Techniques for determining contact angle and wettability of powders

Powder Technology

Volumn 287, Issue , 2016, Pages 201-215

  Alghunaim, Abdullah ^a   Kirdponpattara, Suchata ^b   Newby, Bi Min Zhang ^a  

^a University of Akron   (United States)

^b KING MONGKUT'S UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NORTH BANGKOK   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Column wicking; Contact angle; Powder wettability; Sessile drop; Washburn capillary rise; Wilhelmy plate

Indexed keywords

CONTACT ANGLE; DROPS; LIQUIDS; POWDERS;

CAPILLARY RISE; LIQUID PENETRATION; PACKING METHOD; POWDER PROPERTIES; SESSILE DROPS; WETTING LIQUIDS; WICKING; WILHELMY PLATE;

WETTING;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CAPILLARY PRESSURE; CONTACT ANGLE; DENSITY; MEASUREMENT ACCURACY; POWDER; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SURFACE TENSION; VAPOR PRESSURE; VISCOSITY; WASHBURN CAPILLARY RISE METHOD; WETTABILITY;

EID: 84944096433     PISSN: 00325910     EISSN: 1873328X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.002     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Lazghab M., Saleh K., Pezron I., Guigon P., Komunjer L. Wettability assessment of finely divided solids. Powder Technol. 2005, 157:79-91. 10.1016/j.powtec.2005.05.014.
2. Roman-Gutierrez A., Sabathier J., Guilbert S., Galet L., Cuq B. Characterization of the surface hydration properties of wheat flours and flour components by the measurement of contact angle. Powder Technol. 2003, 129:37-45. 10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00154-7.
3. Germaná S., Simons S., Bonsall J., Carroll B. LAS acid reactive binder: wettability and adhesion behaviour in detergent granulation. Powder Technol. 2009, 189:385-393. 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.04.012.
4. Ouabbas Y., Chamayou a., Galet L., Baron M., Thomas G., Grosseau P., et al. Surface modification of silica particles by dry coating: characterization and powder ageing. Powder Technol. 2009, 190:200-209. 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.04.092.
5. Cuq B., Rondet E., Abecassis J. Food powders engineering, between knowhow and science: constraints, stakes and opportunities. Powder Technol. 2011, 208:244-251. 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.08.012.
6. Lefebvre G., Galet L., Chamayou a. Dry coating of talc particles with fumed silica: influence of the silica concentration on the wettability and dispersibility of the composite particles. Powder Technol. 2011, 208:372-377. 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.08.031.
7. Diederich P., Mouret M., de Ryck A., Ponchon F., Escadeillas G. The nature of limestone filler and self-consolidating feasibility-relationships between physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of fillers and the flow at different states, from powder to cement-based suspension. Powder Technol. 2012, 218:90-101. 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.11.045.
8. Hirata T.a M., Dacanal G.C., Menegalli F.C. Effect of operational conditions on the properties of pectin powder agglomerated in pulsed fluid bed. Powder Technol. 2013, 245:174-181. 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.04.047.
9. Ben Abdelaziz I., Sahli A., Bornaz S., Scher J., Gaiani C. Dynamic method to characterize rehydration of powdered cocoa beverage: influence of sugar nature, quantity and size. Powder Technol. 2014, 264:184-189. 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.05.031.
10. Hammes M.V., Englert A.H., Noreña C.P.Z., Cardozo N.S.M. Study of the influence of soy lecithin addition on the wettability of buffalo milk powder obtained by spray drying. Powder Technol. 2015, 277:237-243. 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.02.047.
11. Jaine J.E., Mucalo M.R. Measurements of the wettability of catalyst support materials using the Washburn capillary rise technique. Powder Technol. 2015, 276:123-128. 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.02.026.
12. Mangwandi C., Jiangtao L., Albadarin A.B., Dhenge R.M., Walker G.M. High shear granulation of binary mixtures: effect of powder composition on granule properties. Powder Technol. 2015, 270:424-434. 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.06.021.
13. Oka S., Emady H., Kašpar O., Tokárová V., Muzzio F., Štěpánek F., et al. The effects of improper mixing and preferential wetting of active and excipient ingredients on content uniformity in high shear wet granulation. Powder Technol. 2015, 278:266-277. 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.03.018.
14. Puri V., Dantuluri A.K., Kumar M., Karar N., Bansal A.K. Wettability and surface chemistry of crystalline and amorphous forms of a poorly water soluble drug. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 40:84-93. 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.03.003.
15. Neirinck B., Van Deursen J., Van Der Biest O., Vleugels J. Wettability assessment of submicrometer alumina powder using a modified Washburn method. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2010, 93:2515-2518. 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03854.x.
16. Heertjes P.M., Kossen N.W.F. Measuring the contact angles of powder-liquid systems. Powder Technol. 1967, 1:33-42. 10.1016/0032-5910(67)80006-8.
17. Singhal A.K., Dranchuk P.M. The use of modified threshold pressure for determining the wettability of packs of equal spheres. Powder Technol. 1975, 11:45-50. 10.1016/0032-5910(75)80022-2.
18. Van Oss C.J., Giese R.F., Li Z., Murphy K., Norris J., Chaudhury M.K., et al. Determination of contact angles and pore sizes of porous media by column and thin layer wicking. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 1992, 6:413-428. 10.1163/156856192X00755.
19. Pepin X., Blanchon S., Couarraze G. Powder dynamic contact angle data in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 1999, 2:111-118. 10.1016/S1461-5347(99)00129-7.
20. Ecke S., Preuss M., Butt H. Microsphere tensiometry to measure advancing and receding contact angles on individual particles. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 1999, 13:1181-1191. 10.1163/156856199X00866.
21. Susana L., Campaci F., Santomaso A.C. Wettability of mineral and metallic powders: applicability and limitations of sessile drop method and Washburn's technique. Powder Technol. 2012, 226:68-77. 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.04.016.
22. Nowak E., Combes G., Stitt E.H., Pacek A.W. A comparison of contact angle measurement techniques applied to highly porous catalyst supports. Powder Technol. 2013, 233:52-64. 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.08.032.
23. Nowak E., Robbins P., Combes G., Stitt E.H., Pacek A.W. Measurements of contact angle between fine, non-porous particles with varying hydrophobicity and water and non-polar liquids of different viscosities. Powder Technol. 2013, 250:21-32. 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.09.001.
24. Johnson R.E., Dettve R.H. Wettability and contact angles. Surf. Colloid Sci 1969, 85-153. Wiley Interscience, New York. 2nd ed. E. Matijevic (Ed.).
25. Subrahmanyam T.V., Prestidge C.A., Ralson J. Contact angle and surface analysis studies of sphalerite particles. Miner. Eng. 1996, 9:727-741. 10.1016/0892-6875(96)00064-7.
26. Duncan-Hewitt W., Nisman R. Investigation of the surface free energy of pharmaceutical materials from contact angle, sedimentation, and adhesion measurements. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 1993, 7:263-283. 10.1163/156856193X00709.
27. Buckton G. Contact angle, adsorption and wettability - a review with respect to powders. Powder Technol. 1990, 61:237-249. 10.1016/0032-5910(90)80090-L.
28. Buckton G. Assessment of the wettability of pharmaceutical powders. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 1993, 7:205-219. 10.1163/156856193X00664.
29. Chawla A., Buckton G., Taylor K.M.G., Newton J.M., Johnson M.C.R. Wilhelmy plate contact angle data on powder compacts: considerations of plate perimeter. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 1994, 2:253-258. 10.1016/0928-0987(94)90030-2.
30. Dove J.W., Buckton G., Doherty C. A comparison of two contact angle measurement methods and inverse gas chromatography to assess the surface energies of theophylline and caffeine. Int. J. Pharm. 1996, 138:199-206. 10.1016/0378-5173(96)04535-8.
31. Pepin X., Blanchon S., Couarraze G. A new approach for determination of powder wettability. Int. J. Pharm. 1997, 152:1-5. 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)04868-0.
32. De Meijer M., Haemers S., Cobben W., Militz H. Surface energy determinations of wood: comparison of methods and wood species. Langmuir 2000, 16:9352-9359. 10.1021/la001080n.
33. Prestidge C.a., Tsatouhas G. Wettability studies of morphine sulfate powders. Int. J. Pharm. 2000, 198:201-212. 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00341-0.
34. Muster T.H., Prestidge C.a. Application of time-dependent sessile drop contact angles on compacts to characterise the surface energetics of sulfathiazole crystals. Int. J. Pharm. 2002, 234:43-54. 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00949-8.
35. Muster T.H., Prestidge C.a. Water adsorption kinetics and contact angles of pharmaceutical powders. J. Pharm. Sci. 2005, 94:861-872. 10.1002/jps.20296.
36. Shang J., Flury M., Harsh J.B., Zollars R.L. Comparison of different methods to measure contact angles of soil colloids. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 328:299-307. 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.039.
37. Karde V., Ghoroi C. Influence of surface modification on wettability and surface energy characteristics of pharmaceutical excipient powders. Int. J. Pharm. 2014, 475:351-363. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.002.
38. Karagüzel C., Can M.F., Sönmez E., Çelik M.S. Effect of electrolyte on surface free energy components of feldspar minerals using thin-layer wicking method. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2005, 285:192-200. 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.11.018.
39. Tanaka I., Koishi M., Shinohara K. Evaluation of the wettability of spherical cement particle surfaces using penetration rate method. Cem. Concr. Res. 2002, 32:1161-1168. 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00758-5.
40. Teipel U., Mikonsaari I. Determining contact angles of powders by liquid penetration. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2004, 21:255-260. 10.1002/ppsc.200400931.
41. Adamson A.W., Gast A.P. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 1997, Wiley, New York. 6th ed.
42. Shtansky D.V., Batenina I.V., Yadroitsev I.A., Ryashin N.S., Kiryukhantsev-Korneev P.V., Kudryashov A.E., et al. A new combined approach to metal-ceramic implants with controllable surface topography, chemistry, blind porosity, and wettability. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2012, 208:14-23. 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.07.008.
43. Crawford R., Koopal L.K., Ralston J. Contact angles on particles and plates. Colloids Surf. 1987, 27:57-64. 10.1016/0166-6622(87)80328-1.
44. Cao L., Hu H.A., Gao D. Design and fabrication of micro-textures for inducing a superhydrophobic behavior on hydrophilic materials. Langmuir 2007, 23:4310-4314. 10.1021/la063572r.
45. Gao N., Yan Y. Modeling superhydrophobic contact angles and wetting transition. J. Bionic Eng. 2009, 6:335-340. 10.1016/S1672-6529(08)60135-3.
46. Marmur A. Wetting on hydrophobic rough surfaces: to be heterogeneous or not to be?. Langmuir 2003, 19:8343-8348. 10.1021/la0344682.
47. Marmur A. A Guide to the Equilibrium Contact Angles Maze. Contact Angle, Wettability Adhes. 2009, vol. 6:18.
48. Bromashenko E.Y. Wetting of Real Surfaces 2013, De Gruyter, Berlin.
49. Bormashenko E. General equation describing wetting of rough surfaces. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2011, 360:317-319. 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.051.
50. Wong T.S., Ho C.M. Dependence of macroscopic wetting on nanoscopic surface textures. Langmuir 2009, 25:12851-12854. 10.1021/la902430w.
51. Bellanger H., Darmanin T., Taffin De Givenchy E., Guittard F. Chemical and physical pathways for the preparation of superoleophobic surfaces and related wetting theories. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114:2694-2716. 10.1021/cr400169m.
52. Wang C., Geramian M., Liu Q., Ivey D.G., Etsell T.H. Comparison of different methods to determine the surface wettability of fine solids isolated from Alberta oil sands. Energy Fuel 2015, 29:3556-3565. 10.1021/ef502709r.
53. de Villiers M.M., Lötter A.P., van der Watt J.G. Influence of surfactants and interactive mixing on the cohesive properties of a poorly wettable solid. Powder Technol. 1993, 75:159-165. 10.1016/0032-5910(93)80077-N.
54. Yekeler M., Ulusoy U., Hiçyilmaz C. Effect of particle shape and roughness of talc mineral ground by different mills on the wettability and floatability. Powder Technol. 2004, 140:68-78. 10.1016/j.powtec.2003.12.012.
55. Demnati I., Grossin D., Errassifi F., Combes C., Rey C., Le Bolay N. Synthesis of fluor-hydroxyapatite powder for plasma sprayed biomedical coatings: characterization and improvement of the powder properties. Powder Technol. 2014, 255:23-28. 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.10.022.
56. 2 particles by using thin layer wicking and sessile drop method. Powder Technol. 2015, 281:83-90. 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.05.011.
57. Guettler B.E., Moresoli C., Simon L.C. Contact angle and surface energy analysis of soy materials subjected to potassium permanganate and autoclave treatment. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2013, 50:219-226. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.06.035.
58. Ha E.-S., Ok J., Noh J., Jeong H.-Y., Choo G.-H., Jung Y.-S., et al. Fabrication and evaluation of celecoxib microparticle surface modified by hydrophilic cellulose and surfactant. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015, 72:1473-1478. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.063.
59. Mišljenović N., Mosbye J., Schüller R.B., Lekang O.-I., Salas-Bringas C. Physical quality and surface hydration properties of wood based pellets blended with waste vegetable oil. Fuel Process. Technol. 2015, 134:214-222. 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.01.037.
60. Sarkar A., Mahapatra S. Novel hydrophobic vaterite particles for oil removal and recovery. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2:3808. 10.1039/c3ta14450j.
61. Chau T.T. A review of techniques for measurement of contact angles and their applicability on mineral surfaces. Miner. Eng. 2009, 22:213-219. 10.1016/j.mineng.2008.07.009.
62. Buckton G., Newton J.M. Assessment of the wettability of powders by use of compressed powder discs. Powder Technol. 1986, 46:201-208. 10.1016/0032-5910(86)80027-4.
63. Pepin X., Blanchon S., Couarraze G. Powder dynamic contact angle measurements: young contact angles and effectively wet perimeters. Powder Technol. 1998, 99:264-271. 10.1016/S0032-5910(98)00123-5.
64. Popovich L.L., Feke D.L., Manas-Zloczower I. Influence of physical and interfacial characteristics on the wetting and spreading of fluids on powders. Powder Technol. 1999, 104:68-74. 10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00030-3.
65. Dahlberg C., Millqvist-Fureby A., Schuleit M. Surface composition and contact angle relationships for differently prepared solid dispersions. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2008, 70:478-485. 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.026.
66. Link K.C., Schlünder E.-U. A new method for the characterisation of the wettability of powders. Chem. Eng. Technol. 1996, 19:432-437. 10.1002/ceat.270190508.
67. Alloul H., Roques-Carmes T., Hamieh T., Razafitianamaharavo A., Barres O., Toufaily J., et al. Effect of chemical modification on surface free energy components of Aerosil silica powders determined with capillary rise technique. Powder Technol. 2013, 246:575-582. 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.06.016.
68. Diggins D., Fokkink L.G.J., Ralston J. The wetting of angular quartz particles: capillary pressure and contact angles. Colloids Surf. 1990, 44:299-313. 10.1016/0166-6622(90)80203-G.
69. DIGGINS D., RALSTON J. Particle wettability by equilibrium capillary pressure measurements. Coal Prep. 1993, 13:1-19. 10.1080/07349349308905118.
70. Prestidge C.A., Ralston J. Contact angle studies of galena particles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1995, 172:302-310. 10.1006/jcis.1995.1256.
71. Iveson S.M., Holt S., Biggs S. Contact angle measurements of iron ore powders. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2000, 166:203-214. 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00455-0.
72. Stevens N., Ralston J., Sedev R. The uniform capillary model for packed beds and particle wettability. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 337:162-169. 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.04.086.
73. Depalo A., Santomaso A.C. Wetting dynamics and contact angles of powders studied through capillary rise experiments. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2013, 436:371-379. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.06.040.
74. Ji L., Shi B. A novel method for determining surface free energy of powders using Washburn's equation without calculating capillary factor and contact angle. Powder Technol. 2015, 271:88-92. 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.11.002.
75. Kiesvaara J., Yliruusi J. The use of the Washburn method in determining the contact angles of lactose powder. Int. J. Pharm. 1993, 92:81-88. 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90266-I.
76. Subrahmanyam T.V., Monte M.B.N., Middea A., Valdiviezo E., Lins F.F. Contact angles of quartz by capillary penetration of liquids and captive bubble techniques. Miner. Eng. 1999, 12:1347-1357. 10.1016/S0892-6875(99)00122-3.
77. 3 microwave plasma treatment of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powders: chemical, thermal and wettability analysis. Materials 2015, 8:2258-2275. 10.3390/ma8052258.
78. Poleski M., Luczak J., Aranowski R., Jungnickel C. Wetting of surfaces with ionic liquids. Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 2013, 49:277-286. 10.5277/ppmp130125.
79. Ge Y., Li D., Li Z. Effects of lignosulfonate structure on the surface activity and wettability to a hydrophobic powder. BioResources 2014, 9:7119-7127. 10.15376/biores.9.4.7119-7127.
80. Akhavan B., Jarvis K., Majewski P. Hydrophobic plasma polymer coated silica particles for petroleum hydrocarbon removal. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5:8563-8571. 10.1021/am4020154.
81. Sachs M., Schmitt A., Schmidt J., Peukert W., Wirth K. Functionalization of polymers using an atmospheric plasma jet in a fluidized bed reactor and the impact on SLM-processes. Int. Congr. Part. Technol. Nürnb. 2014, 719:719-723. 10.1063/1.4873878.
82. Gürsoy M., Karaman M. Hydrophobic coating of expanded perlite particles by plasma polymerization. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 284:343-350. 10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.007.
83. Michel J.C. Influence of clay addition on physical properties and wettability of peat-growing media. HortSci. 2009, 44:1694-1697.
84. Kirdponpattara S., Phisalaphong M., Min B., Newby Z. Applicability of Washburn capillary rise for determining contact angles of powders/porous materials. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, 397:169-176. 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.01.033.
85. Thakker M., Karde V., Shah D.O., Shukla P., Ghoroi C. Wettability measurement apparatus for porous material using the modified Washburn method. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2013, 24:125902. 10.1088/0957-0233/24/12/125902.
86. Bell J., Cameron F. The flow of liquids through capillary spaces. J. Phys. Chem. 1906, 10:658-674. 10.1021/j150080a005.
87. Stange M., Dreyer M.E., Rath H.J. Capillary driven flow in circular cylindrical tubes. Phys. Fluids 2003, 15:2587-2601. 10.1063/1.1596913.
88. Lucas R. Ueber das Zeitgesetz des Kapillaren Aufstiegs von Flussigkeiten. Kolloid Z. 1918, 23:15-22. 10.1007/bf01461107.
89. Washburn E.W. The Dynamics of Capillary Flow. Phy. Rev. 1921, 17:273-283. 10.1103/PhysRev.17.273.
90. Dang-vu T., Hupka J. Characterization of porous materials by capillary rise method by capillary rise method. Physiochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 2005, 39:47-65.
91. Siebold A., Walliser A., Nardin M., Oppliger M., Schultz J. Capillary rise for thermodynamic characterization of solid particle surface. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1997, 186:60-70. 10.1006/jcis.1996.4640.
92. Siebold A., Nardin M., Schultz J., Walliser A., Oppliger M. Effect of dynamic contact angle on capillary rise phenomena. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2000, 161:81-87. 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00327-1.
93. Parsons G.E., Buckton G., Chatham S.M. The extent of the errors associated with contact angles obtained using liquid penetration experiments. Int. J. Pharm. 1992, 82:145-150. 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90083-E.
94. Matthews G.P., Watts C.W., Powlson D.S., Price J.C., Whalley W.R. Wetting of agricultural soil measured by a simplified capillary rise technique. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2008, 59:817-823. 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01039.x.
95. Galet L., Patry S., Dodds J. Determination of the wettability of powders by the Washburn capillary rise method with bed preparation by a centrifugal packing technique. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 346:470-475. 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.02.051.
96. Labajos-Broncano L., González-Martín M., Bruque J., González-García C., Jańczuk B. On the use of Washburn's equation in the analysis of weight-time measurements obtained from imbibition experiments. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999, 219:275-281. 10.1006/jcis.1999.6492.
97. Labajos-Broncano L., González-Martín M., Bruque J., González-García C. Comparison of the use of Washburn's equation in the distance-time and weight-time imbibition techniques. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001, 233:356-360. 10.1006/jcis.2000.7283.
98. Labajos-Broncano L., Antequera-Barroso J.A., González-Martín M.L., Bruque J.M. On the constancy of the free energy reduction caused by imbibition in porous media. Powder Technol. 2004, 148:48-52. 10.1016/j.powtec.2004.09.020.
99. Lago M., Araujo M. Capillary rise in porous media. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001, 234:35-43. 10.1006/jcis.2000.7241.
100. Bracco G., Holst B. Surface science techniques. Springer Ser. Surf. Sci. 2013, 51. 10.1007/978-3-642-34243-1.
101. Chibowski E., Perea-Carpio R. A novel method for surface free-energy determination of powdered solids. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001, 240:473-479. 10.1006/jcis.2001.7724.
102. Ramírez-Flores J.C., Woche S.K., Bachmann J., Goebel M.O., Hallett P.D. Comparing capillary rise contact angles of soil aggregates and homogenized soil. Geoderma 2008, 146:336-343. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.05.032.
103. §. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2013, 176:19-26. 10.1002/jpln.201100431.
104. Neirinck B., Soccol D., Fransaer J., Van Der Biest O., Vleugels J. Influence of short chain organic acids and bases on the wetting properties and surface energy of submicrometer ceramic powders. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 348:654-660. 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.05.009.
105. Kirchberg S., Abdin Y., Ziegmann G. Influence of particle shape and size on the wetting behavior of soft magnetic micropowders. Powder Technol. 2011, 207:311-317. 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.11.012.
106. Chibowski E., Holysz L. Use of the Washburn equation for surface free energy determination. Langmuir 1992, 8:710-716. 10.1021/la00038a066.
107. Chibowski E., Perea-Carpio R. Problems of contact angle and solid surface free energy determination. Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2002, 98:245-264. 10.1016/S0001-8686(01)00097-5.
108. Kowalczuk P.B., Drzymala J. Surface flotation of particles on liquids. Principles and applications. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2012, 393:81-85. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.11.004.
109. Weber C., Stanjek H. Development of diffuse double layers in column-wicking experiments: implications for pH-dependent contact angles on quartz. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 387:270-274. 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.07.074.
110. Preuss M., Butt H.J. Direct measurement of forces between particles and bubbles. Int. J. Miner. Process. 1999, 56:99-115. 10.1016/S0301-7516(98)00044-1.
111. Ahadian S., Mohseni M., Moradian S. Ranking proposed models for attaining surface free energy of powders using contact angle measurements. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2009, 29:458-469. 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2008.09.004.