The relationship between cortisol, stress and psychiatric illness: New insights using hair analysis

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 70, Issue , 2015, Pages 38-49

  Herane Vives, A ^a,b   De Angel, V ^b   Papadopoulos, A ^a,c   Strawbridge, R ^a   Wise, T ^a   Young, A H ^a   Arnone, D ^a   Cleare, A J ^a,c  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE   (Chile)

^c SOUTH LONDON AND MAUDSLEY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Hair; Psychiatric disorders; Saliva; Stress

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ALCOHOL USE DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CAREGIVER; CHRONIC PAIN; DEMENTIA; EARTHQUAKE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HAIR ANALYSIS; HAIR LEVEL; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE HAIR LEVEL; HYPERCORTISOLISM; INDIGENOUS PEOPLE; JOB STRESS; LIFE STRESS; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; PHYSICAL STRESS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE LABOR; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHIFT WORKER; STRESS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TEACHER; UNEMPLOYMENT; CHEMISTRY; HAIR; MENTAL DISORDERS; METABOLISM;

BIOMARKERS; HAIR; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MENTAL DISORDERS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84943424750     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.007     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Cohen S., Kamarck T., Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1983, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 3]. Available from:. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2136404.
2. D'Anna-Hernandez K.L., Ross R.G., Natvig C.L., Laudenslager M.L. Hair cortisol levels as a retrospective marker of hypothalamic-pituitary axis activity throughout pregnancy: comparison to salivary cortisol. Physiol. Behav. 2011 Aug 3, 104(2):348-353. [Internet]. Elsevier Inc. [cited 2014 Mar 25]. Available from:. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3118940&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
3. Davenport M.D., Tiefenbacher S., Lutz C.K., Novak M.A., Meyer J.S. Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2006 Jul, 147(3):255-261. [Internet]. [cited 2013 May 21]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16483573.
4. Dettenborn L., Muhtz C., Skoluda N., Stalder T., Steudte S., Hinkelmann K., et al. Introducing a novel method to assess cumulative steroid concentrations: increased hair cortisol concentrations over 6 months in medicated patients with depression. Stress 2012, 15(3):348-353. [Internet]. [cited 2013 May 27]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043813.
5. Dettenborn L., Tietze A., Kirschbaum C., Stalder T. The assessment of cortisol in human hair: associations with sociodemographic variables and potential confounders. Stress 2012, [Internet]. [cited 2015 Jun 24]. Available from:. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10253890.2012.654479.
6. Dettenborn L., Tietze a, Bruckner F., Kirschbaum C. Higher cortisol content in hair among long-term unemployed individuals compared to controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010 Oct, 35(9):1404-1409. [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd. [cited 2013 Jun 1]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471757.
7. Dowlati Y., Herrmann N., Swardfager W., Thomson S., Oh P.I., Van Uum S., et al. Relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2010 Jan, 6:393-400. [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2938288&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
8. Ehring T., Ehlers A., Cleare A., Glucksman E. Do acute psychological and psychobiological responses to trauma predict subsequent symptom severities of PTSD and depression?. Psychiatry Res. 2008, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 28]; Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178107003010.
9. Eser H., Pötsch L., Skopp G., Moeller M. Influence of sample preparation on analytical results: drug analysis on hair snippets versus hair powder using various extraction methods. Forensic Sci. Int. 1997, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 23]. Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073896020713.
10. Faresjö Å., Jullander M. Higher perceived stress and poorer health reflected in elevated cortisol concentrations measured in extracts of hair from middle-aged healthy women. BMC 2014, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 18]. Available from:. http://www.biomedcentral.com/2050-7283/2/30/.
11. Fisher P., Stoolmiller M. Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet] 2007, 32(8-10):892-905. [cited 2015 Jun 29], Available from. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453007001436.
12. Gao W., Zhong P., Xie Q., Wang H., Jin J., Deng H., et al. Temporal features of elevated hair cortisol among earthquake survivors. Psychophysiology [Internet] 2014 Apr, 51(4):319-326. [cited 2014 Mar 20], Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24611842.
13. Gerber M., Brand S., Lindwall M. Concerns regarding hair cortisol as a biomarker of chronic stress in exercise and sport science. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2012, [Internet]. [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763301/.
14. Goldstein D.S., Kopin I.J. Evolution of concepts of stress. Stress [Internet] 2007 Jul, 10(2):109-120. [cited 2013 May 31], Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514579.
15. Gow R., Thomson S., Rieder M., Van Uum S., Koren G. An assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications. Forensic Sci. Int. 2010 Mar 20, 196(1-3):32-37. [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096513.
16. Gozhenko A., Gurkalova I., Zukow W. Pathology-theory 2009, Medical Student's Library, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 25]. Available from:. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Pvk0MoLNjgYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=PATHOLOGY%2B-%2BTheory.%2BMedical%2BStudent%27s%2BLibrary&ots=PvnB8-9_bq&sig=8lQkou2ZBl1j3r7m_M_ERiLZeJQ.
17. Grass J., Kirschbaum C., Miller R. Sweat-inducing physiological challenges do not result in acute changes in hair cortisol concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet] 2015, 53:108-116. [cited 2015 Feb 3], Available from. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453015000141.
18. Grassi-Oliveira R., Pezzi J.C., Daruy-Filho L., Viola T.W., Francke I.D.A., Leite C.E., et al. Hair cortisol and stressful life events retrospective assessment in crack cocaine users. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 2012 Nov, 38(6):535-538. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 25]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22746544.
19. Groeneveld M.G., Vermeer H.J., Linting M., Noppe G., van Rossum E.F.C., van Ijzendoorn M.H. Children's hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress at school entry. Stress [Internet] 2013 Jul, 23:1-5. (cited 2013 Sep 26);3890(April 2012), Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23786528.
20. Grunau R.E., Cepeda I.L., Chau C.M.Y., Brummelte S., Weinberg J., Lavoie P.M., et al. Neonatal pain- related stress and NFKBIA genotype are associated with altered cortisol levels in preterm boys at school age. PLoS One 2013 Jan, 8(9):e73926. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 20]. Available from:. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3774765&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
21. Henley P., Jahedmotlagh Z., Thomson S., Hill J., Darnell R., Jacobs D., et al. Hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress among a first nation in Canada. Ther Drug Monit [Internet] 2013 Oct, 35(5):595-599. Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052063.
22. Hinkelmann K., Muhtz C., Dettenborn L., Agorastos A., Wingenfeld K., Spitzer C., et al. Association between childhood trauma and low hair cortisol in depressed patients and healthy control subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 2013 Nov 1, 74(9):e15-e17. [Internet]. Elsevier [cited 2014 Mar 25]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726317.
23. Kalra S., Einarson A., Karaskov T., Van Uum S., Koren G. The relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant women. Clin Invest Med [Internet] 2007 Jan, 30(2):E103-E107. Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17716540.
24. Karlén J., Ludvigsson J., Frostell A., Theodorsson E., Faresjö T. Cortisol in hair measured in young adults - a biomarker of major life stressors?. BMC Clin. Pathol. 2011 Jan, 11(1):12. [Internet]. Biomed. Central Ltd. [cited 2013 Jun 9]. Available from:. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3217842&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
25. Kintz P., Cirimele V., Ludes B. Physiological concentrations of DHEA in human hair. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1999, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 26]. Available from:. http://jat.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/6/424.short.
26. Klaassens E.R., Giltay E.J., Cuijpers P., van Veen T., Zitman F.G. Adulthood trauma and HPA-axis functioning in healthy subjects and PTSD patients: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012 Mar, 37(3):317-331. [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd. [cited 2013 May 26]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802212.
27. Kramer M.S., Lydon J., Séguin L., Goulet L., Kahn S.R., McNamara H., et al. Stress pathways to spontaneous preterm birth: the role of stressors, psychological distress, and stress hormones. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009 Jun 1, 169(11):1319-1326. [Internet]. [cited 2013 May 29]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363098.
28. Kudielka B. Compliance with saliva sampling protocols: electronic monitoring reveals invalid cortisol daytime profiles in noncompliant subjects. Psychosom. Med. 2003, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Oct 2]. Available from:. http://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2003/03000/Compliance:With_Saliva_Sampling_Protocols_.19.aspx.
29. Loussouarn G., El Rawadi C., Genain G. Diversity of hair growth profiles. Int. J. Dermatol. 2005 Oct, 44(Suppl. 1):6-9. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 26]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16187948.
30. Luo H., Hu X., Liu X., Ma X., Guo W., Qiu C., et al. Hair cortisol level as a biomarker for altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in female adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Biol. Psychiatry 2012 Jul 1, 72(1):65-69. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 25]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22305287.
31. Maes M., Lin A., Bonacccorso S., van Hunsel F., Van Gastel A., Delmeire L., et al. Increased 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and patients with major depression, but not h patients with fibromyalgia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1998 Oct, 98(4):328-335. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 26]. Available from:. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10092.x.
32. Manenschijn L. Shift work at young age is associated with elevated long-term cortisol levels and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet] 2011, 96:E1862-E1865. [cited 2015 Aug 19], Available from. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jc.2011-1551.
33. Manenschijn L., Spijker A., Koper J. Long-term cortisol in bipolar disorder: associations with age of onset and psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet] 2012, 37(12):1960-1968. [cited 2015 Aug 18], Available from. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453012001606.
34. Markopoulou K., Papadopoulos A., Poon L., Cleare A. The salivary ratio of cortisol/DHEA in treatment resistant unipolar depression. J. Affect Disord. 2010 Apr, 122:S72. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 28]. Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032710002041.
35. McEwen B., Alves S. Estrogen actions in the central nervous system 1. Endocr. Rev. 1999, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 26]. Available from:. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/edrv.20.3.0365.
36. Meinlschmidt G., Heim C. Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005 Jul, 30(6):568-576. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 26]. Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453005000302.
37. Miller G.E., Chen E., Zhou E.S. If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychol. Bull. 2007 Jan, 133(1):25-45. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 23]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17201569.
38. Nemeroff C.B., Vale W.W. The neurobiology of depression: inroads to treatment and new drug discovery. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2005 Jan, 66(Suppl. 7):5-13. [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124836.
39. Palmer F.B., Anand K.J.S., Graff J.C., Murphy L.E., Qu Y., Völgyi E., et al. Early adversity, socioemotional development, and stress in urban 1-year-old children. J. Pediatr. 2013 Dec, 163(6):1733-1739. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 20]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24070827.
40. Papadopoulos A.S., Cleare A.J. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2012 Jan, 8(1):22-32. [Internet]. [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group [cited 2013 May 27]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946893.
41. Parrott A.C., Sands H.R., Jones L., Clow A., Evans P., Downey L.A., et al. Increased cortisol levels in hair of recent Ecstasy/MDMA users. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Mar, 24(3):369-374. [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24333019.
42. Pruessner J., Kirschbaum C. Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet] 2003, 28(7):916-993. [cited 2014 Aug 16], Available from. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453002001087.
43. Qi X., Zhang J., Liu Y., Ji S., Chen Z., Sluiter J.K., et al. Relationship between effort-reward imbalance and hair cortisol concentration in female kindergarten teachers. J Psychosom Res [Internet] 2014 Apr, 76(4):329-332. [cited 2014 Mar 25], Available from, Elsevier Inc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24630185.
44. Rasmusson A., Lipschitz D., Wang S. Increased pituitary and adrenal reactivity in premenopausal women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2001, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 30]. Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322301012641.
45. Rohleder N., Joksimovic L., Wolf J., Kirschbaum C. Hypocortisolism and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity of pro-Inflammatory cytokine production in Bosnian war refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2004, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 27]. Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322303012393.
46. Russell E. Toward standardization of hair cortisol measurement: results of the first international interlaboratory round robin. Ther. Drug 2015, [Internet]. [cited 2015 Jan 30]. Available from:. http://journals.lww.com/drug-monitoring/Abstract/2015/02000/Toward_Standardization_of_Hair_Cortisol.10.aspx.
47. Russell E.W. Methodological Challenges and Clinical 2012, The thesis by Methodological Challenges and Clinical Applications of Hair Cortisol Analysis.
48. Selye H. The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1946, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 25]. Available from:. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jcem-6-2-117.
49. Selye H. Stress without Distress 1974, J. B. Lippincott., Philadelphia, PA.
50. Sauvé B., Koren G., Walsh G., Tokmakejian S., Van Uum S.H.M. Measurement of cortisol in human hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure. Clin. Invest. Med. 2007 Jan, 30(5):E183-E191. [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17892760.
51. Skoluda N., Dettenborn L., Stalder T., Kirschbaum C. Elevated hair cortisol concentrations in endurance athletes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012 May, 37(5):611-617. [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd. [cited 2013 May 27]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944954.
52. Stalder T., Kirschbaum C. Analysis of cortisol in hair-state of the art and future directions. Brain Behav. Immun. 2012 Oct, 26(7):1019-1029. [Internet]. Elsevier Inc. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366690.
53. Stalder T., Kirschbaum C., Heinze K., Steudte S., Foley P., Tietze A., et al. Use of hair cortisol analysis to detect hypercortisolism during active drinking phases in alcohol-dependent individuals. Biol. Psychol. 2010 Dec, 85(3):357-360. [Internet]. Elsevier B.V. [cited 2014 Mar 25]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20727937.
54. Staufenbiel S., Koenders M. Recent negative life events increase hair cortisol concentrations in patients with bipolar disorder. Stress 2014, [Internet]. [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from:. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10253890.2014.968549.
55. Staufenbiel S.M., Penninx B.W.J.H., Spijker A.T., Elzinga B.M., van Rossum E.F.C. Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: a systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012 Dec 16, [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23253896.
56. Steudte S., Kirschbaum C., Gao W., Alexander N., Schönfeld S., Hoyer J., et al. Hair cortisol as a biomarker of traumatization in healthy individuals and posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Biol. Psychiatry 2013 Nov 1, 74(9):639-646. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 24]. Available from:. mailto:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23623187.
57. Steudte S., Kolassa I., Stalder T. Increased cortisol concentrations in hair of severely traumatized Ugandan individuals with PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet] 2011, 36(8):1193-1200. [cited 2015 Aug 18], Available from. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306453011000837.
58. Steudte S., Stalder T., Dettenborn L., Klumbies E., Foley P., Beesdo-Baum K., et al. Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2011, 186(2-3):310-314. [Internet]. Elsevier Ireland Ltd. [cited 2013 May 27]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20889215.
59. Tachè J., Selye H. On stress and coping mechanisms. Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 1985, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 25]. Available from:. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/01612848509009447.
60. Thomson S., Koren G., Fraser L. Hair analysis provides a historical record of cortisol levels in Cushing's syndrome. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes [Internet] 2010, 118(2):133-138. [cited 2014 Sep 19], Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945912/.
61. Troxler R., Sprague E., Albanese R., Fuchs R., Thompson A. The association of elevated plasma cortisol and early atherosclerosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis 1977 Feb, 26(2):151-162. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Apr 22]. Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021915077900983.
62. Van Holland B.J., Frings-Dresen M.H.W., Sluiter J.K. Measuring short-term and long-term physiological stress effects by cortisol reactivity in saliva and hair. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2012 Nov, 85(8):849-852. [Internet]. [cited 2014 Mar 25]. Available from:. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3480579&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
63. Van Uum S.H.M., Sauvé B., Fraser L a, Morley-Forster P., Paul T.L., Koren G. Elevated content of cortisol in hair of patients with severe chronic pain: a novel biomarker for stress. Stress [Internet] 2008 Nov, 11(6):483-488. [cited 2013 May 24], Available from. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18609301.
64. Warnock F., McElwee K., Seo R.J., McIsaac S., Seim D., Ramirez-Aponte T., et al. Measuring cortisol and DHEA in fingernails: a pilot study. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2010 Jan, 6:1-7. [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2951060&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract.
65. Wei J., Sun G., Zhao L., Yang X., Liu X., Lin D. Analysis of hair cortisol level in first-episodic and recurrent female patients with depression compared to healthy controls. J. Affect. Disord. 2015, [Internet]. [cited 2015 Feb 3]. Available from:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032715000270.
66. Wells S., Tremblay P., Flynn A. Associations of hair cortisol concentration with self-reported measures of stress and mental health-related factors in a pooled database of diverse community samples. Stress 2014, [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 23]. Available from:. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10253890.2014.930432.
67. Xie Q., Gao W., Li J., Qiao T., Jin J., Deng H., et al. Correlation of cortisol in 1-cm hair segment with salivary cortisol in human: hair cortisol as an endogenous biomarker. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2011 Dec, 49(12):2013-2019. [Internet]. [cited 2013 May 27]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902574.
68. Yamada J., Stevens B., de Silva N., Gibbins S., Beyene J., Taddio A., et al. Hair cortisol as a potential biologic marker of chronic stress in hospitalized neonates. Neonatology 2007 Jan, 92(1):42-49. [Internet]. [cited 2013 May 21]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356304.
69. Yang H.Z., Lan J., Meng Y.J., Wan X.J., Han D.W. A preliminary study of steroid reproductive hormones in human hair. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998 Dec, 67(5-6):447-450. [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10030694.
70. Yehuda R., Teicher M., Trestman R. Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression: a chronobiological analysis. Biological Psychiatry[Internet] 1996, 40(2):79-88. [cited 2015 Aug 18], Available from. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006322395004513.