Severe childhood obesity: An under-recognised and growing health problem

Postgraduate Medical Journal

Volumn 91, Issue 1081, 2015, Pages 639-645

  Bass, Rosara ^a   Eneli, Ihuoma ^b  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^b NATIONWIDE CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXENDIN 4; MELANOCORTIN; METFORMIN; SIBUTRAMINE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN;

ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; GASTRIC BANDING; GENE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR GENE; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; SATIETY; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; COMPLICATION; CORONARY DISEASE; FATTY LIVER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; LIFESTYLE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; NUTRITION; OBESITY, MORBID; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CORONARY DISEASE; FATTY LIVER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; NUTRITION SURVEYS; OBESITY, MORBID; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84945462482     PISSN: 00325473     EISSN: 14690756     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-133033     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA 2014;311:806–14.
2. Skinner AC, Skelton JA. Prevalence and trends in obesity and severe obesity among children in the United States, 1999–2012. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:561–6.
3. Kelly AS, Barlow SE, Rao G, et al. Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013;128:1689–712.
4. Barlow SE. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 2007;120(Suppl 4):S164–92.
5. Valerio G, Maffeis C, Balsamo A, et al. Severe obesity and cardiometabolic risk in children: comparison from two international classification systems. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e83793.
6. Flegal KM, Wei R, Ogden CL, et al. Characterizing extreme values of body mass index–for-age by using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1314–20.
7. Gulati AK, Kaplan DW, Daniels SR. Clinical Tracking of Children With Severe Obesity: A New Growth Chart. Pediatrics 2012;130:1136–40.
8. Choquet H, Meyre D. Molecular basis of obesity: current status and future prospects. Curr Genomics 2011;12:154–68.
9. Lim CT, Kola B, Korbonits M. The ghrelin/GOAT/GHS-R system and energy metabolism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011;12:173–86.
10. Farooqi IS. Genetic, molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in human obesity. Clin Endocrinol 2015;82:23–8.
11. Jacobsson JA, Schioth HB, Fredriksson R. The impact of intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms and ethnic diversity for studies on the obesity gene FTO. Obes Rev 2012;13:1096–109.
12. Cecil J, Dalton M, Finlayson G, et al. Obesity and eating behaviour in children and adolescents: contribution of common gene polymorphisms. Int Rev Psychiatry 2012;24:200–10.
13. Flores G, Lin H. Factors predicting severe obesity in kindergarteners. Int J Obes 2013;37:31–9.
14. Calcaterra V, Klersy C, Muratori T, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents with varying degrees of obesity. Clin Endocrinol 2008;68:868–72.
15. Griffiths LJ, Parsons TJ, Hill AJ. Self-esteem and quality of life in children with obesity and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Obes 2010;5:282–304.
16. Schwimmer JB, Burwinkle TM, Varni JW. Health-related quality of life of children with severe obesity and adolescents. JAMA 2003;289:1813–19.
17. Lo JC, Chandra M, Sinaiko A, et al. Severe obesity in children: prevalence, persistence and relation to hypertension. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2014;2014:3.
18. Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 2007;150:12–17 e2.
19. Rank M, Siegrist M, Wilks DC, et al. The cardio-metabolic risk of moderate and severe obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2013;163:137–42.
20. Kohler MJ, Thormaehlen S, Kennedy JD, et al. Differences in the association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea among children and adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med 2009;5:506–11.
21. Beebe DW. Neurobehavioral morbidity associated with disordered breathing during sleep in children: a comprehensive review. Sleep 2006;29:1115–34.
22. Kwok KL, Ng DK, Chan CH. Cardiovascular changes in children with snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008;37:715–21.
23. Redline S, Tishler PV, Schluchter M, et al. Risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in children. Associations with obesity, race, and respiratory problems. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159(5 Pt 1):1527–32.
24. Mager DR, Roberts EA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Clin Liver Dis 2006;10:109–31.
25. Xanthakos S, Miles L, Bucuvalas J, et al. Histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese adolescents. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:226–32.
26. Schwimmer J, McGreal N, Deutsch R, et al. Influence of gender, race and ethnicity on suspected fatty liver disease in obese adolescents. Pediatrics 2005;115: 561–5.
27. Birch JG. Blount disease. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2013;21:408–18.
28. Montgomery CO, Young KL, Austen M, et al. Increased risk of Blount disease in children with obesity and adolescents with vitamin D deficiency. J Pediatr Orthop 2010;30:879–82.
29. Novais E, Millis M. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: prevalence, pathogenesis and natural history. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012;470:3432–8.
30. Bhatia NN, Pirpiris M, Otsuka NY. Body mass index in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2006;26:197–9.
31. Zeller M, Inge TH, Modi AC, et al. Severe obesity and comorbid condition impact on the weight-related quality of life of the adolescent patient. J Pediatr 2015;166: 651–9.
32. Puhl RM, Peterson JL, Luedicke J. Weight-based victimization: bullying experiences of weight loss treatment-seeking youth. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1–9.
33. Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA 2003;289:1837–50.
34. Figueroa-Colon R, Franklin FA, Lee JY, et al. Feasibility of a clinic-based hypocaloric dietary intervention implemented in a school setting for children with obesity. Obes Res 1996;4:419–29.
35. Figueroa-Colon R, von Almen TK, Franklin FA, et al. Comparison of two hypocaloric diets in children with obesity. Am J Dis Chil 1993;147:160–6.
36. Suskind RM, Blecker U, Udall JN Jr, et al. Recent advances in the treatment of childhood obesity. Pediatr Diabetes 2000;1:23–33.
37. Berkowitz RI, Wadden TA, Gehrman CA, et al. Meal replacements in the treatment of adolescent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19:1193–9.
38. Tershakovec AM, Watson MH, Wenner WJ Jr, et al. Insurance reimbursement for the treatment of obesity in children. J Pediatr 1999;134:573–8.
39. August GP, Caprio S, Fennoy I, et al. Prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline based on expert opinion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4576–99.
40. Danielsson P, Janson A, Norgren S, et al. Impact sibutramine therapy in children with hypothalamic obesity or obesity with aggravating syndromes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:4101–6.
41. Chanoine JP, Hampl S, Jensen C, et al. Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents. JAMA 2005;293:2873–83.
42. McDonagh MS, Selph S, Ozpinar A, et al. Systematic review of the benefits and risks of metformin in treating obesity in children aged 18 years and younger. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:178–84.
43. Kelly AS, Metzig AM, Rudser KD, et al. Exenatide as a weight-loss therapy in extreme pediatric obesity: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20:364–70.
44. Inge TH, Krebs NF, Garcia VF, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations. Pediatrics 2004;114:217–23.
45. Inge TH, Jenkins TM, Zeller M, et al. Baseline BMI is a strong predictor of nadir BMI after adolescent gastric bypass. J Pediatr 2010;156:103–8 e1.
46. O’Brien PE, Sawyer SM, Laurie C, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in severely obese adolescents: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010;303:519–26.
47. Boza C, Viscido G, Salinas J, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in obese adolescents: results in 51 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2012;8:133–7; discussion 37–9.