On the observability of turbulent transport rates by Argo: Supporting evidence from an inversion experiment

Ocean Science

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 839-853

  Forget, G ^a   Ferreira, D ^b   Liang, X ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARGO; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; HYDROGRAPHY; INVERSE ANALYSIS; MIXED LAYER; STRATIFICATION; TURBULENT FLOW; UPPER OCEAN;

EID: 84945307249     PISSN: 18120784     EISSN: 18120792     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/os-11-839-2015     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Abernathey, R. and Marshall, J.: Global surface eddy diffusivities derived from satellite altimetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 901-916, 2013.
2. Abernathey, R., Marshall, J., Shuckburgh, E., Mazloff, M.: Enhancement of mesoscale eddy stirring at steering levels in the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 170-184, 2010.
3. Abernathey, R., Ferreira, D., and Klocker, A.: Diagnostics of isopycnal mixing in a circumpolar channel, Ocean Model., 72, 1-16, 2013.
4. Balmaseda, M., Hernandez, F., Storto, A., Palmer, M., Alves, O., Shi, L., Smith, G., Toyoda, T., Valdivieso, M., Barnier, B., Behringer, D., Boyer, T., Chang, Y.-S., Chepurin, G., Ferry, N., Forget, G., Fujii, Y., Good, S., Guinehut, S., Haines, K., Ishikawa, Y., Keeley, S., Kohl, A., Lee, T., Martin, M., Masina, S., Masuda, S., Meyssignac, B., Mogensen, K., Parent, L., Peterson, K., Tang, Y., Yin, Y., Vernieres, G., Wang, X., Waters, J., Wedd, R., Wang, O., Xue, Y., Chevallier, M., Lemieux, J.-F., Dupont, F., Kuragano, T., Kamachi, M., Awaji, T., Caltabiano, A., Wilmer-Becker, K., and Gaillard, F.: The Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparison Project (ORA-IP), Proceedings of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science, and Technology, J. Operational Oceanogr., 8, s80-s97, doi:10.1080/1755876X.2015.1022329, 2015.
5. Cole, S. T., Wortham, C., Kunze, E., and Owens, W. B.: Eddy stirring and horizontal diffusivity from Argo float observations: Geographic and depth variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3989-3997, doi:10.1002/2015GL063827, 2015.
6. Danabasoglu, G. and Marshall, J.: Effects of vertical variations of thickness diffusivity in an ocean general circulation model, Ocean Model., 18, 122-141, 2007.
7. Danabasoglu, G., Yeager, S. G., Bailey, D., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V. M., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward, A. C., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Farneti, R., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P. G., Forget, G., Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Gusev, A., Heimbach, P., Howard, A., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W. G., Leboissetier, A., Lu, J., Madec, G., Marsland, S. J., Masina, S., Navarra, A., Nurser, A. G., Pirani, A., Salas y Mélia, D., Samuels, B. L., Scheinert, M., Sidorenko, D., Treguier, A.-M., Tsujino, H., Uotila, P., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A., and Wang, Q.: North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase {II} (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states, Ocean Model., 73, 76-107, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.10.005, 2014.
8. Duffy, P., Eby, M., and Weaver, A.: Effects of sinking of salt rejected during formation of sea ice on results of an ocean-atmosphere-sea ice climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1739-1742, 1999.
9. Dutkiewicz, S., Sokolov, A. P., Scott, J., and Stone, P. H.: A threedimensional ocean-seaice carbon cycle model and its coupling to a two-dimensional atmospheric model: uses in climate change studies, Tech. Rep. 122, MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Cambridge, USA, 1-47, 2005.
10. Eden, C.: Thickness diffusivity in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11606 doi:10.1029/2006GL026157, 2006.
11. Eden, C., Greatbatch, R. J., and Willebrand, J.: A diagnosis of thickness fluxes in an eddy-resolving model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 727-742, 2007.
12. Eden, C., Jochum, M., and Danabasoglu, G.: Effects of different closures for thickness diffusivity, Ocean Model., 26, 47-59, 2009.
13. England, M. H.: Representing the global-scale water masses in ocean general circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1523-1552, 1993.
14. Ferrari, R. and Nikurashin, M.: Suppression of eddy diffusivity across jets in the Southern Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1501-1519, 2010.
15. Ferreira, D., Marshall, J., and Heimbach, P.: Estimating eddy stresses by fitting dynamics to observations using a residualmean ocean circulation model and its adjoint., J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1891-1910, 2005.
16. Forget, G.: Mapping ocean observations in a dynamical framework: a 2004-06 ocean atlas, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1201-1221, 2010.
17. Forget, G. and Ponte, R.: The partition of regional sea level variability, Prog. Oceanogr., 137, 173-195, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.06.002, 2015.
18. Forget, G. and Wunsch, C.: Estimated global hydrographic variability, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1997-2008, 2007.
19. Forget, G., Ferron, B., and Mercier, H.: Combining Argo profiles with a general circulation model in the North Atlantic. Part 1: Estimation of hydrographic and circulation anomalies from synthetic profiles, over a year, Ocean Model., 20, 1-16, 2008a.
20. Forget, G., Mercier, H., and Ferron, B.: Combining Argo profiles with a general circulation model in the North Atlantic. Part 2: Realistic transports and improved hydrography, between spring 2002 and spring 2003, Ocean Model., 20, 17-34, 2008b.
21. Forget, G., Campin, J.-M., Heimbach, P., Hill, C. N., Ponte, R. M., and Wunsch, C.: ECCO version 4: an integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3071-3104, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015, 2015.
22. Fox-Kemper, B., Lumpkin, R., and Bryan, F.: Lateral transport in the ocean interior, in: Ocean Circulation and Climate: a 21st Century Perspective, International Geophysics, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 185-209, 2013.
23. Ganachaud, A.: Large-scale mass transports, water mass formation, and diffusivities estimated from World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) hydrographic data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3213, doi:10.1029/2002JC001565, 2003.
24. Garcia, H., Locarnini, R., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Zweng, M., Baranova, O., and Johnson, D.: World Ocean Atlas 2009, vol. 4, Nutrients (Phosphate, Nitrate, Silicate), edited by: Levitus, S., NOAA Atlas NESDIS, US Gov. Printing Office, Wash., DC, 71, 2010.
25. Gaspar, P., Grégoris, Y., and Lefevre, J.-M.: A simple eddy kinetic energy model for simulations of the oceanic vertical mixing: tests at Station Papa and long-term upper ocean study site, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16179-16193, 1990.
26. Gent, P. and Mcwilliams, J.: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155, 1990.
27. Gnanadesikan, A., Pradal, M.-A., and Abernathey, R.: Exploring the isopycnal mixing and helium-heat paradoxes in a suite of Earth system models, Ocean Sci., 11, 591-605, doi:10.5194/os-11-591-2015, 2015.
28. Green, J. S.: Transfer properties of the large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the atmosphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 157-185, 1970.
29. Griffies, S. M., Adcroft, A. J., Banks, H., Boning, C.W., Chassignet, E. P., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Deelersnijder, E., Drange, H., England, M., Fox-Kemper, B., Gerdes, R., Gnanadesikan, A., Greatbatch, R. J., Hallberge, R. W., Hanert, E., Harrison, M. J., Legg, S., Little, C. M., Madec, G., Marsland, S. J., Nikurashin, M., Pirani, A., Simmons, H. L., Schroter, J., Samuels, B. L., Treguier, A.-M., Toggweiler, J. R., Tsujino, H., Vallis, G. K., and White, L.: Problems and prospects in large-scale ocean circulation models, in: OceanObs' 09 Conference: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, 2, 1-24, 2010.
30. Hill, C., Ferreira, D., Campin, J.-M., Marshall, J., Abernathey, R., and Barrier, N.: Controlling spurious diapycnal mixing in eddyresolving height-coordinate ocean models - insights from virtual deliberate tracer release experiments, Ocean Model., 45, 14-26, 2012.
31. Iselin, C.: The influence of vertical and lateral turbulence on the characteristics of the waters at mid-depths, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 20, 414-417, 1939.
32. Iselin, C. O.: A study of the circulation of the western North Atlantic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1-101, 1936.
33. Jochum, M., Briegleb, B. P., Danabasoglu, G., Large, W. G., Norton, N. J., Jayne, S. R., Alford, M. H., and Bryan, F. O.: The impact of oceanic near-inertial waves on climate, J. Climate, 26, 2833-2844, 2013.
34. Karsten, R. H. and Marshall, J.: Constructing the residual circulation of the ACC from observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3315-3327, 2002.
35. Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J. L., Feely, R. A., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C., and Peng, T.-H.: A global ocean carbon climatology: results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4031, doi:10.1029/2004GB002247, 2004.
36. Krauß, W., and Böning, C.W.: Lagrangian properties of eddy fields in the northern North Atlantic as deduced from satellite-tracked buoys, J. Mar. Res., 45, 259-291, 1987.
37. Ledwell, J., Montgomery, E., Polzin, K., Laurent, L. S., Schmitt, R., and Toole, J.: Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean, Nature, 403, 179-182, 2000.
38. Ledwell, J. R., Watson, A. J., and Law, C. S.: Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment, Nature, 364, 701-703, 1993.
39. Ledwell, J. R., Watson, A. J., and Law, C. S.: Mixing of a tracer in the pycnocline, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 21499-21529, 1998.
40. Liu, C., Köhl, A., and Stammer, D.: Adjoint-based estimation of eddy-induced tracer mixing parameters in the global ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 1186-1206, 2012.
41. Lumpkin, R. and Speer, K.: Global ocean meridional overturning, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2550-2562, 2007.
42. Luyten, J., Pedlosky, J., and Stommel, H.: The ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 292-309, 1983.
43. MacKinnon, J. and Winters, K.: Subtropical catastrophe: significant loss of low-mode tidal energy at 28.9, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15605, doi:10.1029/2005GL023376, 2005.
44. MacKinnon, J., St Laurent, L., and Naveira Garabato, C.: Diapycnal mixing processes in the ocean interior, in: Ocean Circulation and Climate: a 21st Century Perspective, International Geophysics, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 159-184, 2013.
45. McDougall, T. J.: The relative roles of diapycnal and isopycnal mixing on subsurface water mass conversion, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1577-1589, 1984.
46. Melet, A., Hallberg, R., Legg, S., and Nikurashin, M.: Sensitivity of the ocean state to lee wave-driven mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 900-921, 2014.
47. Moum, J., Lien, R.-C., Perlin, A., Nash, J., Gregg, M., and Wiles, P.: Sea surface cooling at the equator by subsurface mixing in tropical instability waves, Nat. Geosci., 2, 761-765, 2009.
48. Munk, W. and Wunsch, C.: Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 45, 1977-2010, 1998.
49. Munk, W. H.: Abyssal recipes, Deep Sea Res., 13, 707-730, 1966.
50. Naveira Garabato, A. C., Polzin, K. L., King, B. A., Heywood, K. J., and Visbeck, M.: Widespread intense turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean, Science, 303, 210-213, 2004.
51. Olbers, D., Wenzel, M., and Willebrand, J.: The inference of North Atlantic circulation patterns from climatological hydrographic data, Rev. Geophys., 23, 313-356, 1985.
52. Polzin, K., Toole, J., Ledwell, J., and Schmitt, R.: Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean, Science, 276, 93-96, 1997.
53. Ponte, R. M.: An assessment of deep steric height variability over the global ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L04601, doi:10.1029/2011GL050681, 2012.
54. Redi, M. H.: Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158, 1982.
55. Roemmich, D., Boebel, O., Desaubies, Y., Freeland, H., King, B., LeTraon, P.-Y., Molinari, R., Owens, B., Riser, S., Send, U., Kensuke, T., and Wijffels, S.: ARGO: the Global Array of Profiling Floats, CLIVAR Exchanges, 13, 4-5, 1999.
56. Roemmich, D., Johnson, G. C., Riser, S., Davis, R., Gilson, J., Owens, W. B., Garzoli, S. L., Schmid, C., and Ignaszewski, M.: The Argo Program: observing the global ocean with profiling floats, Oceanography, 22, 34-43, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.36, 2009.
57. Samelson, R. and Vallis, G. K.: Large-scale circulation with small diapycnal diffusion: the two-thermocline limit, J. Mar. Res., 55, 223-275, 1997.
58. Schott, F. and Zantopp, R.: On the effect of vertical mixing on the determination of absolute currents by the beta spiral method, Deep-Sea Res., 27, 173-180, 1980.
59. Sloyan, B. M.: Spatial variability of mixing in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18603, doi:10.1029/2005GL023568, 2005.
60. Speer, K. and Forget, G.: Global distribution and formation of mode waters, in: Ocean Circulation and Climate: a 21st Century Perspective, International Geophysics, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 211-226, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391851-2.00009-X, 2013.
61. Stammer, D.: Adjusting internal model errors through ocean state estimation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1143-1153, 2005.
62. Toggweiler, J. and Samuels, B.: On the ocean's large-scale circulation near the limit of no vertical mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1832-1852, 1998.
63. Tomczak, M. and Large, D. G.: Optimum multiparameter analysis of mixing in the thermocline of the eastern Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 94, 16141-16149, 1989.
64. Tulloch, R., Marshall, J., and Smith, K. S.: Interpretation of the propagation of surface altimetric observations in terms of planetary waves and geostrophic turbulence, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, C02005, doi:10.1029/2008JC005055, 2009.
65. Tziperman, E.: On the role of interior mixing and air-sea fluxes in determining the stratification and circulation of the oceans, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 680-693, 1986.
66. Vallis, G. K.: Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 745 pp., 2006.
67. Walin, G.: On the relation between sea-surface heat flow and thermal circulation in the ocean, Tellus, 34, 187-195, 1982.
68. Waterhouse, A. F., MacKinnon, J. A., Nash, J. D., Alford, M. H., Kunze, E., Simmons, H. L., Polzin, K. L., St. Laurent, L. C., Sun, O. M., Pinkel, R., Talley, L. D., Whalen, C. B., Huussen, T. N., Carter, G. S., Fer, I., Waterman, S., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Sanford, T. B., and Lee, C. M.: Global patterns of diapycnal mixing from measurements of the turbulent dissipation rate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 1854-1872, 2014.
69. Webb, D. and Suginohara, N.: Oceanography: vertical mixing in the ocean, Nature, 409, 37-37, 2001.
70. Whalen, C., Talley, L., and MacKinnon, J.: Spatial and temporal variability of global ocean mixing inferred from Argo profiles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L18612, doi:10.1029/2012GL053196, 2012.
71. Wu, L., Jing, Z., Riser, S., and Visbeck, M.: Seasonal and spatial variations of Southern Ocean diapycnal mixing from Argo profiling floats, Nat. Geosci., 4, 363-366, 2011.
72. Wunsch, C. and Heimbach, P.: Dynamically and kinematically consistent global ocean circulation and ice state estimates, in: Ocean Circulation and Climate: a 21st Century Perspective, International Geophysics, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 553-579, 2013.
73. Wyrtki, K.: The oxygen minima in relation to ocean circulation, Deep Sea Res., 9, 11-23, 1962.
74. Zika, J. D., Sloyan, B. M., and McDougall, T. J.: Diagnosing the Southern Ocean overturning from tracer fields, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 2926-2940, 2009.