Systemic therapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update

Journal of Clinical Oncology

Volumn 33, Issue 30, 2015, Pages 3488-3515

  Masters, Gregory A ^a   Temin, Sarah ^b   Azzoli, Christopher G ^e   Giaccone, Giuseppe ^f   Baker, Sherman ^c   Brahmer, Julie R ^g   Ellis, Peter M ^h   Gajra, Ajeet ⁱ   Rackear, Nancy ^j   Schiller, Joan H ^k   Smith, Thomas J ^g   Strawn, John R ^m   Trent, David ^a   Johnson, David H ^d,l  

^a HELEN F GRAHAM CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Virginia Cancer Center   (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h JURAVINSKI CANCER CENTRE   (Canada)

ⁱ SUNY UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j Uniting Against Lung Cancer   (United States)

^k University of Texas Southwestern   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^m Patient Representative   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFATINIB; ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE; BEVACIZUMAB; CARBOPLATIN; CERITINIB; CISPLATIN; CRIZOTINIB; DOCETAXEL; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ERLOTINIB; ETOPOSIDE; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PEMETREXED; PLATINUM;

CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DISEASE COURSE; GENE MUTATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; HUMAN; LARGE CELL NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MORBIDITY; NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASM STAGING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84945194223     PISSN: 0732183X     EISSN: 15277755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2015.62.1342     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Azzoli CG, Baker S Jr, Temin S, et al: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on chemotherapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:6251-6266, 2009
2. Azzoli CG, Temin S, Aliff T, et al: 2011 Focused update of 2009 American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on chemotherapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 29:3825-3831, 2011
3. Leighl NB, Rekhtman N, Biermann WA, et al: Molecular testing for selection of patients with lung cancer for epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors: American Society of Clinical Oncology endorsement of the College of American Pathologists/International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/Association for Molecular Pathology guideline. J Clin Oncol 32:3673-3679, 2014
4. Rami-Porta R, Bolejack V, Giroux DJ, et al: The IASLC lung cancer staging project: The new database to inform the eighth edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 9:1618-1624, 2014
5. Smith TJ, Temin S, Alesi ER, et al: American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: The integration of palliative care into standard oncology care. J Clin Oncol 30:880-887, 2012
6. Mok T, Kim DW, Wu YL: First-line crizotinib versus pemetrexed-cisplatin or pemetrexed-carboplatin in patients (pts) with advanced ALK-positive non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Results of a phase III study (PROFILE 1014). J Clin Oncol 32:506s, 2014 (suppl 5s; abstr 8002)
7. Paz-Ares LG, de Marinis F, Dediu M, et al: PARAMOUNT: Final overall survival results of the phase III study of maintenance pemetrexed versus placebo immediately after induction treatment with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 31: 2895-2902, 2013
8. Paz-Ares L, de Marinis F, Dediu M, et al: Maintenance therapy with pemetrexed plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care after induction therapy with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (PARAMOUNT): A double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 13:247-255, 2012
9. Gridelli C, de Marinis F, Pujol JL, et al: Safety, resource use, and quality of life in paramount: A phase III study of maintenance pemetrexed versus placebo after induction pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 7:1713-1721, 2012
10. Di Maio M, Leighl NB, Gallo C, et al: Quality of life analysis of TORCH, a randomized trial testing first-line erlotinib followed by second-line cisplatin/gemcitabine chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 7:1830-1844, 2012
11. Sequist LV, Yang JC, Yamamoto N, et al: Phase III study of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations. J Clin Oncol 31:3327-3334, 2013
12. Yang JC, Hirsh V, Schuler M, et al: Symptom control and quality of life in LUX-Lung 3: A phase III study of afatinib or cisplatin/pemetrexed in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations. J Clin Oncol 31:3342-3350, 2013
13. Zhou C, Wu YL, Chen G, et al: Erlotinib versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (OPTIMAL, CTONG-0802): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 12:735-742, 2011
14. Chen G, Feng J, Zhou C, et al: Quality of life (QoL) analyses from OPTIMAL (CTONG-0802), a phase III, randomised, open-label study of first-line erlotinib versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ann Oncol 24:1615-1622, 2013
15. Miller VA, Hirsh V, Cadranel J, et al: Afatinib versus placebo for patients with advanced, meta-static non-small-cell lung cancer after failure of erlotinib, gefitinib, or both, and one or two lines of chemotherapy (LUX-Lung 1): A phase 2b/3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 13:528-538, 2012
16. Hirsh V, Cadranel J, Cong XJ, et al: Symptom and quality of life benefit of afatinib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients previously treated with erlotinib or gefitinib: Results of a randomized phase IIb/III trial (LUX-Lung 1). J Thorac Oncol 8:229-237, 2013
17. Gridelli C, Di Maio M: The role of pemetrexed as maintenance treatment in advanced NSCLC: A phase III randomized trial. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11:321-324, 2010
18. Grønberg BH, Bremnes RM, Fløtten O, et al: Phase III study by the Norwegian lung cancer study group: Pemetrexed plus carboplatin compared with gemcitabine plus carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:3217-3224, 2009
19. Grønberg BH, Sundstrøm S, Kaasa S, et al: Influence of comorbidity on survival, toxicity and health-related quality of life in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving platinum-doublet chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 46: 2225-2234, 2010
20. Maemondo M, Inoue A, Kobayashi K, et al: Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR. N Engl J Med 362:2380-2388, 2010
21. Inoue A, Kobayashi K, Maemondo M, et al: Updated overall survival results from a randomized phase III trial comparing gefitinib with carboplatin-paclitaxel for chemo-naïve non-small cell lung cancer with sensitive EGFR gene mutations (NEJ002). Ann Oncol 24:54-59, 2013
22. Oizumi S, Kobayashi K, Inoue A, et al: Quality of life with gefitinib in patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer: Quality of life analysis of North East Japan Study Group 002 trial. Oncologist 17:863-870, 2012
23. Maruyama R, Nishiwaki Y, Tamura T, et al: Phase III study, V-15-32, of gefitinib versus docetaxel in previously treated Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:4244-4252, 2008
24. Sekine I, Ichinose Y, Nishiwaki Y, et al: Quality of life and disease-related symptoms in previously treated Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: Results of a randomized phase III study (V-15-32) of gefitinib versus docetaxel. Ann Oncol 20:1483-1488, 2009
25. Socinski MA, Langer CJ, Okamoto I, et al: Safety and efficacy of weekly nab®-paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin as first-line therapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 24:314-321, 2013
26. Socinski MA, Bondarenko I, Karaseva NA, et al: Weekly nab-paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin versus solvent-based paclitaxel plus carboplatin as first-line therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Final results of a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 30:2055-2062, 2012
27. Stathopoulos GP, Antoniou D, Dimitroulis J, et al: Comparison of liposomal cisplatin versus cisplatin in non-squamous cell non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 68:945-950, 2011
28. Stathopoulos GP, Antoniou D, Dimitroulis J, et al: Liposomal cisplatin combined with paclitaxel versus cisplatin and paclitaxel in non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomized phase III multicenter trial. Ann Oncol 21:2227-2232, 2010
29. Rosell R, Carcereny E, Gervais R, et al: Erlotinib versus standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for European patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (EURTAC): A multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13:239-246, 2012
30. Fukuoka M, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al: Biomarker analyses and final overall survival results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Asia (IPASS). J Clin Oncol 29:2866-2874, 2011
31. Wu YL, Lee JS, Thongprasert S, et al: Intercalated combination of chemotherapy and erlotinib for patients with advanced stage non-small-cell lung cancer (FASTACT-2): A randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet Oncol 14:777-786, 2013
32. Pirker R, Pereira JR, von Pawel J, et al: EGFR expression as a predictor of survival for first-line chemotherapy plus cetuximab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Analysis of data from the phase 3 FLEX study. Lancet Oncol 13:33-42, 2012
33. Barlesi F, Scherpereel A, Rittmeyer A, et al: Randomized phase III trial of maintenance bevacizumab with or without pemetrexed after first-line induction with bevacizumab, cisplatin, and pemetrexed in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer: AVAPERL (MO22089). J Clin Oncol 31:3004-3011, 2013
34. Gaafar RM, Surmont VF, Scagliotti GV, et al: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III intergroup study of gefitinib in patients with advanced NSCLC, non-progressing after first line platinum-based chemotherapy (EORTC 08021/ILCP 01/03). Eur J Cancer 47:2331-2340, 2011
35. Johnson BE, Kabbinavar F, Fehrenbacher L, et al: ATLAS: Randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, phase IIIB trial comparing bevacizumab therapy with or without erlotinib, after completion of chemotherapy, with bevacizumab for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 31:3926-3934, 2013
36. Zhang L, Ma S, Song X, et al: Gefitinib versus placebo as maintenance therapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (INFORM; C-TONG 0804): A multicentre, double-blind randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13:466-475, 2012
37. Patel JD, Socinski MA, Garon EB, et al. PointBreak: A randomized phase III study of pemetrexed plus carboplatin and bevacizumab followed by maintenance pemetrexed and bevacizumab versus paclitaxel plus carboplatin and bevacizumab followed by maintenance bevacizumab in patients with stage IIIB or IV nonsquamous non-small-cell ung cancer. J Clin Oncol 31:4349-4357, 2013
38. Lee SM, Rudd R, Woll PJ, et al: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thalidomide in combination with gemcitabine and Carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:5248-5254, 2009
39. Novello S, Bruzzi P, Barone C, et al: Phase study in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with two courses of cisplatin/gemcitabine followed by a randomization to three additional courses of the same combination or gemcitabine alone. Ann Oncol 18:903-908, 2007
40. Pérol M, Chouaid C, Pérol D, et al: Randomized, phase III study of gemcitabine or erlotinib maintenance therapy versus observation, with predefined second-line treatment, after cisplatin-gemcitabine induction chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 30:3516-3524, 2012
41. Garassino MC, Martelli O, Broggini M, et al. Erlotinib versus docetaxel as second-line treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and wild-type EGFR tumours (TAILOR): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 14:981-988, 2013
42. Shaw AT, Kim DW, Mehra R, et al: Ceritinib n ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 370:1189-1197, 2014
43. Kim DW, Mehra R, Tan DSW: Ceritinib in advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged (ALK+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Results of the ASCEND-1 trial. J Clin Oncol 32:506s, 2014 (suppl 5s; abstr 8003)
44. Biesma B, Wymenga AN, Vincent A, et al. Quality of life, geriatric assessment and survival in elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with carboplatin-gemcitabine or carboplatin-paclitaxel: NVALT-3 a phase III study. Ann Oncol 22:1520-1527, 2011
45. Kim ES, Neubauer M, Cohn A, et al: Docetaxel or pemetrexed with or without cetuximab in recurrent or progressive non-small-cell lung cancer after platinum-based therapy: A phase 3, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 14:1326-1336, 2013
46. Ciuleanu T, Stelmakh L, Cicenas S, et al. Efficacy and safety of erlotinib versus chemotherapy n second-line treatment of patients with advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer with poor prognosis (TITAN): A randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 13:300-308, 2012
47. Lee DH, Park K, Kim JH, et al: Randomized phase III trial of gefitinib versus docetaxel in non-small cell lung cancer patients who have previously received platinum-based chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 16:1307-1314, 2010
48. Shi Y, Zhang L, Liu X, et al: Icotinib versus gefitinib in previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (ICOGEN): a randomised, double-blind phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 14: 953-961, 2013
49. Sun JM, Lee KH, Kim SW, et al: Gefitinib versus pemetrexed as second-line treatment in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (KCSG-LU08-01): An open-label, phase 3 trial. Cancer 118: 6234-6242, 2012
50. Herbst RS, Ansari R, Bustin F, et al: Efficacy of bevacizumab plus erlotinib versus erlotinib alone in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer after failure of standard first-line chemotherapy (BeTa): A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 377:1846-1854, 2011
51. Natale RB, Thongprasert S, Greco FA, et al: Phase III trial of vandetanib compared with erlotinib in patients with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 29:1059-1066, 2011
52. Georgoulias V, Androulakis N, Kotsakis A, et al: Docetaxel versus docetaxel plus gemcitabine as front-line treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A randomized, multicenter phase III trial. Lung Cancer 59:57-63, 2008
53. Quoix E, Zalcman G, Oster JP, et al: Carboplatin and weekly paclitaxel doublet chemotherapy compared with monotherapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: IFCT-0501 randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 378:1079-1088, 2011
54. Solomon BJ, Mok T, Kim DW, et al: First-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med 371:2167-2177, 2014
55. Zukin M, Barrios CH, Pereira JR, et al: Randomized phase III trial of single-agent pemetrexed versus carboplatin and pemetrexed in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2. J Clin Oncol 31:2849-2853, 2013
56. Shaw AT, Kim DW, Nakagawa K, et al: Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALKpositive lung cancer. N Engl J Med 368:2385-2394, 2013
57. Garon EB, Ciuleanu TE, Arrieta O: Ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel for second-line treatment of stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer after disease progression on platinum-based therapy (REVEL): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 384:665-673, 2014
58. Morabito A, Gebbia V, Di Maio M, et al: Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and a performance status of 2: The CAPPA-2 study. Lung Cancer 81:77-83, 2013
59. Keedy VL, Temin S, Somerfield MR, et al: American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer considering first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. J Clin Oncol 29:2121-2127, 2011
60. Thongprasert S, Duffield E, Saijo N, et al: Health-related quality-of-life in a randomized phase III first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients from Asia with advanced NSCLC (IPASS). J Thorac Oncol 6:1872-1880, 2011
61. Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al: Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 361:947-957, 2009
62. Ramlau R, Gorbunova V, Ciuleanu TE, et al: Aflibercept and docetaxel versus docetaxel alone after platinum failure in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomized, controlled phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 30:3640-3647, 2012
63. Herbst RS, Sun Y, Eberhardt WE, et al: Vandetanib plus docetaxel versus docetaxel as second-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (ZODIAC): A double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 11:619-626, 2010
64. Reck M, Kaiser R, Mellemgaard A, et al: Docetaxel plus nintedanib versus docetaxel plus placebo in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (LUME-Lung 1): A phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 15:143-155, 2014
65. Scagliotti GV, Krzakowski M, Szczesna A, et al: Sunitinib plus erlotinib versus placebo plus erlotinib in patients with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 30:2070-2078, 2012
66. Lee JS, Hirsh V, Park K, et al: Vandetanib versus placebo in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer after prior therapy with an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor: A randomized, double-blind phase III trial (ZEPHYR). J Clin Oncol 30:1114-1121, 2012
67. Pallis AG, Agelaki S, Agelidou A, et al: A randomized phase III study of the docetaxel/carboplatin combination versus docetaxel single-agent as second line treatment for patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 10:633 2010
68. Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, et al: Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:3543-3551, 2008
69. Tan EH, Rolski J, Grodzki T, et al: Global Lung Oncology Branch Trial 3 (GLOB3): Final results of a randomised multinational phase III study alternating oral and i.v. vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus docetaxel plus cisplatin as first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 20: 1249-1256, 2009
70. Rodrigues-Pereira J, Kim JH, Magallanes M, et al: A randomized phase 3 trial comparing pemetrexed/carboplatin and docetaxel/carboplatin as first-line treatment for advanced, nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 6:1907-1914, 2011
71. Lynch TJ, Patel T, Dreisbach L, et al: Cetuximab and first-line taxane/carboplatin chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Results of the randomized multicenter phase III trial BMS099. J Clin Oncol 28:911-917, 2010
72. Okamoto I, Yoshioka H, Morita S, et al: Phase III trial comparing oral S-1 plus carboplatin with paclitaxel plus carboplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Results of a West Japan Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 28:5240-5246, 2010
73. Treat JA, Gonin R, Socinski MA, et al: A randomized, phase III multicenter trial of gemcit-abine in combination with carboplatin or paclitaxel versus paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 21:540-547, 2010
74. Kubota K, Kawahara M, Ogawara M, et al: Vinorelbine plus gemcitabine followed by docetaxel versus carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomised, open-label, phase III study. Lancet Oncol 9:1135-1142, 2008
75. Kosmidis PA, Fountzilas G, Eleftheraki AG, et al: Paclitaxel and gemcitabine versus paclitaxel and vinorelbine in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A phase III study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG). Ann Oncol 22: 827-834, 2011
76. Reck M, von Pawel J, Zatloukal P, et al: Overall survival with cisplatin-gemcitabine and bevacizumab or placebo as first-line therapy for nons-quamous non-small-cell lung cancer: Results from a randomised phase III trial (AVAiL). Ann Oncol 21: 1804-1809, 2010
77. Blackhall F, Peters S, Kerr Kea: Prevalence and cinical outcomes for patients with ALK gene rearrangment in Europe: Preliminary results for the European Thoracic Oncology Platform Lungscape Project. Ann Oncol 23:ix73-ix94, 2012 (abstr 1670)
78. Shaw AT, Ou SH, Bang YJ, et al: Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 371:1963-1971, 2014
79. Karampeazis A, Vamvakas L, Agelidou A, et al: Docetaxel vs. vinorelbine in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A Hellenic Oncology Research Group randomized phase III study. Clin Lung Cancer 12:155-160, 2011
80. Groen HJ, Sietsma H, Vincent A, et al: Randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of docetaxel plus carboplatin with celecoxib and cyclooxygenase-2 expression as a biomarker for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: The NVALT-4 study. J Clin Oncol 29:4320-4326, 2011
81. Ridolfi L, Bertetto O, Santo A, et al: Chemotherapy with or without low-dose interleukin-2 in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Results from a phase III randomized multicentric trial. Int J Oncol 39:1011-1017, 2011
82. Chang JW, Tsao TC, Yang CT, et al: A randomized study of gemcitabine plus cisplatin and vinorelbine plus cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Chang Gung Med J 31: 559-566, 2008
83. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group: Chemotherapy and supportive care versus supportive care alone for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD007309, 2010
84. Sargent DJ, Köhne CH, Sanoff HK, et al: Pooled safety and efficacy analysis examining the effect of performance status on outcomes in nine first-line treatment trials using individual data from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:1948-1955, 2009
85. Chansky K, Mack P, Crowley J, et al: Chemotherapy outcomes by histologic subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Analysis of the SWOG database for antimicrotubule-platinum therapy. J Thorac Oncol 4, 2009 (suppl 1; abstr B2.7)
86. National Cancer Institute: FDA approval for afatinib dimaleate. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/druginfo/fda-afatinibdimaleate
87. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, et al: Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 448:561-566, 2007
88. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, et al: Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 131:1190-1203, 2007
89. Camidge DR, Doebele RC: Treating ALKpositive lung cancer: Early successes and future challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9:268-277, 2012
90. Rossi G, Cavazza A, Marchioni A, et al: Role of chemotherapy and the receptor tyrosine kinases KIT, PDGFRalpha, PDGFRbeta, and Met in large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. J Clin Oncol 23:8774-8785, 2005
91. Murray N: Reality check for pemetrexed and maintenance therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 32:482-483, 2014
92. Paz-Ares LG, de Marinis F, Visseren-Grul C, et al: Reply to S. Barni et al, K.R. Dearing et al, and N. Murray. J Clin Oncol 32:483-485, 2014
93. Karampeazis A, Voutsina A, Souglakos J, et al: Pemetrexed versus erlotinib in pretreated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG) randomized phase 3 study. Cancer 119:2754-2764, 2013
94. Gridelli C, Ciardiello F, Gallo C, et al: First-line erlotinib followed by second-line cisplatin-gemcit-abine chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: The TORCH randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 30:3002-3011, 2012
95. Di Maio M, Chiodini P, Georgoulias V, et al: Meta-analysis of single-agent chemotherapy compared with combination chemotherapy as secondline treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:1836-1843, 2009
96. de Boer RH, Arrieta Ó, Yang CH, et al: Vandetanib plus pemetrexed for the second-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomized, double-blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 29:1067-1074, 2011
97. Krzakowski M, Ramlau R, Jassem J, et al: Phase III trial comparing vinflunine with docetaxel in second-line advanced non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-containing chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 28:2167-2173, 2010
98. US Food and Drug Administration: Highlights of prescribing information: CYRAMZATM (ramucirumab). http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2014/125477s007lbl.pdf
99. Rizvi NA, Mazières J, Planchard D, et al: Activity and safety of nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, for patients with advanced, refractory squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 063): A phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol 16:257-265, 2015
100. US Food and Drug Administration: Nivolumab. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ApprovedDrugs/ucm427807.htm
101. US Food and Drug Administration: Highlights of prescribing information: OPDIVO™ (nivolumab). http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2015/125527s000lbl.pdf
102. Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, et al: Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 373: 123-135, 2015
103. Gridelli C, Maione P, Rossi A: The PARAMOUNT trial: A phase III randomized study of maintenance pemetrexed versus placebo immediately following induction first-line treatment with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. Rev Recent Clin Trials 8:23-28, 2013
104. Mok T, Wu Y, Nakagawa K, et al: Gefitinib/chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after progression on first-line gefitinib: The phase III, randomised IMPRESS study. Ann Oncol 25, 2014 (abstr LBA2)
105. US Food and Drug Administration: Ceritinib. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ApprovedDrugs/ucm395386.htm
106. Gade G, Venohr I, Conner D, et al: Impact of an inpatient palliative care team: A randomized control trial. J Palliat Med 11:180-190, 2008
107. Brumley R, Enguidanos S, Jamison P, et al: Increased satisfaction with care and lower costs: Results of a randomized trial of in-home palliative care. J Am Geriatr Soc 55:993-1000, 2007
108. Finn JW, Pienta, Kenneth J, et al: Hospice of Michigan, Detroit; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:154s, 2002 (suppl; abstr 1452)
109. Zimmermann C, Swami N, Krzyzanowska M, et al: Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 383:1721-1730, 2014
110. Bakitas M, Lyons KD, Hegel MT, et al: Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer: The Project ENABLE II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 302:741-749, 2009
111. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, et al: Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 363:733-742, 2010
112. Bakitas M, Tosteson T, Li Z, et al: The ENABLE III randomized controlled trial of concurrent palliative oncology care. J Clin Oncol 32:605s, 2014 (suppl 5s; abstr 9512)
113. Lee YJ, Yang JH, Lee JW, et al: Association between the duration of palliative care service and survival in terminal cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 23:1057-1062, 2014
114. Roeland E, Loprinzi C, Moynihan TJ, et al: In chemotherapy for lung cancer, sometimes less is more. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 11:232-235, 2013
115. Parikh RB, Kirch RA, Smith TJ, et al: Early specialty palliative care: Translating data in oncology into practice. N Engl J Med 369:2347-2351, 2013
116. Azzoli C, Baker S Jr, Temin S, et al: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on chemotherapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (unabridged). http://www.asco.org/sites/www.asco.org/files/nsclc-unabridged-11.23.09-1.pdf
117. Krakauer E: Integration of in palliative care in low and middle income countries. Presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Multidisciplinary Cancer Management Course, Hue, Vietnam, August 27-28, 2014
118. Cheng MJ, King LM, Alesi ER, et al: Doing palliative care in the oncology office. J Oncol Pract 9:84-88, 2013
119. Hershman DL, Lacchetti C, Dworkin RH, et al: Prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in survivors of adult cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 32:1941-1967, 2014
120. Bower JE, Bak K, Berger A, et al: Screening, assessment, and management of fatigue in adult survivors of cancer: An American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol 32:1840-1850, 2014
121. Andersen BL, DeRubeis RJ, Berman BS, et al: Screening, assessment, and care of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: An American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol 32:1605-1619, 2014
122. Connor SR, Pyenson B, Fitch K, et al: Comparing hospice and nonhospice patient survival among patients who die within a three-year window. J Pain Symptom Manage 33:238-246, 2007
123. Saito AM, Landrum MB, Neville BA, et al: Hospice care and survival among elderly patients with lung cancer. J Palliat Med 14:929-939, 2011
124. van Vliet LM, van der Wall E, Plum NM, et al: Explicit prognostic information and reassurance about nonabandonment when entering palliative breast cancer care: Findings from a scripted videovignette study. J Clin Oncol 31:3242-3249, 2013
125. Partridge AH, Seah DS, King T, et al: Developing a service model that integrates palliative care throughout cancer care: The time is now. J Clin Oncol 32:3330-3336, 2014
126. Pirl WF, Greer JA, Traeger L, et al: Depression and survival in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: Effects of early palliative care. J Clin Oncol 30:1310-1315, 2012
127. Brown Johnson CG, Brodsky JL, Cataldo JK: Lung cancer stigma, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. J Psychosoc Oncol 32:59-73, 2014
128. Temel JS, Greer JA, Admane S, et al: Longitudinal perceptions of prognosis and goals of therapy in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: Results of a randomized study of early palliative care. J Clin Oncol 29:2319-2326, 2011
129. Emanuel EJ: Plan to fix cancer care. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/23/a-plan-to-fix-cancer-care/?-r=0
130. McGuire L: Ourselves and patients who are dying. Pharos 53:6-8, 1990
131. Hayanga AJ, Zeliadt SB, Backhus LM: Residential segregation and lung cancer mortality in the United States. JAMA Surg 148:37-42, 2013
132. Bryant AS, Cerfolio RJ: Impact of race on outcomes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 3:711-715, 2008
133. Bergamo C, Lin JJ, Smith C, et al: Evaluating beliefs associated with late-stage lung cancer presentation in minorities. J Thorac Oncol 8:12-18, 2013
134. Shugarman LR, Mack K, Sorbero ME, et al. Race and sex differences in the receipt of timely and appropriate lung cancer treatment. Med Care 47: 774-781, 2009
135. Hardy D, Liu CC, Xia R, et al: Racial disparities and treatment trends in a large cohort of elderly black and white patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 115:2199-2211, 2009
136. Forrest LF, Adams J, Wareham H, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in lung cancer treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 10:e1001376, 2013
137. Erhunmwunsee L, Joshi MB, Conlon DH, et al: Neighborhood-level socioeconomic determinants mpact outcomes in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients in the southeastern United States. Cancer 118:5117-5123, 2012
138. Yang R, Cheung MC, Byrne MM, et al: Do racial or socioeconomic disparities exist in lung cancer treatment? Cancer 116:2437-2447, 2010
139. Johnson AM, Hines RB, Johnson JA 3rd, et al: Treatment and survival disparities in lung cancer: The effect of social environment and place of residence. Lung Cancer 83:401-407, 2014
140. Slatore CG, Au DH, Gould MK: An official American Thoracic Society systematic review: Insurance status and disparities in lung cancer practices and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:1195-1205, 2010
141. Rasco DW, Yan J, Xie Y, et al: Looking beyond Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results: Patterns of chemotherapy administration for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in a contemporary, diverse population. J Thorac Oncol 5:1529-1535, 2010
142. Mack JW, Chen K, Boscoe FP, et al: Under-use of hospice care by Medicaid-insured patients with stage IV lung cancer in New York and California. J Clin Oncol 31:2569-2579, 2013
143. American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures for African Americans 2013-2014. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-036921.pdf
144. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al: SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2011. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2011/
145. Lin JJ, Mhango G, Wall MM, et al: Cultural factors associated with racial disparities in lung cancer care. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11:489-495, 2014
146. Smith CB, Bonomi M, Packer S, et al: Disparities in lung cancer stage, treatment and survival among American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Lung Cancer 72:160-164, 2011
147. Hede K: Drilling down to the causes of racial disparities in lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 102: 1385-1387, 2010
148. American Lung Association: Too Many Cases, Too Many Deaths: Lung Cancer in African Americans. http://www.lung.org/assets/documents/publications/lung-disease-data/ala-lung-cancer-in-african.pdf
149. Mead H, Cartwright-Smith L, Jones K, et al: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Health Care: A Chartbook. New York, NY, Commonwealth Fund, 2008
150. US Cancer Statistics Working Group: United States Cancer Statistics: 1999-2011 Incidence and Mortality Web-based Report. Atlanta, GA, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/uscs
151. CMS administrative claims data. Chronic Condition Warehouse (CCW). http://ccwdata.org
152. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al: A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. J Chronic Dis 40:373-383, 1987
153. Linn BS, Linn MW, Gurel L: Cumulative illness rating scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 16:622-626, 1968
154. Fillenbaum GG, Smyer MA: The development, validity, and reliability of the OARS multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire. J Gerontol 36:428-434, 1981
155. Piccirillo JF, Costas I, Claybour P: The measurement of comorbidity by cancer registries. J Registry Manage 30:8-14, 2003
156. Patel JD, Hensing TA, Rademaker A, et al: Phase II study of pemetrexed and carboplatin plus bevacizumab with maintenance pemetrexed and bevacizumab as first-line therapy for nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:3284-3289, 2009
157. Jänne PA, Yang JC, Kim DW, et al: AZD9291 in EGFR inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 372:1689-1699, 2015
158. Sequist LV, Soria JC, Goldman JW, et al: Rociletinib in EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 372:1700-1709, 2015
159. Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, et al: Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 372:2018-2028, 2015