel, Nicolay ^b  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b ØSTFOLD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE   (Norway)

Author keywords

Anger; Guilt; Identification; Immorality; Object; Shame

Indexed keywords

EID: 84945933405     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: 10990992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2127     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Barton, J., & Beniuk, D. (2012). Mundane slams racist Australia. The Australian 19 October 2012. Retrieved 13/04/2013 from www.theaustralian.com.au
2. Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in humans. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. Berndsen, M., & Gausel, N. (2015). Threatened by multiculturalism: Our national flag is not yours! Manuscript submitted for publication.
4. Berndsen, M., & McGarty, C. (2010). The impact of magnitude of harm and perceived difficulty of making reparations on group-based guilt and reparation toward victims of historical harm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 500-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.642.
5. Berndsen, M., & McGarty, C. (2012). Perspective taking and opinions about forms of reparation for victims of historical harm. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1316-1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212450322.
6. Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2004). International perspectives on the experience of collective guilt. In Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (pp. 3-15). New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Brown, R., Gonzalez, R., Zagefka, H., Manzi, J., & Cehajic, S. (2008). Nuestra culpa: Collective guilt and shame as predictors of reparation for historical wrongdoing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 75-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.75.
8. de Hooge, I. E., Breugelmans, S. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2008). Not so ugly after all: When shame acts as a commitment device. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 933-943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0011991.
9. de Hooge, I. E., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2010). Restore and protect motivations following shame. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 111-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930802584466.
10. Doosje, B., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998). Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 872-886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.4.872.
11. Fozdar, F., Spittles, B., & Hartley, L. (2014). Australia Day, flags on cars and Australian nationalism. Journal of Sociology, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/1440783314524846
12. Gausel, N. (2013). Self-reform or self-defense? Understanding how people cope with their moral failures by understanding how they appraise and feel about their moral failures. In Moshe, M., & Corbu, N. (Eds.), Walk of shame (pp. 191-208). Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Publishers.
13. Gausel, N., & Brown, R. (2012). Shame and guilt - do they really differ in their focus of evaluation? Wanting to change the self and behavior in response to ingroup immorality. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.657265.
14. Gausel, N., & Leach, C. W. (2011). Concern for self-image and social-image in the management of moral failure: Rethinking shame. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 468-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.803.
15. Gausel, N., Leach, C. W., Vignoles, V. L., & Brown, R. (2012). Defend or repair? Explaining responses to ingroup moral failure by disentangling feelings of shame, rejection, and inferiority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 941-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027233.
16. Giner-Sorolla, R., Castano, E., Espinosa, P., & Brown, R. (2008). Shame expressions reduce the recipient's insult from outgroup reparations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 519-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.08.003.
17. Harth, N. S., Kessler, T., & Leach, C. W. (2008). Advantaged group's emotional reactions to intergroup inequality: The dynamics of pride, guilt, and sympathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 115-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167207309193.
18. Hiatt, B. (2012). Schools bans Australian flag. Retrieved 06/01/2013 from https://au.news.yahoo.com
19. Imhoff, R., Bilewicz, M., & Erb, H.-P. (2012). Collective regret versus collective guilt: Different emotional reactions to historical atrocities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 729-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1886.
20. Iyer, A., & Leach, C. W. (2008). Emotion in inter-group relations. European Review of Social Psychology, 19, 86-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463280802079738.
21. Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 117-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014616720223837.
22. Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Pedersen, A. (2004). Racial wrongs and restitutions: The role of guilt and other group-based emotions. In Branscombe, N., & Doosje, B. (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (pp. 262-283). New York: Cambridge University Press.
23. Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2007). Why individuals protest the perceived transgressions of their country: The role of anger, shame, and guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 572-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167206297402.
24. Johns, M., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2005). Ashamed to be an American? The role of identification in predicting vicarious shame for anti-Arab prejudice after 9-11. Self and Identity, 4, 331-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298860500145822.
25. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
26. Leach, C. W., Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2007). Group virtue: The importance of morality (vs. competence and sociability) in the positive evaluation of ingroups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 234-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.234.
27. Leach, C. W., Iyer, A., & Pedersen, A. (2006). Anger and guilt about ingroup advantage explain the willingness for political action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1232-1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167206289729.
28. Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
29. Lickel, B., Kushlev, K., Savalei, V., Matta, S., & Schmader, T. (2014). Shame and motivation to change the self. Emotion, 14, 1049-1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038235.
30. Lickel, B., Schmader, T., Curtis, M., Scarnier, M., & Ames, D. R. (2005). Vicarious shame and guilt. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 145-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136843.
31. Lickel, B., Steel, R. R., & Schmader, T. (2011). Group-based shame and guilt: Emerging directions in research. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(3), 153-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00340.x.
32. Marques, J. M., & Paez, D. (1994). The black sheep effect: Social categorization, rejection of ingroup deviates, and perception of group variability. In Stroebe, W., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 37-68). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
33. Marques, J. M., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Leyens, J. P. (1988). The "black sheep effect": Extremity of judgments toward ingroup members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180102.
34. Morgan, G. S., Wisneski, D. C., & Skitka, L. J. (2011). The expulsion from Disneyland: The social psychological impact of 9/11. American Psychologist, 66, 447-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024772.
35. Mulvey, P. (2007). Flags 'not banned' but unwelcome. Retrieved May, 6, 2011, from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/.
36. Overington, C., & Warne-Smith, D. (2005, December 17-18). Countdown to conflict. The Weekend Australian newspaper, p.17 and p.20.
37. Piff, P. K., Martinez, A. G., & Keltner, D. (2012). Me against we: Ingroup transgression, collective shame, and ingroup directed hostility. Cognition and Emotion, 46, 634-649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.595394.
38. Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the ingroup's moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 698-711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.
39. Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S., Halevy, N., & Eidelson, R. (2008). Toward a unifying model of indentification with groups: Integrating theoretical perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 280-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868308319225.
40. Scheff, T. J. (1994). Bloody revenge. emotions, nationalism and war. Boulder: Westview press.
41. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & Brehm, J. W. (2004). Gender inequality and the intensity of men's collective guilt. In Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (Eds.), Collective guilt: International perspectives (pp. 75-92). New York: Cambridge University Press.
42. Schmitt, M. T., Miller, D. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Brehm, J. W. (2008). The difficulty of making reparations affects the intensity of collective guilt. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 11, 267-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430208090642.
43. Shepherd, L., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2013). This will bring shame on our nation: The role of anticipated group-based emotions on collective action. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 42-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.011.
44. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
45. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Martinez, A. G. (2014). The two faces of shame: The roles of shame and guilt in predicting recidivism. Psychological Science, 25, 799-805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797613508790.
46. Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145.
47. Täuber, S., & van Zomeren, M. (2013). Outrage toward whom? Threats to moral group status impede striving to improve via outgroup-directed outrage. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 149-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1930.
48. Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2009). Transforming "apathy into movement": The role of prosocial emotions in motivating action for social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 310-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868309341563.
49. Weber, D. (2012). Flag wavers more likely to express racist views. Retrieved 28/01/2012 from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-24/aussie-flag-bearers-more-racist3a-survey/3790172.