Funding the Costs of Disease Outbreaks Caused by Non-Vaccination

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 633-647

  Moser, Charlotte A ^a   Reiss, Dorit ^b   Schwartz, Robert L ^c,d  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; COST; COST OF ILLNESS; ECONOMICS; EPIDEMIC; HUMAN; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; PUBLIC POLICY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VACCINATION REFUSAL;

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; COST OF ILLNESS; COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HUMANS; PUBLIC POLICY; VACCINATION REFUSAL;

EID: 84944686132     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12305     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. S. Y. Chen et al., "Health Care-associated Measles Outbreak in the United States after an Importation: Challenges and Economic Impact, " Journal of Infectious Disease 203, no. 11 (2011): 1517-1525;
2. D. Sugerman et al., "Measles Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated Population, San Diego, 2008: Role of the Intentionally Undervaccinated, " Pediatrics 125, no. 4 (2010): 747-755;
3. A. Calugar et al., "Nosocomial Pertussis: Cost of an Outbreak and Benefits of Vaccinating Health Care Workers, " Clinical Infectious Diseases 42, no. 7 (2006): 981-988
4. L. H. Lee and M. E. Pichichero, "Cost of Illness Due to Bordatella Pertussis in Families, " Archives of Family Medicine 9, no. 10 (2000): 989-996.
5. W. G. Van Panhuis et al., "Contagious Diseases in the United States from 1988 to the Present, " New England Journal of Medicine 369, no. 22 (2013): 2152-2158.
6. D. A. Salmon, L. H. Moulton, S. B. Omer, M. P. deHart, S. Stokley, and N. A. Halsey, "Factors Associated with Refusal of Childhood Vaccines among Parents of School-Aged Children, " Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 159 (2005): 470-476.
7. S. Omer et al., "Nonmedical Exemptions to School Immunization Requirements: Secular Trends and Association of State Policies with Pertussis Incidence, " JAMA 296 (2006): 1757-1763
8. S. Omer et al., "Geographic Clustering of Nonmedical Exemptions to School Immunization Requirements and Associations with Geographic Clustering of Pertussis, " American Journal of Epidemiology 168 (2008): 1389-1396.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Update: Measles - United States, January - July 2008, " Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 57 (2008): 893-896;
10. I. R. Ortega-Sanchez et al., "The Economic Burden of Sixteen Measles Outbreaks on United States Public Health Departments in 2011, " Vaccine 32 (2014): 1311-1317
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Pertussis Epidemic - Washington, 2012, " Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 61 (2012): 517-522
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Measles Cases in the United States Reach 20-Year High, " May 29, 2014, available at (last visited September 15, 2015).
13. D. Feikin et al., "Individual and Community Risks of Measles and Pertussis Associated with Personal Exemptions to Immunization, " JAMA 284 (2000): 3145-3150
14. S. Von den Hof et al., "Measles Epidemic in the Netherlands: 1999-2000, " Journal of Infectious Disease 186 (2002): 1483-1486.
15. J. B. Babigumira et al., "Health Economics of Rubella: A Systematic Review to Assess the Value of Rubella Vaccination, " BMC Public Health 13 (2013): 406-418 (represented in 2014 U.S. dollars).
16. C. W. Shepard et al., "Cost-Effectiveness of Conjugate Meningococcal Vaccination Strategies in the United States, " Pediatrics 115 (2005): 1220-1232 (represented in 2014 U.S. dollars).
17. A. Parker et al., "Implications of a 2005 Measles Outbreak in Indiana for Sustained Elimination of Measles in the United States, " New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 447-455.
18. L. Lasher et al., "Contacting Passengers After Exposure to Measles on an International Flight: Implications for Responding to New Disease Threats and Bioterrorism, " Public Health Reports 119 (2004): 458-463
19. T. Chen et al., "Measles Outbreak Associated with an International Youth Sporting Event in the United States, 2007, " Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 29 (2010): 794-800.
20. M. S. Coleman et al., "Direct Costs of a Single Case of Refugee-Imported Measles in Kentucky, " Vaccine 30 (2012): 317-321. These numbers are available at: (last visited September 15, 2015).
21. U.S. Government Spending. 2014, available at (last visited September 15, 2015).
22. Trust for America's Health, Investing in America's Health: A State-by-State Look at Public Health Funding and Key Health Facts (April 2013), available at (last visited September 15, 2015).
23. M. Osterholm et al., "Efficacy and Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, " The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12 (2001): 36-44.
24. F. Zhou et al., "Economic Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program in the United States, 2009, " Pediatrics 133 (2014): 1-9.
25. A. L. Caplan et al., "Free to Choose But Liable for the Consequences: Should Non-Vaccinators Be Penalized for the Harm They Do?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 3 (2012): 606-611.
26. A. M. Kennedy et al., "Vaccine Beliefs of Parents Who Oppose Compulsory Vaccination, " Public Health Reports 120 (2005): 252-258.
27. M. A. Maglione, et al., "Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization of US Children: A Systematic Review, " Pediatrics (2014), available at (last visited September 15, 2015).
28. P. Offit and C. Moser, Vaccines and Your Child: Separating Fact from Fiction (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011);
29. A. Kata, "A Postmodern Pandora's Box: Anti-vaccination Misinformation on the Internet, " Vaccine 28(2010): 1709;
30. V. Iannelli, "Anti Vaccine Myths and Misinformation, " Pediatrics.About.Com, January 17, 2015, available at (last visited September 15, 2015);
31. S. Calandrillo, "Vanishing Vaccinations: Why Are So Many Americans Opting Out of Vaccinating Their Children, " University Michigan Journal of Law Reform 37 (2004): 353-440.
32. P. Offit, Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All (New York: Basic Books, 2010): at 111-123.
33. R. Wolfe and L. Sharp, "Vaccination or Immunization? The Impact of Search Terms on the Internet, " Journal of Health Communication 10 (2005): 537-551.
34. P. Fine et al., "Herd Immunity: A Rough Guide, " Vaccines 52 (2011): 911-916.
35. E. Conis, "How the Poor Get Blamed for Disease, " The Atlantic, November 9, 2014, available at (last visited September 15, 2015).
36. D. R. Reiss, "Compensating the Victims of Failure to Vaccinate: What Are the Options?" Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 23 (2014): 595-633.
37. C. Parkins, "Protecting the Herd: A Public Health, Economics and Legal Argument for Taxing Parents Who Opt-Out of Mandatory Childhood Vaccinations, " Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 21 (2012): 437-490.
38. O. Lobel and O. Amir, "Healthy Choices: Regulatory Design and Processing Modes of Health Decisions, " Social Science Research Network (2011), available at (last visited September 15, 2015).
39. M. I. Krauss, "Public Services Meet Private Law, " San Diego Law Review 44 (2005): 1-53;
40. T. Lytton, "Should Government Be Allowed to Recover the Costs of Public Services from Tortfeasors?: Tort Subsidies, the Limits of Loss Spreading, and the Free Public Services Doctrine, " Tulane Law Review 76 (2002): 727-781.
41. Sacramento, Cal., Health & Safety Code § 8.04.100 (2014), available at (last visited September 15, 2015).