Evidence of fatal skeletal injuries on Malapa Hominins 1 and 2

Scientific Reports

Volumn 5, Issue , 2015, Pages

  L'Abbe, Ericka N ^a   Symes, Steven A ^a,b   Pokines, James T ^c   Cabo, Luis L ^b   Stull, Kyra E ^a,d   Kuo, Sharon ^b,e   Raymond, David E ^f   Randolph Quinney, Patrick S ^g   Berger, Lee R ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^b MERCYHURST COLLEGE   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e University of Missouri   (United States)

^f CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ANIMAL; BONE; FOSSIL; HOMINID; INJURIES; PALEONTOLOGY;

AFRICA; ANIMALS; BONE AND BONES; FOSSILS; HOMINIDAE; PALEONTOLOGY;

EID: 84944088615     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep15120     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Dirks, P. H. G. M. et al. Geological setting and age of Australopithecus sediba from Southern Africa. Science 328, 205-208 (2010).
2. Dirks, P. H. G. M., Berger, L. R. Hominin-bearing caves and landscape dynamics in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. J. Afr. Earth. Sci. 78, 109-131 (2012).
3. Berger, L. R. et al. Australopithecus sediba: a new species of Homo-like Australopith from South Africa. Science 328, 195-204 (2010).
4. Brain, C. K. An attempt to reconstruct the behaviour of Australopithecines: the evidence for interpersonal violence. Afr. Zool. 7, 379-401 (1972).
5. Fernández-Jalvo, Y., Diéz, J. C., Cáceres, I., Rosell, J. Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). J. Hum. Evol. 37, 591-622 (1999).
6. Pickering, T. R., White, T. D., Toth, N. Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111, 579-584 (2000).
7. Brain, C. K. In Fossils in the Making: Vertebrate Taphonomy and Paleoecology (eds Behrensmeyer, A. K., Hill, A. P.) 107-130 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980).
8. Brain, C. K. The Hunters or the Hunted? An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1981).
9. De Ruiter, D. J., Berger, L. R. Leopards as taphonomic agents in dolomitic caves-implications for bone accumulations in the hominid-bearing deposits of South Africa. J. Archaeol. Sci. 27, 665-684 (2000).
10. Hart, D. L. Primates as Prey: Ecological, Morphological, and Behavioral Relationships Between Primate Species and Their Predators (PhD Dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 2002).
11. Hart, D. L., Sussman, R. W. Man the Hunted: Primates, Predators, and Human Evolution (Westview Press, Cambridge, MA, rev. ed., 2008).
12. Pickering, T. R., Clarke, R. J., Moggi-Cecchi, J. Role of carnivores in the accumulation of the Sterkfontein Member 4 hominid assemblage: a taphonomic reassessment of the complete hominid fossil sample (1936-1999). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 125, 1-15 (2004).
13. Pobiner, B. L. Hominin-Carnivore Interactions: Evidence from Modern Carnivore Bone Modification and Early Pleistocene Archaeofaunas (Koobi Fora, Kenya; Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) (PhD Dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 2007).
14. Simons, J. W. The presence of leopard and a study of the food debris in the leopard lairs of the Mount Suswa Caves, Kenya. Bull. Cave Explor. Grp. E. Africa 1, 51-69 (1966).
15. Berger, L. R., Clarke, R. J. Eagle involvement in accumulation of the Taung child fauna. J. Hum. Evol. 29, 275-299 (1995).
16. McGraw, W. S., Cooke, C., Shultz, S. Primate remains from African crowned eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus) nests in Ivory Coast's Tai Forest: implications for primate predation and early hominid taphonomy in South Africa. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 131, 151-165 (2006).
17. Sanders, W. J., Trapania, J., Mitanic, J. C. Taphonomic aspects crowned hawk-eagle predation on monkeys. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 87-105 (2003).
18. Berger, L. R. Predatory bird damage to the Taung type-skull of Australopithecus africanus Dart 1925. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 131, 166-168 (2006).
19. Berger, L. R., McGraw, W. S. Further evidence for eagle predation of, and feeding damage on, the Taung child. S. Afr. J. Sci. 103, 496-498 (2007).
20. De Ruiter, D. J., Copeland, S. R., Lee-Thorp, J., Sponheimer, M. Investigating the role of eagles as accumulating agents in the dolomitic cave infills of South Africa. J. Taphon. 8, 129-154 (2010).
21. Njau, J. K., Blumenschine, R. J. A diagnosis of crocodile feeding traces on larger mammal bone, with fossil examples from the Plio-Pleistocene Olduvai Basin, Tanzania. J. Hum. Evol. 50, 142-162 (2006).
22. Westaway, M. C., Thompson, J. C., Wood, W. B., Njau, J. Crocodile ecology and the taphonomy of early Australasian sites. Environ. Archaeol. 16, 124-136 (2011).
23. Davidson, I., Solomon, S. In Problem Solving in Taphonomy: Archaeological and Palaeontological Studies from Europe, Africa and Oceania (eds Solomon, S., Davidson, I., Watson, D.) 197-206 (Tempus, St. Lucia, Queensland, 1990).
24. Njau, J. K., Blumenschine, R. J. Crocodylian and mammalian carnivore feeding traces on hominid fossils from FLK 22 and FLK NN 3, Plio-Pleistocene, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J. Hum. Evol. 63, 408-417 (2012).
25. Baquedano, E., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Musiba, C. An experimental study of large mammal bone modification by crocodiles and its bearing on the interpretation of crocodile predation at FLK Zinj and FLK NN3. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39, 1728-1737 (2012).
26. Pickering, T. R., Clarke, R. J., Moggi-Cecchi, J. Role of carnivores in the accumulation of the Sterkfontein Member 4 hominid assemblage: a taphonomic reassessment of the complete hominid fossil sample (1936-1999). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 125, 1-15 (2004).
27. Latham, A. G., Herries, A., Quinney, P. S., Sinclair, A., Kuykendall, K. In Geoarchaeology: Exploration, Environments, Resources (ed. Pollard, A. M.) 61-77 (Geological Society Special Publications No.165, London, 1999).
28. Brain, C. K. Swartkrans (ed. Brain, C. K.) 23-34 (Transvaal Museum Monograph 8, Pretoria, 1993).
29. Pokines, J. T., Nowell, A., Bisson, M. S., Cordova, C. E., Ames, C. J. H. The functioning of a natural faunal trap in a semi-arid environment: preliminary investigations of WZM-1, a limestone sinkhole site near Wadi Zarqa Ma'in, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. J. Taphon. 9, 89-115 (2011).
30. Wolverton, S. Natural trap ursid mortality and the Kurtén response. J. Hum. Evol. 50, 540-551 (2006).
31. Rothschild, B. M., Martin, L. D. Frequency of pathology in a large natural sample from Natural Trap Cave with special remarks on erosive disease in the Pleistocene. Reumatismo 55, 58-65 (2003).
32. Spencer, L. M., van Valkenburgh, B., Harris, J. M. Taphonomic analysis of large mammals recovered from the Pleistocene Rancho La Brea tar seeps. Palaeobiology 29, 561-575 (2003).
33. Outram, A. K., Knüsel, C. J., Knight, S., Harding, A. F. Understanding complex fragmented assemblages of human and animal remains: a fully integrated approach. J. Archaeol. Sci. 32, 1699-1710 (2005).
34. Pickering, T. R., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Egeland, C. P., Brain, C. K. The contribution of limb bone fracture patterns to reconstructing early hominid behaviour at Swartkrans Cave (South Africa): archaeological application of a new analytical method. Int. J. Osteoarch. 15, 247-260 (2005).
35. Villa, P., Mahieu, E. Breakage patterns of human long bones. J. Hum. Evol. 21, 27-48 (1991).
36. Johnson, E. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory (ed. Schiffer, M. B.) 157-235 (vol. 8, Academic Press, New York, 1985).
37. Lyman, R. L. Vertebrate Taphonomy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994).
38. Symes, S. A., L'Abbé, E. N., Stull, K. E., La Croix, M., Pokines, J. T. In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy (eds Pokines, J. T., Symes, S. A.) 341-365 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014).
39. Symes, S. A., L'Abbé, E. N., Chapman, E. N., Wolff, I., Dirkmaat, D. C. In AC. ompanion to Forensic Anthropology (ed. Dirkmaat, D. C.) 340-389 (Wiley-Blackwell, London, 2012).
40. Dirkmaat, D. C., Cabo, L. L., Ousley, S. D., Symes, S. A. New perspectives in forensic anthropology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 137(S47), 33-52 (2008).
41. Pokines, J. T. In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy (eds Pokines, J. T., Symes, S. A.). 1-17 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., 2014).
42. Currey, J. D. Bones: Structure and Mechanics (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 2006).
43. Tencer, A. F. In Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (eds Rockwood, C. A., Green, D. P., Bucholz, R. W., Heckman, J. D.) 3-42 (Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, ed6., 2006).
44. Reilly, D. T., Burstein, A. H. The mechanical properties of cortical bone. J. Bone Joint Surg. 56A, 1001-1022 (1974).
45. Gomez, M., Nahum, A. In Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. (eds, Nahum, A., Melvin, J.) 206-227 (Springer, New York, ed. 2, 2002).
46. Behrensmeyer, A. K. Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Paleobiol. 4, 150-162 (1978).
47. Evans, T. In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy (eds J. T. Pokines & Symes, S. A.) 115-141 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014).
48. Pokines, J. T. In Manual of Forensic Taphonomy (eds Pokines, J. T., Symes, S. A.) 201-248 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014).
49. Ring, D. In Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (eds Rockwood, C. A., Green, D. P., Bucholz, R. W., Heckman, J. D.) 989-1050 (Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, ed. 6, 2006).
50. Bonnin, J. G., Greening, W. P. Fractures of the triquetrum. Brit. J. Surg. 31, 278-283 (1944).
51. Drexler, M., Haim, A., Pritsch, T., Rosenblatt, Y. Isolated fractures of the scaphoid: classification, treatment and outcome. Harefuah 150, 50-67 (2011).
52. Rhemrev, S. J., Ootes, D., Beeres, F. J., Meylaerts, S. A., Schipper, I. B. Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures. Int. J. Emerg. Med. 4(4), (2011).
53. Gaebler, C. In Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults (eds Rockwood, C. A., Green, D. P., Bucholz, R. W., Heckman, J. D.) 857-909 (Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, ed. 6, 2006).
54. Çobankara, F. K., Üngör, M. Spontaneously healed horizontal root fracture in maxillary first premolar: report of a case. Dent. Traumatol. 23, 120-122 (2007).
55. Öztan, M. D., Sonat, B. Repair of untreated horizontal root fractures: two case reports. Dent. Traumatol. 17, 236-239 (2001).
56. Pickering, T. R. et al. Australopithecus sediba at 1.977 Ma and implications for the origins of the genus Homo. Science 333, 1421-1423 (2011).
57. Zipfel, B. et al. The foot and ankle of Australopithecus sediba. Science 333, 1417-1420 (2011).
58. Appleby, J., Thomas, R., Buikstra, J. Increasing confidence in palaeopathological diagnosis in palaeopathological diagnosis-Application of the Istanbul terminological framework. Int J Paleopath 8, 19-21 (2015).
59. Nawrocki, S. P. In Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology (eds Blau, S., Ubelaker, D. H.) 284-295 (Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA, 2009).
60. Dirkmaat, D. C., Adovasio, J. In Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Date of Human Remains (eds Haglund, W. D., Sorg, M. H.) 39-57 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997).