A remote sensing algorithm for planktonic dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and an analysis of global patterns

Remote Sensing of Environment

Volumn 171, Issue , 2015, Pages 171-184

  Galí, Martí ^a   Devred, Emmanuel ^a   Levasseur, Maurice ^a   Royer, Sarah Jeanne ^b   Babin, Marcel ^a  

^a Université Laval   (Canada)

^b INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DEL MAR   (Spain)

Author keywords

Algorithm; Chlorophyll; Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP); Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC); Phytoplankton; Stratification; Sulfur cycle

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; CARBON; CHLOROPHYLL; MEAN SQUARE ERROR; METABOLITES; OCEANOGRAPHY; PHYTOPLANKTON; PLATINUM COMPOUNDS; SATELLITES; SPACE OPTICS; SURFACE WATERS; THERMAL STRATIFICATION;

DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE; INORGANIC CARBON; REMOTE SENSING ALGORITHMS; ROOT MEAN SQUARED ERRORS; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST); SULFUR CYCLES; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION; THREE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE;

REMOTE SENSING;

ALGORITHM; CHLOROPHYLL A; DATA SET; DIMETHYLSULFIDE; DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE; EUPHOTIC ZONE; INORGANIC CARBON; PARTICULATE INORGANIC MATTER; PHYTOPLANKTON; REMOTE SENSING; SEA SURFACE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SPATIAL VARIATION; STRATIFICATION; TEMPORAL VARIATION; WATER COLUMN;

EID: 84945431386     PISSN: 00344257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.10.012     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Anderson T.R., Spall S.A., Yool A., Cipollini P., Challenor P.G., Fasham M.J.R. Global fields of sea surface dimethylsulfide predicted from chlorophyll, nutrients and light. Journal of Marine Systems 2001, 30:1-20.
2. Andreae M.O., Rosenfeld D. Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth-Science Reviews 2008, 89:13-41.
3. Archer S.D., Gilbert F., Nightingale P., Zubkov M., Taylor A., Smith G., Burkill P. Transformation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate to dimethyl sulphide during summer in the North Sea with an examination of key processes via a modelling approach. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49:3067-3101.
4. Archer S.D., Cummings D., Llewellyn C., Fishwick J. Phytoplankton taxa, irradiance and nutrient availability determine the seasonal cycle of DMSP in temperate shelf seas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 394:111-124.
5. Archer S.D., Safi K., Hall A., Cummings D.G., Harvey M. Grazing suppression of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) accumulation in iron-fertilised, sub-Antarctic waters. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2011, 58:839-850.
6. Archer S.D., Tarran G.A., Stephens J.A., Butcher L.J., Kimmance S.A. Combining cell sorting with gas chromatography to determine phytoplankton group-specific intracellular dimethylsulphoniopropionate. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 2011, 62:109-121.
7. Asher E.C., Dacey J.W.H., Mills M.M., Arrigo K.R., Tortell P.D. High concentrations and turnover rates of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in Antarctic sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38:1-5.
8. Aumont O., Belviso S., Monfray P. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) sea surface distributions simulated from a global three-dimensional ocean carbon cycle model. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107. 10.1029/1999JC000111.
9. Babin M., Stramski D., Ferrari G.M., Claustre H., Bricaud A., Obolensky G., Hoepffner N. Variations in the lightabsorption coefficients of phytoplankton, nonalgal particles, and dissolved organic matter in coastal waters around Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2003, 108(C7):3211.
10. Balch W.M., Gordon H.R., Bowler B.C., Drapeau D.T., Booth E.S. Calcium carbonate measurements in the surface global ocean based on Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data. Journal of Geophysical Research, C: Oceans 2005, 110:1-21.
11. Behrenfeld M.J., Boss E.S. Resurrecting the ecological underpinnings of ocean plankton blooms. Annual Review of Marine Science 2014, 6:167-194.
12. Bell T.G., Poulton A.J., Malin G. Strong linkages between dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and phytoplankton community physiology in a large subtropical and tropical Atlantic Ocean data set. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2010, 24:1-12.
13. Bell T.G., Malin G., Lee G.A., Stefels J., Archer S., Steinke M., Matrai P. Global oceanic DMS data inter-comparability. Biogeochemistry 2012, 110:147-161.
14. Belviso S., Buat-Ménard P., Putaud J.-P., Nguyen B.C., Claustre H., Neveux C. Size distribution of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in areas of the tropical northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Chemistry 1993, 44:55-71.
15. Belviso S., Sciandra A., Copin-Montégut C. Mesoscale features of surface water DMSP and DMS concentrations in the Atlantic Ocean off Morocco and in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2003, 50:543-555.
16. Belviso S., Bopp L., Moulin C., Orr J.C., Anderson T.R., Aumont O., Simó R. Comparison of global climatological maps of sea surface dimethyl sulfide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2004, 18. 10.1029/2003GB002193.
17. Belviso S., Moulin C., Bopp L., Stefels J. Assessment of a global climatology of oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations based on SeaWiFS imagery (1998-2001). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2004, 816:804-816.
18. Belviso S., Bopp L., Mosseri J., Tedetti M., Garcia N., Griffiths B., Veldhuis M. Effect of natural iron fertilisation on the distribution of DMS and DMSP in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55:893-900.
19. Bopp L., Boucher O., Aumont O., Belviso S., Dufresne J.-L., Pham M., Monfray P. Will marine dimethylsulfide emissions amplify or alleviate global warming? A model study. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2004, 61:826-835.
20. Brewin R.J.W., Hardman-Mountford N.J., Lavender S.J., Raitsos D.E., Hirata T., Uitz J., Gentili B. An intercomparison of bio-optical techniques for detecting dominant phytoplankton size class from satellite remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 2011, 115:325-339.
21. Broerse A.T.C., Tyrrell T., Young J.R., Poulton A.J., Merico A., Balch W.M., Miller P.I. The cause of bright waters in the Bering Sea in winter. Continental Shelf Research 2003, 23:1579-1596.
22. Cameron-Smith P., Elliott S., Maltrud M., Erickson D., Wingenter O. Changes in dimethyl sulfide oceanic distribution due to climate change. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38:1-5.
23. Chang R.Y.W., Sjostedt S.J., Pierce J.R., Papakyriakou T.N., Scarratt M.G., Michaud S., Abbatt J.P.D. Relating atmospheric and oceanic DMS levels to particle nucleation events in the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2011, 116.
24. Charlson R.J., Lovelock J.E., Andreae M.O., Warren S.G. Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 1987, 326:655-661.
25. Chisholm S.W. Phytoplankton size. Primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles in the sea 1992, 213-237. Plenum Press. P.G. Falkowski, A.D. Woodhead (Eds.).
26. Dacey J.W.H., Blough N.V. Hydroxide decomposition of dimethylsulfoniopropionate to form dimethylsulfide 1987, 14:1246-1249.
27. De Boyer Montégut C., Madec G., Fischer A.S., Lazar A., Iudicone D. Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:1-20.
28. DeBose J.L., Lema S.C., Nevitt G.A. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a foraging cue for reef fishes. Science 2008, 319:1356.
29. Del Valle D.A., Slezak D., Smith C.M., Rellinger A.N., Kieber D.J., Kiene R.P. Effect of acidification on preservation of DMSP in seawater and phytoplankton cultures: Evidence for rapid loss and cleavage of DMSP in samples containing Phaeocystis sp. Marine Chemistry 2010, 10.1016/j.marchem.2010.12.002.
30. DiTullio G.R., Jones D.R., Geesey M.E. Dimethylsulfide dynamics in the Ross Sea during austral summer. Antarctic Research Series 2003, 78:279-294.
31. Franklin D.J., Airs R.L., Fernandes D.J., Bell T.G., Bongaerts R.J., Berges J.A., Malin G. Identification of senescence and death in Emiliania huxleyi and Thalassiosira pseudonana: Cell staining, chlorophyll alterations, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) metabolism. Limnology and Oceanography 2012, 57:305-317.
32. Gabric A.J., Qu B., Matrai P., Hirst A.C. The simulated response of dimethylsulfide production in the Arctic Ocean to global warming. Tellus: Series B 2005, 57:391-403.
33. Galí M., Simó R. Occurrence and cycling of dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Arctic during summer receding of the ice edge. Marine Chemistry 2010, 122:105-117.
34. Galí M., Simó R. A meta-analysis of oceanic DMS and DMSP cycling processes: Disentangling the summer paradox. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2015, 29:496-515.
35. Gordon H.R., Boynton G.C., Balch W.M., Groom S.B., Harbour D.S., Smyth T.J. Retrieval of coccolithophore calcite concentration from sea WiFS imagery. Geophysical Research Letters 2001, 28:1587-1590.
36. Gypens N., Borges A.V., Speeckaert G., Lancelot C. The dimethylsulfide cycle in the eutrophied Southern North Sea: A model study integrating phytoplankton and bacterial processes. PloS One 2014, 9. 10.1371/journal.pone.0085862.
37. Halloran P.R., Bell T.G., Totterdell I.J. Can we trust empirical marine DMS parameterisations within projections of future climate?. Biogeosciences 2010, 7:1645-1656.
38. Halsey K.H., Jones B.M. Phytoplankton strategies for photosynthetic energy allocation. Annual Review of Marine Science 2015, 7:265-297.
39. Holligan P.M., Fernández E., Aiken J., Balch W.M., Boyd P., Burkill P.H., van der Wal P. A biogeochemical study of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, in the North Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1993, 7:879-900.
40. Holligan P.M., Charalampopoulou A., Hutson R. Seasonal distributions of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, and of particulate inorganic carbon in surface waters of the Scotia Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 2010, 82:195-205.
41. Holte J., Talley L. A New Algorithm for Finding Mixed Layer Depths with Applications to Argo Data and Subantarctic Mode Water Formation. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 2009, 26:1920-1939.
42. Iglesias-Rodriguez M.D., Brown C.W., Doney S.C., Kleypas J.A., Kolber D., Kolber Z., Falkowski P.G. Representing key phytoplankton functional groups in ocean carbon cycle models: Coccolithophorids. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2002, 16:1100.
43. Iida T., Mizobata K., Saitoh S.I. Interannual variability of coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi blooms in response to changes in water column stability in the eastern Bering Sea. Continental Shelf Research 2012, 34:7-17.
44. Kameyama S., Tanimoto H., Inomata S., Tsunogai U., Ooki A., Yokouchi Y., Uematsu M. Equilibrator inlet-proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (EI-PTR-MS) for sensitive, high-resolution measurement of dimethyl sulfide dissolved in seawater. Analytical Chemistry 2009, 81:9021-9026.
45. Kettle A.J., Andreae M.O., Amouroux D., Andreae T.W., Bates T.S., Berresheim H., Uher G. A global database of sea surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) measurements and a procedure to predict sea surface DMS as a function of latitude, longitude, and month. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1999, 13:399-444.
46. Kiene R.P., Slezak D. Low dissolved DMSP concentrations in seawater revealed by small-volume gravity filtration and dialysis sampling. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2006, 4:80-95.
47. Kiene R.P., Linn L.J., Bruton J.A. New and important roles for DMSP in marine microbial communities. Journal of Sea Research 2000, 209-224.
48. Kiene R.P., Kieber D.J., Slezak D., Toole D.A., del Valle D., Bisgrove J., Rellinger A. Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, and dimethylsulfoxide during spring and early summer in the Southern Ocean south of New Zealand. Aquatic Sciences 2007, 69:305-319.
49. Lana A., Bell T.G., Simó R., Vallina S.M., Ballabrera-Poy J., Kettle A.J., Liss P.S. An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2011, 25.
50. Lana A., Simó R., Vallina S.M., Dachs J. Potential for a biogenic influence on cloud microphysics over the ocean: A correlation study with satellite-derived data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2012, 12:7977-7993.
51. Land P.E., Shutler J.D., Bell T.G., Yang M. Exploiting satellite earth observation to quantify current global oceanic DMS flux and its future climate sensitivity. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans 2014, 119:7725-7740.
52. Le Clainche Y., Vézina A., Levasseur M., Cropp R.A., Gunson J.R., Vallina S.M., Stefels J. A first appraisal of prognostic ocean DMS models and prospects for their use in climate models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2010, 24.
53. Leaitch W.R., Sharma S., Huang L., Toom-Sauntry D., Chivulescu A., Macdonald A.M., Norman A.-L. Dimethyl sulfide control of the clean summertime Arctic aerosol and cloud. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2013, 1:17.
54. Lee Z., Weidemann A., Kindle J., Arnone R., Carder K.L., Davis C. Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112.
55. Lefèvre M., Vézina A., Levasseur M., Dacey J.W.H. A model of dimethylsulfide dynamics for the subtropical North Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2002, 49:2221-2239.
56. Levasseur M., Scarratt M., Michaud S., Merzouk A., Wong C., Arychuk M., Wong S. DMSP and DMS dynamics during a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the Northeast Pacific-Part I: Temporal and vertical distributions. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2006, 53:2353-2369.
57. Li W.K.W., Carmack E.C., McLaughlin F.A., Nelson R.J., Williams W.J. Space-for-time substitution in predicting the state of picoplankton and nanoplankton in a changing Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans 2013, 118:5750-5759.
58. Liu H., Probert I., Uitz J., Claustre H., Aris-Brosou S., Frada M., de Vargas C. Extreme diversity in noncalcifying haptophytes explains a major pigment paradox in open oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:12803-12808.
59. Lizotte M., Levasseur M., Michaud S., Scarratt M.G., Merzouk A., Gosselin M., Kiene R.P. Macroscale patterns of the biological cycling of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Northwest Atlantic. Biogeochemistry 2012, 110:183-200.
60. Lohmann U. Marine boundary layer clouds. Surface ocean-lower atmosphere processes 2009, 57-68. American Geophysical Union. C. LeQuéré, E. Saltzman (Eds.).
61. Longhurst A. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption. Progress in Oceanography 1995, 36:77-167.
62. Longhurst A. Ecological geography of the sea 2010, Academic Press. 2nd ed.
63. Longhurst A., Sathyendranath S., Platt T., Caverhill C. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. Journal of Plankton Research 1995, 17:1245-1271.
64. Mahajan A.S., Fadnavis S., Thomas M.A., Pozzoli L., Gupta S., Royer S., Simó R. Quantifying the impacts of an updated global dimethylsulfide climatology on cloud microphysics and aerosol radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 2015, 1-13.
65. Malin G., Turner S., Liss P., Holligan P., Harbour D. Dimethylsulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in the Northeast atlantic during the summer coccolithophore bloom. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 1993, 40:1487-1508.
66. Margalef R. Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanologica Acta 1978, 1:493-509.
67. Massana R. Eukaryotic picoplankton in surface oceans. Annual Review of Microbiology 2011, 65:91-110.
68. Matrai P.A., Keller M.D. Dimethylsulfide in a large-scale coccolithophore bloom in the Gulf of Maine. Continental Shelf Research 1993, 13:831-843.
69. McCoy D.T., Burrows S.M., Wood R., Grosvenor D.P., Elliott S.M., Ma P., Hartmann D.L. Natural aerosols explain seasonal and spatial patterns of Southern Ocean cloud albedo. Science Advances 2015, 1.
70. Moore T.S., Dowell M.D., Franz B.A. Detection of coccolithophore blooms in ocean color satellite imagery: A generalized approach for use with multiple sensors. Remote Sensing of Environment 2012, 117:249-263.
71. Morel A., Berthon J.-F. Surface pigments, algal biomass profiles, and potential production of the euphotic layer: Relationships reinvestigated in view of remote-sensing applications 1989, 34:1545-1562.
72. Morel A., Huot Y., Gentili B., Werdell P., Hooker S., Franz B. Examining the consistency of products derived from various ocean color sensors in open ocean (Case 1) waters in the perspective of a multi-sensor approach. Remote Sensing of Environment 2007, 111:69-88.
73. O'Reilly J.E., Maritorena S., Mitchell B.G., Siegel D.A., Carder K.L., Garver S.A., McClain C. Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103(C11):24937-24953.
74. Raitsos D.E., Lavender S.J., Pradhan Y., Tyrrell T., Reid P.C., Edwards M. Coccolithophore bloom size variation in response to the regional environment of the subarctic North Atlantic 2006, 51:2122-2130.
75. Rap A., Scott C.E., Spracklen D.V., Bellouin N., Forster P.M., Carslaw K.S., Mann G. Natural aerosol direct and indirect radiative effects. Geophysical Research Letters 2013, 40:3297-3301.
76. Saltzman E. Marine aerosols. Surface ocean-lower atmosphere processes 2009, 17-35. American Geophysical Union. C. LeQuéré, E. Saltzman (Eds.).
77. Saltzman E.S., De Bruyn W.J., Lawler M.J., Marandino C.A., Mccormick C.A. A chemical ionization mass spectrometer for continuous underway shipboard analysis of dimethylsulfide in near-surface seawater. Ocean Science 2009, 5:537-546.
78. Sarmiento J.L., Slater R., Barber R., Bopp L., Doney S.C., Hirst A.C., Stouffer R. Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2004, 18. 10.1029/2003GB002134.
79. Sathyendranath S., Stuart V., Nair A., Oka K., Nakane T., Bouman H., Platt T. Carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio and growth rate of phytoplankton in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 383:73-84.
80. Savoca M.S., Nevitt G.A. Evidence that dimethyl sulfide facilitates a tritrophic mutualism between marine primary producers and top predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2014, 111:4157-4161.
81. Scarratt M., Levasseur M., Michaud S., Cantin G., Gosselin M., de Mora S. Influence of phytoplankton taxonomic profile on the distribution of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the northwest Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 244:49-61.
82. Schmidtko S., Johnson G.C., Lyman J.M. MIMOC: A global monthly isopycnal upper-ocean climatology with mixed layers. Journal of Geophysical Research 2013, 118:1658-1672.
83. Seymour J.R., Simó R., Ahmed T., Stocker R. Chemoattraction to dimethylsulfoniopropionate throughout the marine microbial food web. Science 2010, 80(329):342-345.
84. Signorini S.R., Garcia V.M.T., Piola A.R., Garcia C.A.E., Mata M.M., McClain C.R. Seasonal and interannual variability of calcite in the vicinity of the Patagonian shelf break (38°S-52°S). Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:1-5.
85. Simó R. Production of atmospheric sulfur by oceanic plankton: biogeochemical, ecological and evolutionary links. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2001, 16:287-294.
86. Simó R., Dachs J. Global ocean emission of dimethylsulfide predicted from biogeophysical data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2002, 16. 10.1029/2001GB001829.
87. Simó R., Pedrós-Alió C. Role of vertical mixing in controlling the oceanic production of dimethyl sulphide. Nature 1999, 402:396-399.
88. Six K.D., Maier-Reimer E. What controls the oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) cycle? A modeling approach. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20:1-12.
89. Spiese C., Kieber D.J., Nomura C., Kiene R.P. Reduction of dimethylsulfoxide to dimethylsulfide by marine phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 2009, 54:560-570.
90. Stefels J. Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants. Journal of Sea Research 2000, 43:183-197.
91. Stefels J., van Leeuwe M.A. Effects of iron and light stress on the biochemical composition of Antarctic Phaeocystis sp. (Prymnesiophyceae). I. Intracellular DMSP. Journal of Phycology 1998, 495:486-495.
92. Stefels J., Steinke M., Turner S.M., Malin G., Belviso S. Environmental constraints on the production and removal of the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide (DMS) and implications for ecosystem modelling. Biogeochemistry 2007, 83:245-275.
93. Steiner N., Denman K. Parameter sensitivities in a 1-D model for DMS and sulphur cycling in the upper ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2008, 55:847-865.
94. Sunda W., Kieber D.J., Kiene R.P., Huntsman S. An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae. Nature 2002, 418:317-320.
95. Sverdrup H.U. On conditions for the the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1953, 18:287-295.
96. Swan H.B., Armishaw P., Iavetz R., Alamgir M., Davies S.R., Bell T.G., Jones G.B. An interlaboratory comparison for the quantification of aqueous dimethylsulfide. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2014, 12:784-794.
97. Toole D.A., Kieber D.J., Kiene R.P., Siegel D.A., Nelson N.B. Photolysis and the dimethylsulfide (DMS) summer paradox in the Sargasso Sea. Limnology and Oceanography 2003, 48:1088-1100.
98. Tortell P.D. Dissolved gas measurements in oceanic waters made by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2005, 3:24-37.
99. Uitz J., Claustre H., Morel A., Hooker S.B. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton communities in open ocean: An assessment based on surface chlorophyll. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111. 10.1029/2005JC003207.
100. Vallina S.M., Simó R., Anderson T.R., Gabric A., Cropp R., Pacheco J.M. A dynamic model of oceanic sulfur (DMOS) applied to the Sargasso Sea: Simulating the dimethylsulfide (DMS) summer paradox. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:1-23.
101. Vogt M., Vallina S.M., Buitenhuis E.T., Bopp L., Le Quéré C. Simulating dimethylsulphide seasonality with the Dynamic Green Ocean Model PlankTOM5. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:1-21.
102. Woodhouse M.T., Mann G.W., Carslaw K.S., Boucher O. Sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei to regional changes in dimethyl-sulphide emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2013, 13:2723-2733.