Technical review of large-scale hydrological models for implementation in operational flood forecasting schemes on continental level

Environmental Modelling and Software

Volumn 75, Issue , 2016, Pages 68-76

  Kauffeldt, A ^a   Wetterhall, F ^b   Pappenberger, F ^b   Salamon, P ^c   Thielen, J ^c  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS   (United Kingdom)

^c JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Ensemble prediction; Hydrological modelling; Large scale; Operational flood forecasting

Indexed keywords

FLOOD CONTROL; FLOODS; FORECASTING; HYDROLOGY; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

ENSEMBLE PREDICTION; FLOOD FORECASTING; HYDROLOGICAL FORECAST; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING; LARGE SCALE HYDROLOGICAL MODEL; LARGE-SCALE; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION;

WEATHER FORECASTING;

ENSEMBLE FORECASTING; FLOOD FORECASTING; GUIDELINE; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS; MODEL VALIDATION; NUMERICAL MODEL; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EUROPE;

EID: 84944340071     PISSN: 13648152     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.09.009     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Aich V., Liersch S., Vetter T., Huang S., Tecklenburg J., Hoffmann P., Koch H., Fournet S., Krysanova V., Müller E.N., Hattermann F.F. Comparing impacts of climate change on streamflow in four large African river basins. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2014, 18(4):1305-1321.
2. Alcamo J., Döll P., Henrichs T., Kaspar F., Lehner B., Rösch T., Siebert S. Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2003, 48(3):317-337.
3. Alfieri L., Burek P., Dutra E., Krzeminski B., Muraro D., Thielen J., Pappenberger F. GloFAS - global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2013, 17:1161-1175. 10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013.
4. Arnell N.W. A simple water balance model for the simulation of streamflow over a large geographic domain. J. Hydrol. 1999, 217(3-4):314-335.
5. Arnold J.G., Moriasi D.N., Gassman P.W., Abbaspour K.C., White M.J., Srinivasan R., Santhi C., Harmel R.D., van Griensven A., Van Liew M.W., Kannan N., Jha M.K. SWAT: model use, calibration, and validation. Trans. ASABE 2012, 55(4):1491-1508.
6. Balsamo G., Beljaars A., Scipal K., Viterbo P., van den Hurk B., Hirschi M., Betts A.K. A revised hydrology for the ECMWF model: verification from field site to terrestrial water storage and impact in the integrated forecast system. J. Hydrometeorol. 2009, 10(3):623-643.
7. Bartholmes J.C., Thielen J., Ramos M.H., Gentilini S. The european flood alert system EFAS - part 2: statistical skill assessment of probabilistic and deterministic operational forecasts. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2009, 13(2):141-153.
8. Bell V.A., Kay A.L., Jones R.G., Moore R.J. Development of a high resolution grid-based river flow model for use with regional climate model output. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2007, 11(1):532-549.
9. Bell V.A., Kay A.L., Jones R.G., Moore R.J. Use of a grid-based hydrological model and regional climate model outputs to assess changing flood risk. Int. J. Climatol. 2007, 27(12):1657-1671.
10. Bell V.A., Kay A.L., Jones R.G., Moore R.J., Reynard N.S. Use of soil data in a grid-based hydrological model to estimate spatial variation in changing flood risk across the UK. J. Hydrol. 2009, 377(3-4):335-350.
11. Bennett N.D., Croke B.F.W., Guariso G., Guillaume J.H.A., Hamilton S.H., Jakeman A.J., Marsili-Libelli S., Newham L.T.H., Norton J.P., Perrin C., Pierce S.A., Robson B., Seppelt R., Voinov A.A., Fath B.D., Andreassian V. Characterising performance of environmental models. Environ. Model. Softw 2013, 40:1-20.
12. Best M.J., Pryor M., Clark D.B., Rooney G.G., Essery R.L.H., Ménard C.B., Edwards J.M., Hendry M.A., Porson A., Gedney N., Mercado L.M., Sitch S., Blyth E., Boucher O., Cox P.M., Grimmond C.S.B., Harding R.J. The joint UK land environment simulator (JULES), model description - part 1: energy and water fluxes. Geosci. Model. Dev. 2011, 4(3):677-699.
13. Bogner K., Pappenberger F. Multiscale error analysis, correction, and predictive uncertainty estimation in a flood forecasting system. Water Resour. Res. 2011, 47(7):W07524.
14. Bogner K., Pappenberger F., Cloke H.L. Technical note: the normal quantile transformation and its application in a flood forecasting system. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2011, 8(5):9275-9297.
15. Bormann H. Impact of spatial data resolution on simulated catchment water balances and model performance of the multi-scale TOPLATS model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2006, 10(2):165-179.
16. Burek P., van der Knijff J., de Roo A. LISFLOOD Distributed Water Balance and Flood Simulation Model - Revised User Manual 2013, 2013, JRC Technical Reports. Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
17. Butts M.B., Payne J.T., Kristensen M., Madsen H. An evaluation of the impact of model structure on hydrological modelling uncertainty for streamflow simulation. J. Hydrol. 2004, 298(1-4):242-266.
18. Cai X., Yang Z.-L., David C.H., Niu G.-Y., Rodell M. Hydrological evaluation of the Noah-MP land surface model for the Mississippi river basin. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2014, 119(1). 2013JD020792.
19. Che T., Li X., Jin R., Huang C. Assimilating passive microwave remote sensing data into a land surface model to improve the estimation of snow depth. Remote Sens. Environ. 2014, 143(0):54-63.
20. Cox P.M., Betts R.A., Bunton C.B., Essery R.L.H., Rowntree P.R., Smith J. The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity. Clim. Dyn. 1999, 15(3):183-203.
21. d'Orgeval T., Polcher J., de Rosnay P. Sensitivity of the west African hydrological cycle in ORCHIDEE to infiltration processes. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2008, 12(6):1387-1401.
22. de Rosnay P., Polcher J. Modelling root water uptake in a complex land surface scheme coupled to a GCM. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 1999, 2(2/3):239-255.
23. Döll P., Kaspar F., Lehner B. A global hydrological model for deriving water availability indicators: model tuning and validation. J. Hydrol. 2003, 270(1-2):105-134.
24. Donnelly C., Andersson J.C.M., Arheimer B. Using flow signatures and catchment similarities to evaluate the E-HYPE multi-basin model across Europe. Hydrol. Sci. J. Rev. 2014, IAHS Publication, 361.
25. Donnelly C., Arheimer B., Capell R., Dahne J., Strömqvist J. Regional Overview of Nutrient Load in Europe - Challenges When Using a Large-scale Model Approach, E-HYPE, Understanding Fresh-water Quality Problems in a Changing World 2013, 49-58. IAHS-IAPSO-IASPEI Assembly. IAHS, Gothenburg, Sweden.
26. ECMWF Part IV: Physical Processes, IFS DOCUMENTATION - Cy40r1 2014, 190. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom.
27. EEA Mapping the Impacts of Natural Hazards and Technological Accidents in Europe: an Overview of the Last Decade 2010, 144. EEA Technical Report, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
28. Essery R.L.H., Best M.J., Betts R.A., Cox P.M., Taylor C.M. Explicit representation of subgrid heterogeneity in a GCM land surface scheme. J. Hydrometeorol. 2003, 4(3):530-543.
29. Famiglietti J.S., Wood E.F. Multiscale modeling of spatially variable water and energy balance processes. Water Resour. Res. 1994, 30(11):3061-3078.
30. Water Budget Record from Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (Version 1.2) 2009, University, U.o. W.P. H. Gao, Q. Tang, X. Shi, C. Zhu, T.J. Bohn, F. Su, J. Sheffield, M. Pan, D.P. Lettenmaier, E.F. Wood (Eds.).
31. Gerten D., Schaphoff S., Haberlandt U., Lucht W., Sitch S. Terrestrial vegetation and water balance-hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model. J. Hydrol. 2004, 286(1-4):249-270.
32. Gosling S.N., Arnell N.W. Simulating current global river runoff with a global hydrological model: model revisions, validation, and sensitivity analysis. Hydrol. Process. 2010, n/a. 10.1002/hyp.7727.
33. Haddeland I., Clark D.B., Franssen W., Ludwig F., Voß F., Arnell N.W., Bertrand N., Best M., Folwell S., Gerten D., Gomes S., Gosling S.N., Hagemann S., Hanasaki N., Harding R., Heinke J., Kabat P., Koirala S., Oki T., Polcher J., Stacke T., Viterbo P., Weedon G.P., Yeh P. Multimodel estimate of the global terrestrial water balance: setup and first results. J. Hydrometeorol. 2011, 12(5):869-884.
34. Hagemann S., Dümenil L. A parametrization of the lateral waterflow for the global scale. Clim. Dyn. 1997, 14(1):17-31.
35. Hagemann S., Gates L.D. Improving a subgrid runoff parameterization scheme for climate models by the use of high resolution data derived from satellite observations. Clim. Dyn. 2003, 21(3-4):349-359.
36. Hanasaki N., Inuzuka T., Kanae S., Oki T. An estimation of global virtual water flow and sources of water withdrawal for major crops and livestock products using a global hydrological model. J. Hydrol. 2010, 384(3-4):232-244.
37. Hanasaki N., Kanae S., Oki T., Masuda K., Motoya K., Shirakawa N., Shen Y., Tanaka K. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources - part 1: model description and input meteorological forcing. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2008, 12:1007-1025.
38. Hanasaki N., Kanae S., Oki T., Masuda K., Motoya K., Shirakawa N., Shen Y., Tanaka K. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources - part 2: applications and assessments. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2008, 12:1027-1037.
39. Hanasaki N., Saito Y., Chaiyasaen C., Champathong A., Ekkawatpanit C., Saphaokham S., Sukhapunnaphan T., Sumdin S., Thongduang J. A quasi-real-time hydrological simulation of the Chao Phraya river using meteorological data from the Thai meteorological department automatic weather Stations. Hydrol. Res. Lett. 2014, 8(1):9-14.
40. Hattermann F.F., Wattenbach M., Krysanova V., Wechsung F. Runoff simulations on the macroscale with the ecohydrological model SWIM in the Elbe catchment-validation and uncertainty analysis. Hydrol. Process. 2005, 19(3):693-714.
41. Hirabayashi Y., Kanae S., Struthers I., Oki T. A 100-year (1901-2000) global retrospective estimation of the terrestrial water cycle. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2005, 110(D19):D19101.
42. Jakeman A.J., Letcher R.A., Norton J.P. Ten iterative steps in development and evaluation of environmental models. Environ. Model. Softw 2006, 21(5):602-614.
43. Koirala S., Yeh P.J.F., Hirabayashi Y., Kanae S., Oki T. Global-scale land surface hydrologic modeling with the representation of water table dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2014, 119(1). 2013JD020398.
44. Krinner G., Viovy N., de Noblet-Ducoudré N., Ogée J., Polcher J., Friedlingstein P., Ciais P., Sitch S., Prentice I.C. A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2005, 19(1):GB1015.
45. Krysanova V., Hattermann F., Wechsung F. Development of the ecohydrological model SWIM for regional impact studies and vulnerability assessment. Hydrol. Process. 2005, 19(3):763-783.
46. Krysanova V., Müller-Wohlfeil D.-I., Becker A. Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological/water quality model for mesoscale watersheds. Ecol. Model. 1998, 106(2-3):261-289.
47. Krysanova V., Wechsung F., Arnold J., Srinivasan W.,J. SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) 2000, 239. User Manual, PIK Reports, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany.
48. Kumar R., Livneh B., Samaniego L. Toward computationally efficient large-scale hydrologic predictions with a multiscale regionalization scheme. Water Resour. Res. 2013, 49(9):5700-5714.
49. Lawrence D.M., Oleson K.W., Flanner M.G., Thornton P.E., Swenson S.C., Lawrence P.J., Zeng X., Yang Z.-L., Levis S., Sakaguchi K., Bonan G.B., Slater A.G. Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in version 4 of the community land Model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 2011, 3(1):M03001.
50. Lindström G., Pers C., Rosberg J., Strömqvist J., Arheimer B. Development and testing of the HYPE (hydrological predictions for the environment) water quality model for different spatial scales. Hydrol. Res. 2010, 41(3-4):295.
51. Lohmann D., Mitchell K.E., Houser P.R., Wood E.F., Schaake J.C., Robock A., Cosgrove B.A., Sheffield J., Duan Q., Luo L., Higgins R.W., Pinker R.T., Tarpley J.D. Streamflow and water balance intercomparisons of four land surface models in the north American land data assimilation system project. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2004, 109(D7):D07S91.
52. Lohmann D., Raschke E., Nijssen B., Lettenmaier D.P. Regional scale hydrology: I. Formulation of the VIC-2L model coupled to a routing model. Hydrol. Sci. J. 1998, 43(1):131-141.
53. Lohmann D.A.G., Nolte-Holube R., Raschke E. A large-scale horizontal routing model to be coupled to land surface parametrization schemes. Tellus A 1996, 48(5):708-721.
54. Massari C., Brocca L., Ciabatta L., Moramarco T., Gabellani S., Albergel C., De Rosnay P., Puca S., Wagner W. The use of H-SAF soil moisture products for operational hydrology: flood modelling over Italy. Hydrology 2015, 2(1):2-22.
55. Meigh J., Folwell S., Sullivan C. Linking water resources and global change in west Africa: options for assessment. Proceedings of Symposium S6 Held during the Seventh IAHS Scientific Assembly 2005, 297-306. IAHS, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil.
56. Meigh J.R., McKenzie A.A., Sene K.J. A grid-based approach to water scarcity estimates for eastern and southern Africa. Water Resour. Manag. 1999, 13(2):85-115.
57. Milly P.C.D., Shmakin A.B. Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part I: the land dynamics (LaD) model. J. Hydrometeorol. 2002, 3(3):283-299.
58. Munier S., Polebistki A., Brown C., Belaud G., Lettenmaier D.P. SWOT data assimilation for operational reservoir management on the upper Niger river basin. Water Resour. Res. 2015, 51(1):554-575.
59. Neitsch S.L., Arnold J.G., Kiniry J.R., Williams J.R. Soil & Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation - Verion 2009 2011, 618. Texas Water Resources Institute Technical Report, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas.
60. Ngo-Duc T., Laval K., Ramillien G., Polcher J., Cazenave A. Validation of the land water storage simulated by organising carbon and hydrology in dynamic ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) with gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) data. Water Resour. Res. 2007, 43(4):W04427.
61. Nijssen B., O'Donnell G.M., Lettenmaier D.P., Lohmann D., Wood E.F. Predicting the discharge of global rivers. J. Clim. 2001, 14(15):3307-3323.
62. Niu G.-Y., Yang Z.-L., Mitchell K.E., Chen F., Ek M.B., Barlage M., Kumar A., Manning K., Niyogi D., Rosero E., Tewari M., Xia Y. The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2011, 116(D12):D12109.
63. Oleson K.W., Lawrence D.M., Bonan G.B., Drewniak B., Huang M., Koven C.D., Levis S., Li F., Riley W.J., Subin Z.M., Swenson S.C., Thornton P.E., Bozbiyik A., Fisher R., Kluzek E., Lamarque J.-F., Lawrence P.J., Leung L.R., Lipscomb W., Muszala S., Ricciuto D.M., Sacks W., Sun Y., Tang J., Yang Z.-L. Technical Description of Version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM) 2013, 422. Ncar Technical Note NCAR/TN-503+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO.
64. Oleson K.W., Niu G.Y., Yang Z.L., Lawrence D.M., Thornton P.E., Lawrence P.J., Stöckli R., Dickinson R.E., Bonan G.B., Levis S., Dai A., Qian T. Improvements to the community land model and their impact on the hydrological cycle. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 2008, 113(G1):G01021.
65. Pauwels V.R.N., Wood E.F. A soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme for the modeling of water and energy balance processes in high latitudes: 1. Model improvements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1999, 104(D22):27811-27822.
66. Peters-Lidard C.D., Zion M.S., Wood E.F. A soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme for modeling spatially variable water and energy balance processes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 1997, 102(D4):4303-4324.
67. Price D., Hudson K., Boyce G., Schellekens J., Moore R.J., Clark P., Harrison T., Connolly E., Pilling C. Operational use of a grid-based model for flood forecasting. Proc. ICE - Water Manag. 2012, 65-77.
68. Refsgaard J.C., Storm B. Construction, calibration and validation of hydrological models. Distributed Hydrological Modelling. Water Science and Technology Library 1996, Vol. 22:41-54. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
69. Rost S., Gerten D., Bondeau A., Lucht W., Rohwer J., Schaphoff S. Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system. Water Resour. Res. 2008, 44(9):W09405.
70. Samaniego L., Bárdossy A., Kumar R. Streamflow prediction in ungauged catchments using copula-based dissimilarity measures. Water Resour. Res. 2010, 46(2):W02506.
71. Samaniego L., Cuntz M., Craven J., Dalmasso G., Kumar R., Mai J., Musuuza J., Prykhodko V., Schäfer D., Schneider C., Schrön M., Spieler D., Thober S., Zink M. Multiscale hydrologic model - mHM - documentation for version 5.1. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ 2014, 432. L. Samaniego (Ed.).
72. Samaniego L., Kumar R., Attinger S. Multiscale parameter regionalization of a grid-based hydrologic model at the mesoscale. Water Resour. Res. 2010, 46(5):W05523.
73. Samaniego L., Kumar R., Zink M. Implications of parameter uncertainty on soil moisture drought analysis in Germany. J. Hydrometeorol. 2013, 14(1):47-68.
74. Samaniego L., Rakovec O., Schaefer D., Kumar R., Cuntz M. Multiscale Verification of Water Fluxes and States over Pan European River Basins, EGU General Assembly 2014 2014, EGU, Vienna, Austria.
75. Schuol J., Abbaspour K.C., Yang H., Srinivasan R., Zehnder A.J.B. Modeling blue and green water availability in Africa. Water Resour. Res. 2008, 44(7):W07406.
76. Sitch S., Smith B., Prentice I.C., Arneth A., Bondeau A., Cramer W., Kaplan J.O., Levis S., Lucht W., Sykes M.T., Thonicke K., Venevsky S. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob. Change Biol. 2003, 9(2):161-185.
77. SMHI Description of the HYPE Model - HYPE Version 4.6.0 2013, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.
78. SMHI E-Hypeweb - General Information 2013, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.
79. Sood A., Smakhtin V. Global hydrological models: a review. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2015, 60(4):549-565. 10.1080/02626667.2014.950580.
80. Stacke T., Hagemann S. Development and evaluation of a global dynamical wetlands extent scheme. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2012, 16(8):2915-2933.
81. Sutanudjaja E.H., van Beek L.P.H., de Jong S.M., van Geer F.C., Bierkens M.F.P. Large-scale groundwater modeling using global datasets: a test case for the Rhine-Meuse basin. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2011, 15(9):2913-2935.
82. Takata K., Emori S., Watanabe T. Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff. Glob. Planet. Change 2003, 38(1-2):209-222.
83. Thielen J., Bartholmes J., Ramos M.H., de Roo A. The European flood alert system - part 1: concept and development. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2009, 13(2):125-140.
84. Thielen J., Pappenberger F., Salamon P., Bogner K., Burek P., de Roo A. The State of the Art of Flood Forecasting-Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Systems 2010, 145.
85. Trambauer P., Maskey S., Winsemius H., Werner M., Uhlenbrook S. A review of continental scale hydrological models and their suitability for drought forecasting in (sub-Saharan) Africa. Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C 2013, 66(0):16-26.
86. van Beek L.P.H., Bierkens M.F.P. The Global Hydrological Model PCR-globwb: Conceptualization, Parameterization and Verification 2008, Report. Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
87. van Beek L.P.H., Wada Y., Bierkens M.F.P. Global monthly water stress: 1. Water balance and water availability. Water Resour. Res. 2011, 47(7):W07517.
88. van der Knijff J., de Roo A. LISFLOOD Distributed Water Balance and Flood Simulation Model - Revised User Manual 2008 2008, 109. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports. Jouint Research Centre of the European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
89. van der Knijff J.M., Younis J., De Roo A.P.J. LISFLOOD: a GIS-based distributed model for river basin scale water balance and flood simulation. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 2008, 24(2):189-212.
90. Velázquez J.A., Anctil F., Ramos M.H., Perrin C. Can a multi-model approach improve hydrological ensemble forecasting? A study on 29 French catchments using 16 hydrological model structures. Adv. Geosci. 2011, 29:33-42.
91. Verzano K., Bärlund I., Flörke M., Lehner B., Kynast E., Voß F., Alcamo J. Modeling variable river flow velocity on continental scale: current situation and climate change impacts in Europe. J. Hydrol. 2012, 424-425(0):238-251.
92. von Bloh W., Rost S., Gerten D., Lucht W. Efficient parallelization of a dynamic global vegetation model with river routing. Environ. Model. Softw. 2010, 25(6):685-690.
93. Vörösmarty C.J., Federer C.A., Schloss A.L. Potential evaporation functions compared on US watersheds: possible implications for global-scale water balance and terrestrial ecosystem modeling. J. Hydrol. 1998, 207(3-4):147-169.
94. Vörösmarty C.J., Moore B., Grace A.L., Gildea M.P., Melillo J.M., Peterson B.J., Rastetter E.B., Steudler P.A. Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport: an application to south America. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1989, 3(3):241-265.
95. Wetterhall F., Pappenberger F., Alfieri L., Cloke H.L., Thielen-del Pozo J., Balabanova S., Daňhelka J., Vogelbacher A., Salamon P., Carrasco I., Cabrera-Tordera A.J., Corzo-Toscano M., Garcia-Padilla M., Garcia-Sanchez R.J., Ardilouze C., Jurela S., Terek B., Csik A., Casey J., StankUnavičius G., Ceres V., Sprokkereef E., Stam J., Anghel E., Vladikovic D., Alionte Eklund C., Hjerdt N., Djerv H., Holmberg F., Nilsson J., Nyström K., Sušnik M., Hazlinger M., Holubecka M. HESS opinions "forecaster priorities for improving probabilistic flood forecasts". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2013, 17(11):4389-4399.
96. Widén-Nilsson E., Gong L., Halldin S., Xu C.-Y. Model performance and parameter behavior for varying time aggregations and evaluation criteria in the WASMOD-M global water balance model. Water Resour. Res. 2009, 45.
97. Widén-Nilsson E., Halldin S., Xu C.-Y. Global water-balance modelling with WASMOD-M: parameter estimation and regionalisation. J. Hydrol. 2007, 340(1-2):105-118.
98. Wisser D., Fekete B.M., Vorosmarty C.J., Schumann A.H. Reconstructing 20th century global hydrography: a contribution to the global terrestrial network- hydrology (GTN-H). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2010, 14(1):1-24.
99. Wood E.F., Lettenmaier D.P., Liang X., Lohmann D., Boone A., Chang S., Chen F., Dai Y., Dickinson R.E., Duan Q., Ek M., Gusev Y.M., Habets F., Irannejad P., Koster R., Mitchel K.E., Nasonova O.N., Noilhan J., Schaake J., Schlosser A., Shao Y., Shmakin A.B., Verseghy D., Warrach K., Wetzel P., Xue Y., Yang Z.-L., Zeng Q.-c The project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes (PILPS) phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas river basin experiment: 1. Experiment description and summary intercomparisons. Glob. Planet. Change 1998, 19(1-4):115-135.
100. Wortmann M., Krysanova V., Kundzewicz Z.W., Su B., Li X. Assessing the influence of the Merzbacher Lake outburst floods on discharge using the hydrological model SWIM in the Aksu headwaters, Kyrgyzstan/NW China. Hydrol. Process. 30 December 2014, 28(26):6337-6350.
101. Wu H., Adler R.F., Tian Y., Huffman G.J., Li H., Wang J. Real-time global flood estimation using satellite-based precipitation and a coupled land surface and routing model. Water Resour. Res. 2014, 50(3):2693-2717.
102. Xia Y. Calibration of LaD model in the northeast United States using observed annual streamflow. J. Hydrometeorol. 2007, 8(5):1098-1110.
103. Yang Z.-L., Cai X., Zhang G., Tavakoly A.A., Jin Q., Meyer L.H., Guan X. The Community Noah Land Surface Model with Multi-parameterization Options (Noah-MP) - Technical Description. Center for Integrated Earth System Science 2011, 72. Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
104. Yang Z.-L., Niu G.-Y., Mitchell K.E., Chen F., Ek M.B., Barlage M., Longuevergne L., Manning K., Niyogi D., Tewari M., Xia Y. The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 2. Evaluation over global river basins. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2011, 116(D12):D12110.