Young children's automatic encoding of social categories

Developmental Science

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1036-1043

  Weisman, Kara ^a,b   Johnson, Marissa V ^a   Shutts, Kristin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE; CAUCASIAN; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; QUESTIONNAIRE;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84943657949     PISSN: 1363755X     EISSN: 14677687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/desc.12269     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Aboud, F.E. (1988). Children and prejudice. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
2. Bennett, M., & Sani, F. (2003). The role of target gender and race in children's encoding of category-neutral person information. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 99-112.
3. Bennett, M., Sani, F., Hopkins, N., Agostini, L., & Malucchi, L. (2000). Children's gender categorization: an investigation of automatic processing. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 97-102.
4. Bigler, R.S., & Liben, L.S. (1993). A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children. Child Development, 64, 1507-1518.
5. Bigler, R.S., & Liben, L.S. (2007). Developmental intergroup theory: explaining and reducing children's social stereotyping and prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 162-166.
6. Bolgatz, J. (2005). Revolutionary talk: elementary teacher and students discuss race in a social studies class. Social Studies, 96, 259-264.
7. Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Kurzban, R. (2003). Perceptions of race. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 173-179.
8. Dulin-Keita, A., Hannon, L., Fernandez, J.R., & Cockerham, W.C. (2011). The defining moment: children's conceptualization of race and experiences with racial discrimination. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34, 662-682.
9. Dunham, Y., & Degner, J. (2013). From categories to exemplars (and back again). In M.R. Banaji & S.A. Gelman (Eds.), Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can teach us (pp. 275-280). New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Fiske, S.T., & Neuberg, S.L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 23 (pp. 1-74). New York: Academic Press.
11. Frazier, B.N., Gelman, S.A., Kaciroti, N., Russell, J.W., & Lumeng, J.C. (2012). I'll have what she's having: the impact of model characteristics on children's food choices. Developmental Science, 15, 87-98.
12. Hilliard, L.J., & Liben, L.S. (2010). Differing levels of gender salience in preschool classrooms: effects on children's gender attitudes and intergroup bias. Child Development, 81, 1787-1798.
13. Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E.P., Johnson, D.J., Stevenson, H.C. et al. (2006). Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747-770.
14. Kinzler, K.D., & Dautel, J.B. (2012). Children's essentialist reasoning about language and race. Developmental Science, 15, 131-138.
15. Kinzler, K.D., Shutts, K., & Correll, J. (2010). Priorities in social categories. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 581-592.
16. Kinzler, K.D., & Spelke, E.S. (2011). Do infants show social preferences for people differing in race? Cognition, 199, 1-9.
17. Kowalski, K., & Lo, Y. (2001). The influence of perceptual features, ethnic labels, and sociocultural information on the development of ethnic/racial bias in young children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 444-455.
18. Kurzban, R., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 98, 15387-15392.
19. McGraw, K.O., Durm, M.W., & Durnam, M.R. (1989). The relative salience of sex, race, age, and glasses in children's social perception. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150, 251-267.
20. McGraw, K.O., Durm, M.W., & Patterson, J.N. (1983). Concept discrimination learning by preschool children using facial stimuli differing in age, sex, race, and eyeglasses. Journal of General Psychology, 108, 193-202.
21. Miles, J.N.V., & Shevlin, M.E. (2001). Applying regression and correlation: A guide for students and researchers. London: Sage Publications.
22. Nelson, T.D. (2009). Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New York: Psychology Press.
23. Pahlke, E., Bigler, R.S., & Suizzo, M. (2012). Relations between colorblind socialization and children's racial bias: evidence from European American mothers and their preschool children. Child Development, 83, 1164-1179.
24. Quinn, P.C., Anzures, G., Izard, C.E., Lee, K., Pascalis, O. et al. (2011). Looking across domains to understand infant representation of emotion. Emotion Review, 3, 197-206.
25. Ramsey, P.G., & Myers, L.C. (1990). Salience of race in young children's cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to social environments. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11, 49-67.
26. Rhodes, M., & Gelman, S.A. (2009). A developmental examination of the conceptual structure of animal, artifact, and human social categories across two cultural contexts. Cognitive Psychology, 59, 244-274.
27. Ruble, D.N., Martin, C.L., & Berenbaum, S.A. (2006). Gender development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th edn.), Vol. 3 (pp. 858-931). New York: Wiley.
28. Shutts (2013). Is gender 'special'? In M.R. Banaji & S.A. Gelman (Eds.), Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can teach us (pp. 297-300). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Shutts, K., Banaji, M., & Spelke, E.S. (2010). Social categories guide young children's preferences for novel objects. Developmental Science, 13, 599-610.
30. Shutts, K., Roben, C., & Spelke, E.S. (2013). Children's use of social categories in thinking about people and social relationships. Journal of Cognition and Development, 14, 35-62.
31. Susskind, J.E. (2007). Preadolescents' categorization of gender and ethnicity at the subgroup level in memory. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25, 213-225.
32. Taylor, S.E., Fiske, S.T., Etcoff, N.L., & Ruderman, A.J. (1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778-793.
33. US Census (2010). State & county quickfacts: Madison (city), Wisconsin [Data set]. Retrieved from: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/5548000.html
34. Waxman, S.R. (2010). Names will never hurt me? Naming and the development of racial and gender categories in preschool-aged children. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 593-610.
35. Yee, M., & Brown, R. (1994). The development of gender differentiation in young children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 183-196.