Can compassionate healthcare be measured? The Schwartz Center Compassionate Care Scale™

Patient Education and Counseling

Volumn 98, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1005-1010

  Lown, Beth A ^a,b   Muncer, Steven J ^c   Chadwick, Raymond ^c  

^a Schwartz Center for Compassionate Healthcare   (United States)

^b MOUNT AUBURN HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c TEESSIDE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Compassion; Compassionate healthcare; Empathy; Measurement; Patient satisfaction; Patient centered; Physician patient relations; Quality improvement

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CRONBACH ALPHA COEFFICIENT; EMOTIONALITY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMETRY; RATING SCALE; SCHWARTZ CENTER COMPASSIONATE CARE SCALE; ADULT; COOPERATION; DEVICES; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EMPATHY; FACTOR ANALYSIS; FEMALE; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERCEPTION; PHYSICIAN; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REPRODUCIBILITY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT;

ADULT; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; EMPATHY; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; FOCUS GROUPS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PATIENT-CENTERED CARE; PERCEPTION; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PHYSICIANS; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUALITY IMPROVEMENT; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84945481900     PISSN: 07383991     EISSN: 18735134     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.03.019     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Batson C.D. Altruism in humans 2011, 11-32. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
2. AMA AMA code of medical ethics 2014, Available at http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics.page (accessed April 4, 2015).
3. Nursing Code of Ethics, 2014. Available at http://www.nursingworld.org/Mobile/Code-of-Ethics (accessed April 4, 2015).
4. National Association of Social Workers, 2014. Available at http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp (accessed April 4, 2015).
5. Dixon-Woods M., Baker R., Charles K., et al. Culture and behavior in the English National Health Service: overview of lessons from a large multimethod study. Br Med J Qual Saf 2013, 23:106-115.
6. Rakel D., Barrett B., Zhang Z., Hoeft T., Chewning B., Marchand L., et al. Perception of empathy in the therapeutic encounter: effects on the common cold. Patient Educ Couns 2011, 85:390-397.
7. Mager W.M., Andrykowski M.A. Communication in the cancer 'Bad News' consultation: patient perceptions and psychological adjustment. Psycho-Oncology 2002, 11:35-46.
8. Del Canale S., Louis D.Z., Maio V., et al. The relationship between physician empathy and disease complications: an empirical study of primary care physicians and their diabetic patients in Parma, Italy. Acad Med 2012, 87:1243-1249.
9. Hojat M., Louis D.Z., Markham F.W., et al. Physicians' empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Acad Med 2011, 86:359-364.
10. Mack J.W., Block S.D., Nilsson M., et al. Measuring therapeutic alliance between oncologists and patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 2009, 115:3302-3311.
11. Kelley J.M., Kraft-Todd G., Schapira L., et al. The influence of the patient-clinician relationship on healthcare outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE 2014, 9:e94207. (eCollection 2014). 10.1371/journal.pone.0094207.
12. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) program. Available at https://www.cahps.ahrq.gov/ (accessed April 4, 2015).
13. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Baltimore, MD. Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems. (CAHPS® Hospital Survey). Available at http://www.hcahpsonline.org (accessed April 4, 2015).
14. Picker Institute Europe NHS Patient Surveys, 2014. Available at http://www.nhssurveys.org/surveys (accessed April 4, 2014).
15. Autumn 2013 executive insight letter 2014, Available at http://www.hcahpsonline.org/executive_insight/ (accessed April 4, 2015). B. Lehrman, L. Goldstein (Eds.).
16. Jha A.K., Orav E.J., Zheng J., et al. Patients' perception of hospital care in the United States. New Engl J Med 2008, 359:1921-1931.
17. Makoul G., Krupat E., Chih-Hung C. Measuring patient views of physician communication skills: development and testing of the communication assessment tool. Patient Educ Couns 2007, 67:333-342.
18. Hojat M. Antecedents, development, measurement, and outcomes. Empathy in patient care 2007, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York, NY.
19. Mercer S.W., Maxwell M., Heaney D., et al. The consultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure: development and preliminary validation and reliability of an empathy-based consultation process measure. Fam Pract 2004, 21:699-705.
20. Burnell L., Agan D. Compassionate care can it be defined and measured? The development of the compassionate care assessment tool. Int J Caring Sci 2013, 6:180-187.
21. Wolf Z.R., Giardino E.R., Osborne P.A., et al. Dimensions of nurse caring 1994. Image J Nurs Sch 1994, 26:107-111.
22. Williams A.M., Kristjanson L.J. Emotional care experienced by hospitalised patients: development and testing of a measurement instrument. J Clin Nurs 2009, 18:1069-1077.
23. Lown B.A., Rosen J., Marttila J. An agenda for improving compassionate care: a survey shows about half of patients say such care is missing. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011, 30:1772-1778.
24. Hutchinson A., Cooper K.L., Dean J.E., et al. Use of a safety climate questionnaire in UK health care: factor structure, reliability and usability. Qual Sci Health Care 2006, 15:347-353.
25. Gorsuch R.L. Factor analysis 2003, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
26. Byrne B.M. Structural equation modelling using SPSS and AMOS 2008, Sage Publications LTD, Thousand Oaks, CA.
27. Mokken R.J. A theory and procedure of scale analysis 1971, Mouton, The Hague.
28. Stochl J., Jones P.B., Croudace T.J. Mokken analysis of mental health and well-being questionnaire item responses: a non-parametric IRT method in empirical research for applied health researchers. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012, 12:74. 10.1186/1471-2288-12-74.
29. Satorra A., Bentler P.M. Scaling corrections for chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. Proceedings of the business and economic sections 1988, 308-313. American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA.
30. Loevinger J. A systematic approach to the construction and evaluation of tests of ability. Psychol Monogr 1947, 61:4. (Whole No. 285).
31. Moore P.M., Rivera Mercado S., Grez Artigues M., et al. Communication skills training for healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, CD003751. 10.1002/14651858.CD003751.pub3.
32. Price-Haywood E.G., Harden-Barrios J., Cooper L.A. Comparative effectiveness of audit-feedback versus additional physician communication training to improve cancer screening for patients with limited health literacy. J Gen Intern Med 2014, 29:1113-1121.
33. Lewin S.A., Skea Z.C., Entwistle V., Zwarenstein M., Dick J. Interventions for providers to promote a patient-centred approach in clinical consultations. Update Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, 12:CD003267.