Estimates of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Fecal Coliforms Entering the Environment Due to Inadequate Sanitation Treatment Technologies in 108 Low and Middle Income Countries

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 19, 2015, Pages 11604-11611

  Fuhrmeister, Erica R ^a,b   Schwab, Kellogg J ^c   Julian, Timothy R ^c,d  

^a Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

^b Univ of California   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; PHYSIOLOGY; POLLUTION; SANITATION; STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WASTE TREATMENT;

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES; BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDS (BOD); ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES; TREATMENT EFFICIENCY; TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES; WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

STOCHASTIC MODELS;

NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; OXYGEN;

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; EXCRETION; FECAL COLIFORM; INCOME DISTRIBUTION; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; SANITATION; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WASTE TREATMENT; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ARTICLE; BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; DECENTRALIZATION; DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; FECAL COLIFORM; MONTE CARLO METHOD; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STOCHASTIC MODEL; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; FECES; HUMAN; MARKOV CHAIN; MICROBIOLOGY; POLLUTION; PROCEDURES; SANITATION; SEWAGE; THEORETICAL MODEL;

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; FECES; HUMANS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; PHOSPHORUS; SANITATION; STOCHASTIC PROCESSES; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID;

EID: 84943421703     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02919     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. WHO-UNICEF, Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation-2014 Update; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2014.
2. Demographic and Health Surveys; ICF International: Rockville, MD, 2012; http://www.dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm (accessed Apr 10, 2013).
3. Gupta, A.; Spears, D.; Coffey, D.; Khurana, N.; Srivastav, N.; Hathi, P.; Vyas, S. Revealed Preference for Open Defecation Econ. Polit. Wkly. 2014, 49 (38) 43-55
4. Jenkins, M. W.; Cumming, O.; Scott, B.; Cairncross, S. Beyond "improved" towards "safe and sustainable" urban sanitation: assessing the design, management and functionality of sanitation in poor communities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania J. Water, Sanit. Hyg. Dev. 2014, 4 (1) 131-141 10.2166/washdev.2013.180
5. th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 2011.
6. Fewtrell, L.; Kaufmann, R. B.; Kay, D.; Enanoria, W.; Haller, L.; Colford, J. M. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet Infect. Dis. 2005, 5 (1) 42-52 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
7. Walker, C. L. F.; Rudan, I.; Liu, L.; Nair, H.; Theodoratou, E.; Bhutta, Z. A.; O'Brien, K. L.; Campbell, H.; Black, R. E. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea Lancet 2013, 381 (9875) 1405-1416 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6
8. Wagner, E. G.; Lanoix, J. N. Excreta disposal for rural areas and small communities WHO Monograph Series 1958, 39, 1-182
9. Meinzinger, F.; Kroger, K.; Otterpohl, R. Material flow analysis as a tool for sustainable sanitation planning in developing countries: case study of Arba Minch, Ethiopia Water Sci. Technol. 2009, 59 (10) 1911-1920 10.2166/wst.2009.189
10. Montangero, A.; Belevi, H. Assessing nutrient flows in septic tanks by eliciting expert judgement: a promising method in the context of developing countries Water Res. 2007, 41 (5) 1052-1064 10.1016/j.watres.2006.10.036
11. Chaggu, E.; Mashauri, D.; van Buuren, J.; Sanders, W.; Lettinga, G. Excreta disposal in Dar-es-Salaam Environ. Manage. 2002, 30 (5) 609-620 10.1007/s00267-002-2685-8
12. Schoebitz, L.; Bassan, M.; Ferré, A.; Vu, T. H. a; Nguyen, V. a; Strande, L. FAQ: faecal sludge quantification and characterization-field trial of methodology in Hanoi, Vietnam 2014, 1-6
13. United Nations. Open Working Group proposal for SustainableDevelopment Goals. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.html (accessed Apr 30, 2015).
14. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply andSanitation. Country Files. http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx-displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country-files (accessed Jul 8, 2014).
15. United Nations Populations Division. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm (accessed Mar 1, 2013).
16. WHO-UNICEF, Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation-2012 Update; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2012.
17. Urban population (% of total) http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS (accessed Jul 8, 2014).
18. Nelson, K. L.; Murray, A. Sanitation for Unserved Populations: Technologies, Implementation Challenges, and Opportunities Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2008, 33, 119-151 10.1146/annurev.environ.33.022007.145142
19. Baum, R.; Luh, J.; Bartram, J. Sanitation: a global estimate of sewerage connections without treatment and the resulting impact on MDG progress Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (4) 1994-2000 10.1021/es304284f
20. Fry, L. M.; Mihelcic, J. R.; Watkins, D. W. Water and Nonwater-realted Challenges of Achieving Global Sanitation Coverage Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (12) 4298-4304 10.1021/es7025856
21. Loucks, D. P.; van Beek, E.; Stedinger, J. R.; Dijkman, J. P. M.; Villars, M. T. Water Resources Systems Planning and Management: An Introduction to Methods, Models and Applications; Unesco: Paris, 2005.
22. Abdi, H. The Bonferonni and Sidak Corrections for Multiple Comparisons. Encyclopedia of Measurment and Statistics; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, 2007.
23. Fischer Walker, C. L.; Perin, J.; Aryee, M. J.; Boschi-Pinto, C.; Black, R. E. Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review BMC Public Health 2012, 12 (1) 220 10.1186/1471-2458-12-220
24. Udert, K. M. The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in source-separated urine. Ph.D. Dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology: Zurich, 2002.
25. Borchardt, M. A.; Chyou, P.-H.; DeVries, E. O.; Belongia, E. A. Septic system density and infectious diarrhea in a defined population of children Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111 (5) 742-748 10.1289/ehp.5914
26. Yates, M. V. Septic Tank Density and Ground-Water Contamination Groundwater 1985, 23 (5) 586-591 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb01506.x
27. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Part 130 Water Quality Planning and Management. Final Rule: 40 CFR Part 130: Washington, DC, 2011.
28. Carpenter, S. R.; Caraco, N. F.; Correll, D. L.; Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.; Smith, V. H. Nonpoint Pollution Of Surface Waters With Phosphorus And Nitrogen Ecol. Appl. 1998, 8 (3) 559-568 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2
29. Bowes, M. J.; Hilton, J.; Irons, G. P.; Hornby, D. D. The relative contribution of sewage and diffuse phosphorus sources in the River Avon catchment, southern England: Implications for nutrient management Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 344 (1-3) 67-81 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.006
30. Van Drecht, G.; Bouwman, A. F.; Harrison, J.; Knoop, J. M. Global nitrogen and phosphate in urban wastewater for the period 1970 to 2050. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2009, 23 (4), 10.1029/2009GB003458
31. Bartram, J.; Brocklehurst, C.; Fisher, M. B.; Luyendijk, R.; Hossain, R.; Wardlaw, T.; Gordon, B. Global monitoring of water supply and sanitation: history, methods and future challenges Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11 (8) 8137-8165 10.3390/ijerph110808137
32. DANIDA. Reaching The MDG Target for Sanitation in Africa-A Call for Realism; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2010.
33. Tilley, E.; Strande, L.; Luthi, C.; Mosler, H.-J.; Udert, K. M.; Gebauer, H.; Hering, J. G. Looking beyond Technology: An Integrated Approach to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Low Income Countries Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (17) 9965-9970 10.1021/es501645d
34. Gruber, N.; Galloway, J. N. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle Nature 2008, 451 (7176) 293-296 10.1038/nature06592
35. Dodane, P.-H.; Mbéguéré, M.; Sow, O.; Strande, L. Capital and operating costs of full-scale fecal sludge management and wastewater treatment systems in Dakar, Senegal Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (7) 3705-3711 10.1021/es2045234
36. Gotaas, H. Composting: Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes; World Health Organization: Switzerland, 1956.
37. rd ed.; IWA Publishing: London, 2007.
38. Geldreich, E. E. Bacterial Populations and Indicator Concepts In Feces, Sewage, Stormwater and Solid Wastes. In Indicators of Viruses in Water and Food; Berg, G., Ed.; Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc: Ann Arbor, MI, 1978; 81, 51-97.
39. Donowitz, M.; Kokke, F. T.; Saidi, R. Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Diarrhea N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332 (11) 725-729 10.1056/NEJM199503163321107
40. Herbst, S.; Fayzieva, D.; Kistemann, T. Risk factor analysis of diarrhoeal diseases in the Aral Sea area (Khorezm, Uzbekistan) Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2008, 18 (5) 305-321 10.1080/09603120701834507
41. Lamberti, L. M.; Fischer Walker, C. L.; Black, R. E. Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low- and middle-income countries BMC Public Health 2012, 12 (1) 276 10.1186/1471-2458-12-276
42. World Health Organization. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2008.
43. Anand, C. K.; Apul, D. S. Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation - a review Waste Manage. 2014, 34 (2) 329-343 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.006
44. Bai, F.; Wang, X. Biodegradation of Organic Matter and Holding of N,P during Aerobic Thermophilic Composting of Human Feces Procedia Environ. Sci. 2011, 10, 2631-2637 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.409
45. Hotta, S.; Funamizu, N. Biodegradability of Fecal Nitrogen in Composting Process Bioresour. Technol. 2007, 98, 3412-3414 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.045