Countering Implicit Appeals: Which Strategies Work?

Political Communication

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 648-672

  Tokeshi, Matthew ^a   Mendelberg, Tali ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

opinion; race

Indexed keywords

EID: 84944149996     PISSN: 10584609     EISSN: 10917675     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2014.969463     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. M.A.Abrajano,, J.Nagler,, & R.M.Alvarez, (2005). A natural experiment of race-based and issue voting: The 2001 city of Los Angeles elections. Political Research Quarterly, 58(2), 203–218.
2. J.N.Bailenson,, S.Iyengar,, N.Yee,, & N.A.Collins, (2008). Facial similarity between voters and candidates causes influence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(5), 935–961.
3. A.J.Banks, (2013). The public’s anger: White racial attitudes and opinions toward health care reform. Political Behavior, 36(3), 493–514.
4. A.J.Banks,, & M.A.Bell, (2013). Racialized campaign ads: The emotional content in implicit racial appeals primes White racial attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(2), 549–560.
5. Y.Benjamini,, & D.Yekutieli, (2001). The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. The Annals of Statistics, 29(4), 1165–1188.
6. A.J.Berinsky, (2007). Assuming the costs of war: Events, elites, and American public support for military conflict. Journal of Politics, 69(4), 975–997.
7. A.J.Berinsky,, G.A.Huber,, & G.S.Lenz, (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351–368.
8. A.J.Berinsky,, V.L.Hutchings,, T.Mendelberg,, L.Shaker,, & N.A.Valentino, (2010). Sex and race: Are Black candidates more likely to be disadvantaged by sex scandals? Political Behavior, 33(2), 179–202.
9. D.Chong,, & J.N.Druckman, (2007). A theory of framing and opinion formation in competitive elite environments. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 99–118.
10. M.X.Delli Carpini,, & S.Keeter, (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
11. C.DeSante, (2013). Working twice as hard to get half as far: Race, work ethic and America’s deserving poor. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 342–356.
12. T.B.Edsall,, & M.D.Edsall, (1991). Chain reaction: The impact of race, rights, and taxes on American politics. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
13. M.Erigha,, & C.Z.Charles, (2012). Other, uppity Obama: A content analysis of race appeals in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Dubois Review, 9(2), 439–456.
14. M.Gilens, (2001). Political ignorance and collective policy references. American Political Science Review, 95(2), 379–396.
15. J.M.Glaser, (1996). Race, campaign politics, and realignment in the South. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
16. J.M.Glaser, (2002). White voters, Black schools: Structuring racial choices with a checklist ballot. American Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 35–46.
17. J.M.Glaser,, & T.J.Ryan, (2013). Changing minds if not hearts: Political remedies for racial conflict. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
18. S.K.Goldman,, & D.C.Mutz, (2014). The Obama effect: How the 2008 campaign changed White racial attitudes. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
19. Z.Hajnal, (2007). Changing White attitudes toward Black political leadership. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
20. B.Highton, (2004). White voters and African American candidates for Congress. Political Behavior, 26(1), 1–25.
21. W.G.Howell,, & M.R.West, (2009). Educating the public. Education Next, 9(3), 41–47.
22. J.Hurwitz,, & M.Peffley, (2005). Playing the race card in the post-Willie Horton era: The impact of racialized code words on support for punitive crime policy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(1), 99–112.
23. S.Jackman,, & L.Vavreck, (2011). How does Obama match up? Counterfactuals and the role of Obama’s race in 2008. Manuscript in preparation.
24. D.R.Kinder,, & A.Dale-Riddle, (2012). The end of race? Obama, 2008, and racial politics in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25. D.R.Kinder,, & L.Sanders, (1996). Divided by color. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
26. J.H.Kuklinski,, & N.L.Hurley, (1994). On hearing and interpreting political messages: A cautionary tale of citizen cue-taking. Journal of Politics, 56(3), 729–751.
27. J.Larson-Hall, (2009). A guide to doing statistics in second language research using R. London, England: Routledge.
28. I.MacGregor-Fors,, & M.E.Payton, (2013). Contrasting diversity values: Statistical inferences based on overlapping confidence intervals. PLoS ONE, 8(2), e56794. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056794
29. M.L.McDermott, (1998). Race and gender cues in low-information elections. Political Research Quarterly, 51(4), 895–918.
30. K.M.McGraw, (1991). Managing blame: An experimental test of the effects of political accounts. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1133–1157.
31. C.D.McIlwain,, & S.M.Caliendo, (2011). Race appeal: How candidates invoke race in U.S. political campaigns. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
32. T.Mendelberg, (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
33. T.Mendelberg, (2009). Deliberation, incivility and race in electoral campaigns. In D.King, R.C.Lieberman, G.Ritter, & L.Whitehead (Eds.), Democratization in America: A comparative-historical analysis (pp. 157–183). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
34. T.E.Nelson,, K.Sanbonmatsu,, & H.K.McClerking, (2007). Playing a different race card: Elite influence on perceptions of racism. Journal of Politics, 69(2), 416–429.
35. Newson, R. (n.d.) Multiple test procedures and smile plots. Retrieved from http://www.stata.com/meeting/9uk/TRANSP1.pdf
36. B.Nyhan,, & J.Reifler, (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303–330.
37. N.N.Oosterhof,, & A.Todorov, (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(32), 11087–11092.
38. H.L.Perry, (1991). Deracialization as an analytical construct in American politics. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 27(2), 181–191.
39. S.Piston, (2010). How explicit prejudice hurt Obama in the 2008 election. Political Behavior, 32(4), 431–451.
40. J.Sides,, & J.Citrin, (2007, April). How large the huddled masses? The causes and consequences of public misperceptions about immigrant populations. Paper presented at the 2007 annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
41. C.K.Sigelman,, L.Sigelman,, B.J.Walkosz,, & M.Nitz, (1995). Black candidates, White voters: Understanding racial bias in political perceptions. American Journal of Political Science, 39(1), 243–265.
42. P.M.Sniderman,, & S.M.Theriault, (2004). The structure of political argument and the logic of issue framing. In W.E.Saris & P.M.Sniderman (Eds.), Studies in public opinion: Attitudes, nonattitudes, measurement error, and change (pp. 133–165). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
43. N.Terkildsen, (1993). When White voters evaluate Black candidates: The processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self-monitoring. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 1032–1053.
44. M.Tesler,, & D.O.Sears, (2010). Obama’s race: The 2008 election and the dream of a post-racial America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
45. N.A.Valentino,, V.L.Hutchings,, & I.K.White, (2002). Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 75–90.
46. L.Vavreck, (2009). The message matters: The economy and presidential campaigns. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
47. V.M.Weaver, (2012). The electoral consequences of skin color: The “hidden” side of race in politics. Political Behavior, 34(1), 159–192.
48. I.K.White, (2007). When race matters and when it doesn’t: Racial group differences in response to racial cues. American Political Science Review, 101(2), 339–354.