Review of risk factors for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery

Chirurgia (Romania)

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 319-326

  Vasiliu, E C Zarnescu ^a   Zarnescu, N O ^a,b   Costea, R ^a,b   Neagu, S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY EMERGENCY HOSPITAL   (Romania)

^b CAROL DAVILA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

Author keywords

Anastomotic fistula; Anastomotic leakage; Colorectal cancer; Colorectal surgery; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANASTOMOTIC LEAK; BODY MASS; COLORECTAL SURGERY; COMPLICATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; ROMANIA; SEX RATIO; SURGICAL WOUND DEHISCENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANASTOMOTIC LEAK; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; BODY MASS INDEX; COLORECTAL SURGERY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; ROMANIA; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SURGICAL WOUND DEHISCENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84943184487     PISSN: 12219118     EISSN: 1842368X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Rickert A, Willeke F, Kienle P, Post S. Management and outcome of anastomotic leakage after colonic surgery. Colorectal Dis.2010;12:e216-223.
2. Rullier E, Laurent C, Garrelon JL, Michel P, Saric J, Parneix M. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after resection of rectal cancer. Br J Surg.1998;85:355-358.
3. Buchs NC, Gervaz P, Secic M, Bucher P, Mugnier-Konrad B, Morel P. Incidence, consequences, and risk factors for anastomotic dehiscence after colorectal surgery: A prospective monocentric study. Int J Colorectal Dis.2008;23:265-270.
4. Yeh CY, et al. Pelvic drainage and other risk factors for leakage after elective anterior resection in rectal cancer patients: A prospective study of 978 patients. Ann Surg.2005;241:9-13.
5. Hyman N, Manchester TL, Osler T, Burns B, Cataldo PA. Anastomotic leaks after intestinal anastomosis: It's later than you think. Ann Surg.2007;245:254-258.
6. Karanjia ND, Corder AP, Bearn P, Heald RJ. Leakage from stapled low anastomosis after total mesorectal excision for carcinoma of the rectum. Br J Surg.1994;81:1224-1226.
7. Alberts JC, Parvaiz A, Moran BJ. Predicting risk and diminishing the consequences of anastomotic dehiscence following rectal resection. Colorectal Dis.2003;5:478-482.
8. Bruce J, Krukowski ZH, Al-Khairy G, Russell EM, Park KG. Systematic review of the definition and measurement of anastomotic leak after gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg.2001;88:1157-68.
9. Rahbari NN, et al. Definition and grading of anastomotic leakage following anterior resection of the rectum: A proposal by the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer. Surgery. 2010; 147:339-351.
10. Karliczek A, Harlaar NJ, Zeebregts CJ, Wiggers T, Baas PC, van Dam GM. Surgeons lack predictive accuracy for anastomotic leakage in gastrointestinal surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis.2009;24:569-576.
11. Koperna T. Cost-effectiveness of defunctioning stomas in low anterior resections for rectal cancer: A call for benchmarking. Arch Surg.2003;138:1334-1338; discussion 1339.
12. Dekker JW, Liefers GJ, de Mol van Otterloo JC, Putter H, Tollenaar RA. Predicting the risk of anastomotic leakage in leftsided colorectal surgery using a colon leakage score. J Surg Res.2011;166:e27-34.
13. Komen N, et al. Calcium score: A new risk factor for colorectal anastomotic leakage. Am J Surg.2011;201:759-765.
14. den Dulk M, et al. The DULK (Dutch leakage) and modified DULK score compared: Actively seek the leak. Colorectal Dis.2013;15:e528-533.
15. Heald RJ, Leicester RJ. The low stapled anastomosis. Br J Surg.1981;68:333-337.
16. Kockerling F, et al. Laparoscopic colorectal anastomosis: Risk of postoperative leakage. Results of a multicenter study. Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery Study Group (LCSSG). Surg Endosc.1999;13:639-644.
17. Boccola MA, et al. Risk factors and outcomes for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery: A single-institution analysis of 1576 patients. World J Surg.2011;35:186-195.
18. Damen N, et al. Anastomotic leaks in colorectal surgery. ANZ J Surg.2014;84:763-768.
19. Moran BJ. Stapling instruments for intestinal anastomosis in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg.1996;83:902-909.
20. Lopez-Kostner F, Lavery IC, Hool GR, Rybicki LA, Fazio VW. Total mesorectal excision is not necessary for cancers of the upper rectum. Surgery.1998;124:612-617; discussion 617-618.
21. Vignali A, et al. Factors associated with the occurrence of leaks in stapled rectal anastomoses: A review of 1,014 patients. J Am Coll Surg.1997;185:105-113.
22. MacRae HM, McLeod RS. Handsewn vs. stapled anastomoses in colon and rectal surgery: A meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:180-189.
23. Lustosa SA, Matos D, Atallah AN, Castro AA. Stapled versus handsewn methods for colorectal anastomosis surgery: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sao Paulo Med J.2002;120:132-136.
24. Biondo S, et al. Impact of surgical specialization on emergency colorectal surgery outcomes. Arch Surg.2010;145:79-86.
25. Borowski DW, et al. Volume-outcome analysis of colorectal cancer-related outcomes. Br J Surg.2010;97:1416-1430.
26. Martling A, Cedermark B, Johansson H, Rutqvist LE, Holm T. The surgeon as a prognostic factor after the introduction of total mesorectal excision in the treatment of rectal cancer. Br J Surg.2002;89:1008-1013.
27. Smith JA, King PM, Lane RH, Thompson MR. Evidence of the effect of 'specialization' on the management, surgical outcome and survival from colorectal cancer in Wessex. Br J Surg.2003;90:583-592.
28. Sorensen LT, Jorgensen T, Kirkeby LT, Skovdal J, Vennits B, Wille-Jorgensen P. Smoking and alcohol abuse are major risk factors for anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 1999;86:927-931.
29. Singh KK, Aitken RJ. Outcome in patients with colorectal cancer managed by surgical trainees. Br J Surg.1999;86:1332-1336.
30. Guenaga KF, Matos D, Wille-Jorgensen P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2011:CD001544.
31. Wille-Jorgensen P, Guenaga KF, Matos D, Castro AA. Pre-operative mechanical bowel cleansing or not? an updated meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis.2005;7:304-310.
32. Miettinen RP, Laitinen ST, Makela JT, Paakkonen ME. Bowel preparation with oral polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution vs. no preparation in elective open colorectal surgery: Prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum.2000;43:669-675; discussion 675-667.
33. Zmora O, et al. Colon and rectal surgery without mechanical bowel preparation: A randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg.2003;237:363-367.
34. Zmora O, et al. Trends in preparation for colorectal surgery: Survey of the members of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Am Surg.2003;69:150-154.
35. Kehlet H, Buchler MW, Beart RW, Jr., Billingham RP, Williamson R. Care after colonic operation-is it evidence-based? Results from a multinational survey in Europe and the United States. J Am Coll Surg.2006;202:45-54.
36. Eskicioglu C, Forbes SS, Fenech DS, McLeod RS. Preoperative bowel preparation for patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery: A clinical practice guideline endorsed by the Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Can J Surg.2010;53:385-95.
37. Lacy AM, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted colectomy versus open colectomy for treatment of non-metastatic colon cancer: A randomised trial. Lancet.2002;359:2224-2229.
38. Guillou PJ, et al. Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): Multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet.2005;365:1718-1726.
39. Veldkamp R, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: Short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol.2005;6:477-484.
40. Maartense S, et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic versus open restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis: A randomized trial. Ann Surg.2004;240:984-991;
41. Anderson J, Luchtefeld M, Dujovny N, Hoedema R, Kim D, Butcher J. A comparison of laparoscopic, hand-assist and open sigmoid resection in the treatment of diverticular disease. Am J Surg.2007;193:400-403; discussion 403.
42. Liu FL, Lin JJ, Ye F, Teng LS. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery versus the open approach in curative resection of rectal cancer. J Int Med Res.2010;38:916-922.
43. Orenstein SB, Elliott HL, Reines LA, Novitsky YW. Advantages of the hand-assisted versus the open approach to elective colectomies. Surg Endosc.2011;25:1364-1368.
44. Kim CW, Baek SJ, Hur H, Min BS, Baik SH, Kim NK. Anastomotic Leakage After Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer Is Different Between Minimally Invasive Surgery and Open Surgery. Ann Surg.2015.
45. Kim JS, Cho SY, Min BS, Kim NK. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic intracorporeal colorectal anastomosis with a double stapling technique. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:694-701.
46. Laurent C, Leblanc F, Wutrich P, Scheffler M, Rullier E. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer: Long-term oncologic results. Ann Surg.2009;250:54-61.
47. Kang SB, et al. Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN trial): Short-term outcomes of an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol.2010;11:637-645.
48. van der Pas MH, et al. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer (COLOR II): Short-term outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol.2013;14:210-218.
49. Bonjer HJ, et al. A randomized trial of laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med.2015;372:1324-1332.
50. Kang CY, et al. Outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery: Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2009. Am J Surg.2012; 204:952-957.
51. Aly EH. Robotic colorectal surgery: Summary of the current evidence. Int J Colorectal Dis.2014;29:1-8.
52. Baik SH, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection of rectal cancer: Short-term outcome of a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol.2009;16:1480-1487.
53. Kim NK, Kang J. Optimal Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: The Role of Robotic Surgery from an Expert's View. J Korean Soc Coloproctol.2010;26:377-387.
54. Kwak JM, Kim SH, Kim J, Son DN, Baek SJ, Cho JS. Robotic vs laparoscopic resection of rectal cancer: Short-term outcomes of a case-control study. Dis Colon Rectum.2011;54:151-156.
55. Baek JH, Pastor C, Pigazzi A. Robotic and laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: A case-matched study. Surg Endosc.2011;25:521-525.
56. Leong QM, et al. Robot-assisted intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer: Technique and short-term outcome for 29 consecutive patients. Surg Endosc.2011;25:2987-2992.
57. Dehni N, Schlegel RD, Cunningham C, Guiguet M, Tiret E, Parc R. Influence of a defunctioning stoma on leakage rates after low colorectal anastomosis and colonic J pouch-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg.1998;85:1114-1117.
58. Law WI, Chu KW, Ho JW, Chan CW. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision. Am J Surg.2000;179:92-96.
59. Bakker IS, Grossmann I, Henneman D, Havenga K, Wiggers T. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage and leak-related mortality after colonic cancer surgery in a nationwide audit. Br J Surg.2014;101:424-432; discussion 432.
60. Williams LA, Sagar PM, Finan PJ, Burke D. The outcome of loop ileostomy closure: A prospective study. Colorectal Dis. 2008; 10:460-464.
61. Urbach DR, Kennedy ED, Cohen MM. Colon and rectal anastomoses do not require routine drainage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg.1999;229:174-180.
62. Merad F, et al. Is prophylactic pelvic drainage useful after elective rectal or anal anastomosis? A multicenter controlled randomized trial. French Association for Surgical Research. Surgery. 1999; 125:529-535.
63. Jesus EC, Karliczek A, Matos D, Castro AA, Atallah AN. Prophylactic anastomotic drainage for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2004:CD002100.
64. Peeters KC, et al. Risk factors for anastomotic failure after total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer. Br J Surg.2005;92:211-216.
65. Akiyoshi T, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic anterior resection with intracorporeal rectal transection and double-stapling technique anastomosis for rectal cancer. Am J Surg.2011;202:259-264.
66. Schrock TR, Deveney CW, Dunphy JE. Factor contributing to leakage of colonic anastomoses. Ann Surg.1973;177:513-518.
67. Dominguez JM, Jakate SM, Speziale NJ, Savin MH, Altringer WE, Saclarides TJ. Intestinal anastomotic healing at varying times after irradiation. J Surg Res.1996;61:293-299.
68. De Meerleer G, et al. High-dose preoperative radiotherapy does not alter the strength of unilaterally irradiated colon anastomoses in rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.1999;44:163-170.
69. Kobayashi M, et al. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage and favorable antimicrobial treatment as empirical therapy for intraabdominal infection in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Surg Today.2014;44:487-493.
70. Marijnen CA, et al. Acute side effects and complications after short-term preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision in primary rectal cancer: Report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol.2002;20:817-825.
71. Thornton FJ, Barbul A. Healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Surg Clin North Am.1997;77:549-573.
72. Makrin V, Lev-Chelouche D, Even Sapir E, Paran H, Rabau M, Gutman M. Intraperitoneal heated chemotherapy affects healing of experimental colonic anastomosis: An animal study. J Surg Oncol.2005;89:18-22.
73. Arikan AY, Senel FM, Akman RY, Can C. Comparison of the effects of various anticancer agents on intestinal anastomosis after intraperitoneal administration. Surg Today.1999;29:741-746.
74. Casado-Adam A, Alderman R, Stuart OA, Chang D, Sugarbaker PH. Gastrointestinal complications in 147 consecutive patients with peritoneal surface malignancy treated by cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Int J Surg Oncol.2011;2011:468698.
75. Glehen O, et al. Intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia using a closed abdominal procedure and cytoreductive surgery for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: Morbidity and mortality analysis of 216 consecutive procedures. Ann Surg Oncol.2003; 10:863-869.
76. Fukuchi SG, Seeburger JL, Parquet G, Rolandelli RH. Influence of 5-fluorouracil on colonic healing and expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1. J Surg Res.1999;84:121-126.
77. Ley EJ, Vukasin P, Kaiser AM, Ault G, Beart RW, Jr. Delayed rectovaginal fistula: A potential complication of bevacizumab (avastin). Dis Colon Rectum.2007;50:930.
78. August DA, Serrano D, Poplin E. "Spontaneous," delayed colon and rectal anastomotic complications associated with bevacizum ab therapy. J Surg Oncol.2008;97:180-185.
79. Bege T, et al. Bevacizumab-related surgical site complication despite primary tumor resection in colorectal cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol.2009;16:856-860.
80. Doeksen A, Tanis PJ, Vrouenraets BC, Gooszen JA, van Lanschot JJ, van Tets WF. Outcome of rectal cancer surgery after the introduction of preoperative radiotherapy in a low-volume hospital. J Gastrointest Cancer.2007;38:63-70.
81. Vermaas M, et al. Introduction of preoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of operable rectal cancer in the Southwest region of the Netherlands. Eur J Surg Oncol.2007;33:862-867.
82. Wang L, Gu J. Risk factors for symptomatic anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection for rectal cancer with 30 Gy/10 f/2 w preoperative radiotherapy. World J Surg.2010;34:1080-1085.
83. Maas HA, Lemmens VE, Nijhuis PH, de Hingh IH, Koning CC, Janssen-Heijnen ML. Benefits and drawbacks of short-course preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients aged 75 years and older. Eur J Surg Oncol.2013;39:1087-1093.
84. Lipska MA, Bissett IP, Parry BR, Merrie AE. Anastomotic leakage after lower gastrointestinal anastomosis: Men are at a higher risk. ANZ J Surg.2006;76:579-585.
85. Zaharie F, et al. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage following colorectal resection for cancer. Chirurgia (Bucur).2012;107:27-32.
86. Alves A, Panis Y, Trancart D, Regimbeau JM, Pocard M, Valleur P. Factors associated with clinically significant anastomotic leakage after large bowel resection: Multivariate analysis of 707 patients. World J Surg.2002;26:499-502.
87. Telem DA, Chin EH, Nguyen SQ, Divino CM. Risk factors for anastomotic leak following colorectal surgery: A case-control study. Arch Surg.2010;145:371-376; discussion 376.
88. Kumar A, et al. Anterior resection for rectal carcinoma -risk factors for anastomotic leaks and strictures. World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17:1475-1479.
89. Kwag SJ, Kim JG, Kang WK, Lee JK, Oh ST. The nutritional risk is a independent factor for postoperative morbidity in surgery for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Treat Res.2014;86:206-211.
90. Golub R, Golub RW, Cantu R, Jr., Stein HD. A multivariate analysis of factors contributing to leakage of intestinal anastomoses. J Am Coll Surg.1997;184:364-372.
91. Kingham TP, Pachter HL. Colonic anastomotic leak: Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Coll Surg.2009;208:269-278.
92. Ionescu D, Tibrea C, Puia C. Pre-operative hypoalbuminemia in colorectal cancer patients undergoing elective surgery -A major risk factor for postoperative outcome. Chirurgia (Bucur).2013; 108:822-828.
93. Suding P, Jensen E, Abramson MA, Itani K, Wilson SE. Definitive risk factors for anastomotic leaks in elective open colorectal resection. Arch Surg.2008;143:907-911; discussion 911-902.
94. Iancu C, et al. Host-related predictive factors for anastomotic leakage following large bowel resections for colorectal cancer. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis.2008;17:299-303.
95. Hayden DM, Mora Pinzon MC, Francescatti AB, Saclarides TJ. Patient factors may predict anastomotic complications after rectal cancer surgery: Anastomotic complications in rectal cancer. Ann Med Surg (Lond).2015;4:11-16.
96. Lai R, Lu Y, Li Q, Guo J, Chen G, Zeng W. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage following anterior resection for colorectal cancer: The effect of epidural analgesia on occurrence. Int J Colorectal Dis.2013;28:485-492.
97. Lujan JJ, Nemeth ZH, Barratt-Stopper PA, Bustami R, Koshenkov VP, Rolandelli RH. Factors influencing the outcome of intestinal anastomosis. Am Surg.2011;77:1169-1175.
98. Tadros T, Wobbes T, Hendriks T. Blood transfusion impairs the healing of experimental intestinal anastomoses. Ann Surg. 1992; 215:276-281.
99. Choi HK, Law WL, Ho JW. Leakage after resection and intraperitoneal anastomosis for colorectal malignancy: Analysis of risk factors. Dis Colon Rectum.2006;49:1719-1725.
100. Alves A, Panis Y, Pocard M, Regimbeau JM, Valleur P. Management of anastomotic leakage after nondiverted large bowel resection. J Am Coll Surg.1999;189:554-559.
101. Biondo S, et al. Anastomotic dehiscence after resection and primary anastomosis in left-sided colonic emergencies. Dis Colon Rectum.2005;48:2272-2280.
102. Makela JT, Kiviniemi H, Laitinen S. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after left-sided colorectal resection with rectal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum.2003;46:653-660.
103. Leichtle SW, Mouawad NJ, Welch KB, Lampman RM, Cleary RK. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after colectomy. Dis Colon Rectum.2012;55:569-575.
104. Konishi T, Watanabe T, Kishimoto J, Nagawa H. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after surgery for colorectal cancer: Results of prospective surveillance. J Am Coll Surg.2006;202:439-444.
105. Buchs NC, Gervaz P, Bucher P, Huber O, Mentha G, Morel P. Lessons learned from one thousand consecutive colonic resections in a teaching hospital. Swiss Med Wkly.2007;137:259-264.
106. Kolfschoten NE, et al. Nonelective colon cancer resections in elderly patients: Results from the dutch surgical colorectal audit. Dig Surg.2012;29:412-419.
107. Calin MD, Balalau C, Popa F, Voiculescu S, Scaunasu RV. Colic anastomotic leakage risk factors. J Med Life.2013;6:420-423.
108. Sjo OH, Larsen S, Lunde OC, Nesbakken A. Short term outcome after emergency and elective surgery for colon cancer. Colorectal Dis.2009;11:733-739.
109. Zielinski MD, Merchea A, Heller SF, You YN. Emergency management of perforated colon cancers: How aggressive should we be? J Gastrointest Surg.2011;15:2232-2238.
110. Lee YM, Law WL, Chu KW, Poon RT. Emergency surgery for obstructing colorectal cancers: A comparison between right-sided and left-sided lesions. J Am Coll Surg.2001;192:719-725.
111. Zorcolo L, Covotta L, Carlomagno N, Bartolo DC. Safety of primary anastomosis in emergency colo-rectal surgery. Colorectal Dis.2003;5:262-269.
112. Trenti L, et al. Generalized peritonitis due to perforated diverticulitis: Hartmann's procedure or primary anastomosis? Int J Colorectal Dis.2011;26:377-384.
113. McDermott FD, Collins D, Heeney A, Winter DC. Minimally invasive and surgical management strategies tailored to the severity of acute diverticulitis. Br J Surg.2014;101:e90-99.
114. Oberkofler CE, et al. A multicenter randomized clinical trial of primary anastomosis or Hartmann's procedure for perforated left colonic diverticulitis with purulent or fecal peritonitis. Ann Surg.2012;256:819-826; discussion 826-817.
115. Tresallet C, Royer B, Godiris-Petit G, Menegaux F. Effect of systemic corticosteroids on elective left-sided colorectal resection with colorectal anastomosis. Am J Surg.2008;195:447-451.
116. Slieker JC, et al. Long-term and perioperative corticosteroids in anastomotic leakage: A prospective study of 259 left-sided colorectal anastomoses. Arch Surg.2012;147:447-452.
117. Eriksen TF, Lassen CB, Gogenur I. Treatment with corticosteroids and the risk of anastomotic leakage following lower gastrointestinal surgery: A literature survey. Colorectal Dis. 2014; 16:O154-160.
118. Gorissen KJ, et al. Risk of anastomotic leakage with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2012; 99:721-727.
119. Burton TP, Mittal A, Soop M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anastomotic dehiscence in bowel surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum.2013;56:126-134.