The Concept of City Carbon Maps: A Case Study of Melbourne, Australia

Journal of Industrial Ecology

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 676-691

  Wiedmann, Thomas O ^a   Chen, Guangwu ^a   Barrett, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

accounting and reporting standards; city carbon footprint; community scale greenhouse gas emissions; consumption based accounting; industrial ecology; urban greenhouse gas accounting

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON FOOTPRINT; ECONOMICS; GAS EMISSIONS; GLOBAL WARMING; INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS;

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS; ENVIRONMENTAL INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS; GREENHOUSE GAS ACCOUNTINGS; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; MELBOURNE , AUSTRALIA; MITIGATION STRATEGY; REPORTING STANDARDS;

GREENHOUSE GASES;

EID: 84943752976     PISSN: 10881980     EISSN: 15309290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jiec.12346     Document Type: Letter

References (101)

1. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2011. Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1—Main structure and greater capital city statistical areas. In ABS catalogue number 1270.0.55.001. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
2. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2014. Regional population growth, Australia, 2012–13 In ABS catalogue number 3218.0. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics. www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02012-13?OpenDocument. Accessed 14 April 2015.
3. AGEIS. 2014. Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS). Australian Government, Department of the Environment. www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-measurement/ageis. Accessed July 2014.
4. Ala-Mantila, S., J. Heinonen, and S. Junnila. 2013. Greenhouse gas implications of urban sprawl in the Helsinki metropolitan area. Sustainability 5(10): 4461–4478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su5104461.
5. Ala-Mantila, S., J. Heinonen, and S. Junnila. 2014. Relationship between urbanization, direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, and expenditures: A multivariate analysis. Ecological Economics 104: 129–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.019.
6. Arup. 2014. Climate action in megacities version 2.0. A report by Arup for C40 cities, February 2014. http://issuu.com/c40cities/docs/c40_climate_action_in_megacities/1?e=10643095/6541335. Accessed 14 April 2015.
7. Baldasano, J. M., C. Soriano, and L. S. Boada. 1999. Emission inventory for greenhouse gases in the City of Barcelona, 1987–1996. Atmospheric Environment 33(23): 3765–3775.
8. Barrett, J., J. Minx, A. Paul, and S. D. Frey. 2007. Towards a low footprint Scotland—Living well, within our ecological limits. A report to Scotland's Global Footprint project. York, UK: Stockholm Environment Institute, March 2007.
9. Baynes, T. M. and T. Wiedmann. 2012. General approaches for assessing urban environmental sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4(4): 458–464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.003.
10. 2 inventories in cities. JRC European Commission, IES, IE, Covenant of Mayors. www.covenantofmayors.eu/IMG/pdf/003_Report_II.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015.
11. Bi, J., R. Zhang, H. Wang, M. Liu, and Y. Wu. 2011. The benchmarks of carbon emissions and policy implications for China's cities: Case of Nanjing. Energy Policy 39(9): 4785–4794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.045.
12. BSI (British Standards Institute). 2008. PAS 2050:2008—Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services. London: British Standards Institution, October 2008. www.bsigroup.com/en/Standards-and-Publications/Industry-Sectors/Energy/PAS-2050/. Accessed 14 April 2015.
13. BSI (British Standards Institute). 2013. PAS 2070:2013 specification for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of a city—Direct plus supply chain and consumption-based methodologies. L ondon: The British Standards Institution. http://shop.bsigroup.com/Browse-By-Subject/Environmental-Management-and-Sustainability/PAS-2070-2013/. Accessed 14 April 2015.
14. Calcott, A. and J. Bull. 2008. The ecological footprint of British city residents. Godalming, UK: World Wide Fund for Nature. www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/city_footprint2.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015.
15. Caro, D., B. Rugani, F. M. Pulselli, and E. Benetto. 2015. Implications of a consumer-based perspective for the estimation of GHG emissions. The illustrative case of Luxembourg. Science of the Total Environment 508: 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.053.
16. Chavez, A. and A. Ramaswami. 2011. Progress toward low carbon cities: Approaches for transboundary GHG emissions’ footprinting. Carbon Management 2(4): 471–482. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.11.38.
17. Chavez, A. and A. Ramaswami. 2013. Articulating a trans-boundary infrastructure supply chain greenhouse gas emission footprint for cities: Mathematical relationships and policy relevance. Energy Policy 54: 376–384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.037.
18. Chen, G. Q., S. Guo, L. Shao, J. S. Li, and Z.-M. Chen. 2013. Three-scale input-output modeling for urban economy: Carbon emission by Beijing 2007. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 18(9): 2493–2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2012.12.029.
19. Choi, T. 2015. Understanding environmental responsibilities of cities and emissions embodied in trade. Economic Systems Research 27(2): 133–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2015.1012638.
20. Davis, S. J., G. P. Peters, and K. Caldeira. 2011. The supply chain of CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(45): 18554–18559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107409108.
21. DECC (UK Department of Energy and Climate Change). 2014. Community energy strategy. Lo ndon: UK Department of Energy and Climate Change, 17 April 2014. www.gov.uk/government/publications/community-energy-strategy. Accessed 14 April 2015.
22. Dias, A. C., D. Lemos, X. Gabarrell, and L. Arroja. 2014. Environmentally extended input-output analysis on a city scale—Application to Aveiro (Portugal). Journal of Cleaner Production 75: 118–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.012.
23. Dodman, D. 2011. Forces driving urban greenhouse gas emissions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3(3): 121–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.013.
24. Erickson, P., M. Lazarus, C. Chandler, and S. Schultz. 2013. Technologies, policies and measures for GHG abatement at the urban scale. Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management 3(1–2): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.806866.
25. Erickson, P., E. A. Stanton, C. Chandler, M. Lazarus, R. Bueno, C. Munitz, J. Cegan, M. Daudon, and S. Donegan. 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions in King County. Somerville, MA, USA: Stockholm Environment Institute U.S. Center for King County, Washington. http://sei-us.org/publications/id/432S. Accessed 14 April 2015.
26. Eurostat. 2008. Eurostat manual of supply, use and input-output tables, 2008 edition. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Accessed 14 April 2015.
27. Feng, C., X. Gao, J. Wu, Y. Tang, J. He, Y. Qi, and Y. Zhang. 2014a. Greenhouse gas emissions investigation for towns in China: A case study of Xiaolan. Journal of Cleaner Production 103: 130–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.013.
28. 2 accounting of China's megacities: The case of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing. Ecological Indicators 47: 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.045.
29. GEA. 2012. Global energy assessment—Toward a sustainable future. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. www.globalenergyassessment.org, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511793677. Accessed 14 April 2015.
30. 2 emissions by fossil fuel consumption in Beijing 2007. Ecological Informatics 12: 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2012.05.005.
31. Haq, G., H. Cambridge, and A. Owen. 2013. A targeted social marketing approach for community pro-environmental behavioural change. Local Environment 18(10): 1134–1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.787974.
32. 2 emissions in Toronto. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 35(7): 16–44.
33. Heinonen, J., M. Jalas, J. K. Juntunen, S. Ala-Mantila, and S. Junnila. 2013. Situated lifestyles: I. How lifestyles change along with the level of urbanization and what the greenhouse gas implications are—A study of Finland. Environmental Research Letters 8(2): 025003. http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/8/i=2/a=025003.
34. 2 emissions. Ecological Economics 104: 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.020.
35. Hillman, T. and A. Ramaswami. 2010. Greenhouse gas emission footprints and energy use benchmarks for eight U.S. cities. Environmental Science & Technology 44(6): 1902–1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9024194.
36. Hoekstra, A. Y. and T. O. Wiedmann. 2014. Humanity's unsustainable environmental footprint. Science 344(6188): 1114–1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1248365.
37. Hoornweg, D., L. Sugar, and C. L. Trejos Gómez. 2011. Cities and greenhouse gas emissions: Moving forward. Environment and Urbanization 23(1): 207–227. http://eau.sagepub.com/content/23/1/207.abstract.
38. Huang, Y. A., M. Lenzen, C. L. Weber, J. Murray, and H. S. Matthews. 2009. The role of input-output analysis for the screening of corporate carbon footprints. Economic Systems Research 21(3): 217–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535310903541348.
39. Ibrahim, N., L. Sugar, D. Hoornweg, and C. Kennedy. 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions from cities: comparison of international inventory frameworks. Local Environment 17(2): 223–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.660909.
40. ICLEI. 2009. International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol (IEAP). Version 1.0. Bonn, Germany: ICLEI—Local Governments for Sustainability, October 2009. www.iclei.org/index.php?id=ghgprotocol. Accessed 14 April 2015.
41. IEA (International Energy Agency). 2014. Capturing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency. Paris: International Energy Agency. www.iea.org/w/bookshop/475-Capturing_the_Multiple_Benefits_of_Energy_Efficiency. Accessed 14 April 2015.
42. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—Summary for policymakers. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC. http://report.mitigation2014.org/spm/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers_approved.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015.
43. ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 2006. International Standard ISO 14040: Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Principles and framework. ISO 14040:2006(E). Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. Second edition 2006-07-01. www.iso.org. Accessed 14 April 2015.
44. James, N. and P. Dessai. 2003. One planet living in the Thames gateway. Godalming, UK: World Wide Fund for Nature. www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/thamesgateway.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015.
45. Jones, C. and D. M. Kammen. 2014. Spatial distribution of U.S. household carbon footprints reveals suburbanization undermines greenhouse gas benefits of urban population density. Environmental Science and Technology 48(2): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4034364.
46. Jones, C. M. and D. M. Kammen. 2011. Quantifying carbon footprint reduction opportunities for U.S. households and communities. Environmental Science & Technology 45(9): 4088–4095. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es102221h.
47. Kennedy, C., S. Demoullin, and E. Mohareb. 2012. Cities reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. Energy Policy 49: 774–777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.030.
48. Kennedy, C., A. Ramaswami, S. Carney, and S. Dhakal. 2010. Greenhouse gas emission baselines for global cities and metropolitan regions. In Cities and climate change: Responding to an urgent agenda, edited by D. Hoornweg et al. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17381. Accessed 14 April 2015.
49. Kennedy, C., J. Steinberger, B. Gasson, Y. Hansen, T. Hillman, M. Havránek, D. Pataki, A. Phdungsilp, A. Ramaswami, and G. V. Mendez. 2009. Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities. Environmental Science & Technology 43(19): 7297–7302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900213p.
50. Kennedy, C., J. Steinberger, B. Gasson, Y. Hansen, T. Hillman, M. Havránek, D. Pataki, A. Phdungsilp, A. Ramaswami, and G. V. Mendez. 2011. Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities (corrigendum). Environmental Science & Technology 45(8): 3816–3817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200849z.
51. Kennedy, S. and S. Sgouridis. 2011. Rigorous classification and carbon accounting principles for low and zero carbon cities. Energy Policy 39(9): 5259–5268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.038.
52. Larsen, H. N. and E. G. Hertwich. 2009. The case for consumption-based accounting of greenhouse gas emissions to promote local climate action. Environmental Science & Policy 12(7): 791–798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.07.010.
53. Larsen, H. N. and E. G. Hertwich. 2010a. Implementing carbon-footprint-based calculation tools in municipal greenhouse gas inventories. Journal of Industrial Ecology 14(6): 965–977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00295.x.
54. Larsen, H. N. and E. G. Hertwich. 2010b. Identifying important characteristics of municipal carbon footprints. Ecological Economics 70(1): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.001.
55. Larsen, H. N. and E. G. Hertwich. 2011. Analyzing the carbon footprint from public services provided by counties. Journal of Cleaner Production 19(17–18): 1975–1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.06.014.
56. Lazarus, M., C. Chandler, and P. Erickson. 2013. A core framework and scenario for deep GHG reductions at the city scale. Energy Policy 57(6): 563–574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.031.
57. Lenzen, M. and G. M. Peters. 2010. How city dwellers affect their resource hinterland—A spatial impact study of Australian households. Journal of Industrial Ecology 14(1): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00190.x.
58. Lenzen, M. and J. M. Rueda-Cantuche. 2012. A note on the use of supply-use tables in impact analyses. Statistics and Operations Research Transactions 36(2): 139–152. http://www.idescat.cat/sort/sort362/36.2.2.lenzen-cantuche.pdf.
59. Lenzen, M., K. Kanemoto, D. Moran, and A. Geschke. 2012. Mapping the structure of the world economy. Environmental Science & Technology 46(15): 8374–8381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300171x.
60. Lenzen, M., D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, and A. Geschke. 2013. Building Eora: A global multi-region input-output database at high country and sector resolution. Economic Systems Research 25(1): 20–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2013.769938.
61. Lenzen, M., A. Geschke, T. Wiedmann, J. Lane, N. Anderson, T. Baynes, J. Boland, et al. 2014. Compiling and using input-output frameworks through collaborative virtual laboratories. Science of the Total Environment 485–486: 241–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.062.
62. Leontief, W. 1953. Interregional theory. In Studies in the structure of the American economy, edited by W. Leontief. New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Lin, J., Y. Liu, F. Meng, S. Cui, and L. Xu. 2013a. Using hybrid method to evaluate carbon footprint of Xiamen City, China. Energy Policy 58: 220–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.007.
64. Lin, T., Y. Yu, X. Bai, L. Feng, and J. Wang. 2013b. Greenhouse gas emissions accounting of urban residential consumption: A household survey based approach. PLoS ONE 8(2): e55642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055642.
65. Lindner, S. and D. Guan. 2014. A hybrid-unit energy input-output model to evaluate embodied energy and life cycle emissions for China's economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology 18(2): 201–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12119.
66. Liu, H. and Y. Zhang. 2012. Ecological network analysis of urban metabolism based on input-output table. Procedia Environmental Sciences 13: 1616–1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.154.
67. McGraw, J., P. Haas, L. Young, and A. Evens. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions in Chicago: Emissions inventories and reduction strategies for Chicago and its metropolitan region. Journal of Great Lakes Research 36(sp2): 106–114.
68. Miller, R. E. and P. D. Blair. 2009. Input-output analysis: Foundations and extensions, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. www.cambridge.org/millerandblair.
69. Minx, J., G. Baiocchi, T. Wiedmann, J. Barrett, F. Creutzig, K. Feng, M. Förster, P.-P. Pichler, H. Weisz, and K. Hubacek. 2013. Carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK. Environmental Research Letters 8(3): 035039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035039.
70. Nye, M. and Y. Rydin. 2008. The contribution of ecological footprinting to planning policy development: Using REAP to evaluate policies for sustainable housing construction. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 35(2): 227–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b3379.
71. Owen, A., A. Paul, and J. Barrett. 2008. Ashford's footprint—Now and in the future. York, UK: Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York.
72. Paloheimo, E. and O. Salmi. 2013. Evaluating the carbon emissions of the low carbon city: A novel approach for consumer based allocation. Cities 30: 233–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.04.003.
73. Petsch, S., S. Guhathakurta, L. Heischbourg, K. Müller, and H. Hagen. 2011. Modeling, monitoring, and visualizing carbon footprints at the urban neighborhood scale. Journal of Urban Technology 18(4): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.648436.
74. Ramaswami, A. and A. Chavez. 2013. What metrics best reflect the energy and carbon intensity of cities? Insights from theory and modeling of 20 US cities. Environmental Research Letters 8(3): 035011. http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/8/i=3/a=035011.
75. Ramaswami, A., A. Chavez, and M. Chertow. 2012a. Carbon footprinting of cities and implications for analysis of urban material and energy flows. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16(6): 783–785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00569.x.
76. Ramaswami, A., T. Hillman, B. Janson, M. Reiner, and G. Thomas. 2008. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories. Environmental Science & Technology 42(17): 6455–6461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702992q.
77. Ramaswami, A., M. Bernard, A. Chavez, T. Hillman, M. Whitaker, G. Thomas, and M. Marshall. 2012b. Quantifying carbon mitigation wedges in U.S. cities: Near-term strategy analysis and critical review. Environmental Science & Technology 46(7): 3629–3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203503a.
78. Rauland, V. and P. Newman. 2015a. Counting carbon in cities. In Decarbonising Cities, 8: 117–130. Basel, Switzerland: Springer International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15506-7_8.
79. Rauland, V. and P. Newman. 2015b. Why cities? In Decarbonising cities, 3: 19–35. Basel, Switzerland: Springer International. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15506-7_3.
80. Rees, W. and M. Wackernagel. 1996. Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable—And why they are a key to sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 16(4–6): 223–248. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V9G-3VWNJWM-2/2/065f7b8a857f0831f84f8b6e7141b50d.
81. Roelich, K. and C. Knoeri. 2014. Community energy projects: Why are they constrained by liberalised markets and how can cities help them overcome these constraints? In Workshop on Sustainable Heating Provisions and Cities: Theory, practice and future implications. www.heatandthecity.org.uk/resources/workshop_on_research_findings_on_sustainable_heating_provisions_and_cities_theory,_practice_and_future_implications. Accessed 14 April 2015.
82. Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. 2011. The choice of type of input-output table revisited: Moving towards the use of supply-use tables in impact analysis. Statistics and Operations Research Transactions 35(1): 21–38.
83. Satterthwaite, D. 2008. Cities’ contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization 20(2): 539–549. http://eau.sagepub.com/content/20/2/539.abstract.
84. Seyfang, G., J. J. Park, and A. Smith. 2013. A thousand flowers blooming? An examination of community energy in the UK. Energy Policy 61: 977–989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.030.
85. Townsend, J. and J. Barrett. 2015. Exploring the applications of carbon footprinting towards sustainability at a UK university: Reporting and decision making. Journal of Cleaner Production. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.004.
86. UN (United Nations). 2009. System of National Accounts 2008. New York: European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/SNA2008.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015.
87. UNSECC. 2014. Advancing climate ambition: Cities as partners in global climate action—A report to the UN Secretary-General from the UN Secretary General's Special Envoy for Cities and Climate Change, in partnership with the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. September 2014. http://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/researches/images/25_Advancing_Climate_Ambition.original.pdf?1412878084. Accessed 14 April 2015.
88. 2 emissions for Xiamen, China. Energy Policy 60: 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.069.
89. Wang, Y., H. Zhao, L. Li, Z. Liu, and S. Liang. 2013. Carbon dioxide emission drivers for a typical metropolis using input-output structural decomposition analysis. Energy Policy 58: 312–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.022.
90. Wiedmann, T. 2009. Carbon footprint and input-output analysis—An introduction. Economic Systems Research 21(3): 175–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535310903541256.
91. Wiedmann, T., R. Wood, J. Minx, M. Lenzen, D. Guan, and R. Harris. 2010. A carbon footprint time series of the UK—Results from a multi-region input-output model. Economic Systems Research 22(1): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535311003612591.
92. Wiedmann, T. O. 2012. Defining (urban) producer and consumer sinks. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16(3): 317–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00436.x.
93. World Bank. 2010. UN standard for GHG emissions of cities V2.1. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTUWM/Resources/GreenhouseGasStandard.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2015.
94. WRI (World Resources Institute) and WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development). 2011. Greenhouse Gas Protocol corporate value chain (Scope 3) accounting and reporting standard. World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). www.wri.org/publication/greenhouse-gas-protocol-corporate-value-chain-accounting-and-reporting-standard. Accessed 14 April 2015.
95. WRI, C40, and ICLEI. 2014. Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC)—An accounting and reporting standard for cities. World Resources Institute, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, and ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, December 2014. http://ghgprotocol.org/city-accounting. Accessed 14 April 2015.
96. Wright, L. A., J. Coello, S. Kemp, and I. Williams. 2011. Carbon footprinting for climate change management in cities. Carbon Management 2(1): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.10.41.
97. 2 emission—A guide for local authorities. Godalming, UK: World Wide Fund for Nature,
98. Yao, L., J. Liu, R. Wang, and K. Yin. 2013. Carbon footprint accounting of regional household consumption in China through multi-regional input-output model. Huanjing Kexue Xuebao/Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 33(7): 2050–2058. www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880341503&partnerID=40&md5=e539c0d5683e6b3d40f412a3ce6747b7.
99. Yetano Roche, M., S. Lechtenböhmer, M. Fischedick, M.-C. Gröne, C. Xia, and C. Dienst. 2014. Concepts and methodologies for measuring the sustainability of cities. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 39(1): 519–547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012913-101223.
100. Zhang, B., H. Qiao, and B. Chen. 2015. Embodied energy uses by China's four municipalities: A study based on multi-regional input-output model. Ecological Modelling. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.007. Accessed 14 April 2015.
101. Zhou, S. Y., H. Chen, and S. C. Li. 2010. Resources use and greenhouse gas emissions in urban economy: Ecological input-output modeling for Beijing 2002. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 15(10): 3201–3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.11.026.