Relationships among the energy, emergy, and money flows of the United States from 1900 to 2011

Frontiers in Energy Research

Volumn 2, Issue OCT, 2014, Pages

  Campbell, Daniel Elliott ^a   Lu, Hongfang ^b   Walker, Henry Allen ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b SOUTH CHINA INSTITUTE OF BOTANY   (China)

Author keywords

Emergy evaluation of the U.S.; Emergy of the energy consumed; Emergy to money ratios; Money supplies; Nominal and real GDP; Quality adjusted energy consumption

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942918136     PISSN: None     EISSN: 2296598X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00041     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Amiri, A., and Zibaei, M. (2012). Granger Causality Between Energy Use and Economic Growth in France with Using Geostatistical Models. Paper No. 36357 2012. Available at: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36357/1/MPRA_paper_36357.pdf MPRA
2. Argabright, M. S., Cronshey, R. G., Helms, J. D., Pavelis, G. A., and Sinclair, H. S. Jr. (1996). Historical Changes in Soil Erosion, 1930-1992, the Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Resource Economics and Social Sciences Division, Historical Notes Number 5. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
3. Ayres, R. U., Ayres, L. W., and Warr, B. (2003). Exergy, power and work in the US economy, 1900-1998. Energy 28, 219-273. doi: 10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00089-0
4. Bastianoni, S., Campbell, D. E., Ridolfi, R., and Pulselli, F. M. (2009). The transformity of petroleum fuels. Ecol. Model. 220, 40-50. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.09.003
5. Bastianoni, S., Campbell, D. E., Susani, L., and Tiezzi, E. (2005). The solar transformity of oil and petroleum natural gas. Ecol. Model. 186, 212-220. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.015
6. Beaudreau, B. C. (2010). On the methodology of energy-GDP Granger causality tests. Energy 35, 3535-3539. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.062
7. Brandt-Williams, S. L. (2002). Handbook of Emergy Evaluation, Folio #4, Emergy of Florida Agriculture. Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, 40.
8. Brandt-Williams, S. L., and Pillet, G. (2003). "Fertilizer co-products as agricultural emternalities: quantifying environmental services used in production of food," in Emergy Synthesis 2, Theory and Application of the Emergy Methodology, eds M. T. Brown, H. T. Odum, D. R. Tilley, and S. Ulgiati (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 327-338.
9. Brobst, D. A. (1973). "Barite," in United States Mineral Resources, USGS Professional Paper 820, eds D. A. Brobst and W. P. Pratt (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 75-84.
10. Brown, M. T. (2003). "Resource imperialism: emergy perspectives on sustainability, international trade, and balancing the welfare of nations," in Advances in Energy Studies: Reconsidering the Importance of Energy, eds. S. Ulgiati, M. T. Brown, M. Giampietro, R. A. Herendeen, and K. Mayumi (Padova: SGEditoriali), 135-149.
11. Brown, M. T., and Ulgiati, S. (2002). Emergy evaluations and environmental loading of electricity production systems. J. Clean. Prod. 10, 321-334. doi:10.1016/S0959-6526(01)00043-9
12. Brown, M. T., and Ulgiati, S. (2004). "Emergy analysis and environmental accounting," in Encyclopedia of Earth, Vol. 2, ed. C. J. Cleveland (New York: Elsevier Inc.), 229-253.
13. Buranakarn, V. (1998). Evaluation of Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials using Emergy Analysis Method. PhD. Dissertation. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 257.
14. Campbell, D. E. (1998). Emergy analysis of human carrying capacity and regional sustainability: an example using the state of Maine. Environ. Monit. Assess. 51, 531-569. doi:10.1023/A:1006043721115
15. Campbell, D. E. (2000). "A revised solar transformity for tidal energy received by the earth and dissipated globally: implications for emergy analysis," in Emergy Synthesis Theory and Application of the Emergy Methodology, eds M. T. Brown, S. L. Brandt-Williams, D. Tilley, and S. Ulgiati (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 255-263.
16. Campbell, D. E. (2001). Proposal for including what is valuable to ecosystems in environmental assessments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2867-2873. doi:10.1021/es001818n
17. Campbell, D. E. (2003). "Emergy analysis of the prehistoric global nitrogen cycle," in Emergy Synthesis 2, Theory and Application of the Emergy Methodology, eds M. T. Brown, H. T. Odum, D. R. Tilley, and S. Ulgiati (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 221-239.
18. Campbell, D. E., Brandt-Williams, S. L., and Meisch, M. E. A. (2005a). Environmental Accounting Using Emergy: Evaluation of the State of West Virginia. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 116.
19. Campbell, D. E., Brandt-Williams, S. L., and Cai, T. T. (2005b). "Current technical problems in emergy analysis," in Emergy Synthesis 3, Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Emergy Research Conference, eds M. T. Brown, E. Bardi, D. E. Campbell, V. Comar, S.-L. Huang, T. Rydberg, et al. (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 143-157.
20. Campbell, D. E., and Cai, T. T. (2007). "Emergy and economic value," in Emergy Synthesis 4, Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology, Proceedings of the 4th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, eds M. T. Brown, E. Bardi, D. E. Campbell, S.-L. Huang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, et al. (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 483.
21. Campbell, D. E., and Garmestani, A. S. (2012). An energy systems view of sustainability: emergy evaluation of the San Luis Basin, Colorado. J. Environ. Manage. 95, 72-97. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.028
22. Campbell, D. E., and Lu, H. F. (2009). "The emergy to money ratio of the United States from 1900 to 2007," in Emergy Synthesis 5, Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology, Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, eds M. T. Brown, S. Sweeney, D. E. Campbell, S.-L. Huang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, et al. (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 413-448.
23. Campbell, D. E., and Lu, H. F. (2014). Emergy evaluation of formal education in the United States: 1870 to 2011. Systems 2, 328-365. doi:10.3390/systems2030328
24. Campbell, D. E., Lu, H. F., and Kolb, K. (2011). "Emergy evaluation of educational attainment in the United States," in Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology, Proceedings of the 6th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, eds M. T. Brown, S. Sweeney, D. E. Campbell, S.-L. Huang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, et al. (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 483-500.
25. Campbell, D. E., Lu, H. F., and Lin, B.-L. (2014). Emergy evaluations of the global biogeochemical cycles of six biologically active elements and two compounds. Ecol. Model. 271, 32-51. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.01.013
26. Campbell, D. E., and Ohrt, A. (2009). Environmental Accounting Using Emergy: Evaluation of Minnesota. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 137.
27. Canadell, J. G., and Mooney, H. A. (2002). "Biological and ecological dimensions of global environmental change (in volume: the earth system biological and ecological dimensions of global environmental change)," in Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, eds H. A. Mooney, J. G. Canadell, and T. Munn (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons), 1-9. Available at: http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/global/pdf/pep/Canadell&Mooney2001.pdf
28. Cleveland, C. J., Costanza, R., Hall, C. A. S., and Kaufmann, R. (1984). Energy and the United States economy: a biophysical perspective. Science 225, 890-897. doi:10.1126/science.225.4665.890
29. Cleveland, C. J., Kaufmann, R. K., and Stern, D. I. (2000). Aggregation and the role of energy in the economy. Ecol. Econ. 32, 301-317. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00113-5
30. Cohen, M. J., Sweeney, S., and Brown, M. T. (2007). "Computing the unit emergy value of crustal elements," in Emergy Synthesis 4: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial Emergy Conference, eds M. T. Brown and E. Bardi (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida), 16to-11to.
31. Day, J. C., Janus, A., and Davis, J. (2005). "Computer and internet use in the United States: 2003," in Special Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S., Economics and Statistics Administration (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau). Available at: http://benton.org/sites/benton.org/files/internetuse2003.pdf
32. Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica 37, 424-438. doi:10.2307/1912791
33. Hall, C. A. S., Cleveland, C. J., and Kauffmann, R. K. (1986). Energy and Resource Quality: The Ecology of the Economic Process. New York: Wiley-InterScience.
34. Hall, C. A. S., Lambert, J. G., and Balogh, S. B. (2014). EROI of different fuels and the implications for society. Energy Policy 64, 141-152. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.049
35. Huang, B.-N., Hwang, M. J., and Yang, C. W. (2008). Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth revisited: a dynamic panel data approach. Ecol. Econ. 67, 41-54. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.006
36. Hubbert, M. K. (1949). Energy from fossil fuels. Science 109, 103-109. doi:10.1126/science.109.2823.103
37. Ko, J. Y., and Hall, C. A. S. (2003). "The correlation between GDP and both energy use and emergy use," in Emergy Synthesis 2: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology, Proceedings of the Second Biennial Emergy Conference, eds M. T. Brown, H. T. Odum, D. Tilley, and S. Ulgiati (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, Department Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida), 51-60.
38. Lee, C.-C. (2006). The causality relationship between energy consumption and GDP in G-11 countries revisited. Energy Policy 34, 1086-1093. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.04.023
39. Lotka, A. J. (1922a). Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 8, 147-151. doi:10.1073/pnas.8.6.147
40. Lotka, A. J. (1922b). Natural selection as a physical principle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 8, 151-154. doi:10.1073/pnas.8.6.151
41. Lu, H. F., Campbell, D. E., Chen, J., Qin, P., and Ren, H. (2007). Conservation and economic viability of nature reserves: an emergy evaluation of the Yancheng biosphere reserve. Biol. Conserv. 139, 415-438. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.014
42. Marceau, M. L., Nisbet, M. A., and VanGeem, M. G. (2006). Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Manufacture. Portland Cement Association R&D Serial No. 2095b. 68. Available at: http://www.nrmca.org/taskforce/item_2_talkingpoints/sustainability/sustainability/sn2095b%20-%20cement%20lci%202006.pdf
43. Menegaki, A. N. (2014). On energy consumption and GDP studies; a meta-analysis of the last two decades. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 29, 31-36. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.081
44. Morandi, F., Campbell, D. E., and Bastianoni, S. (2014). Set theory applied to uniquely to define the inputs to territorial systems in emergy analyses. Ecol. Model. 271, 149-157. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.01.005
45. Morandi, F., Campbell, D. E., Pulselli, R. M., and Bastianoni, S. (2013). Using the language of sets to describe nested systems in emergy evaluations. Ecol. Model. 265, 85-98. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.06.006
46. Narayan, P. K., and Popp, S. (2012). The energy consumption-real GDP nexus revisited: empirical evidence from 93 countries. Econ. Model. 29, 303-308. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2011.10.016
47. National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). (2010). 2007 National Resources Inventory, Soil Erosion on Cropland. Available at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_012269.pdf
48. Neame, K. D., and Richards, T. G. (1972). Elementary Kinetics of Membrane Transport. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
49. Nepal, S., and Campbell, E. (2013). "Emergy evaluation of landfills for methane generation, recoverability, and sustainability," in Emergy Synthesis 7: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology, Proceedings of the 7th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, eds M. T. Brown, S. Sweeney, D. E. Campbell, S.-L. Huang, D. Kang, T. Rydberg, et al. (Gainesville, FL: Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida), 197-210.
50. Nicolis, G., and Prigogine, I. (1977). Self Organization in Non-equilibrium Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
51. Odum, H. T. (1986). "Emergy (sic) in ecosystems," in Ecosystem Theory and Application, ed. N. Polunin (New York: John Wiley & Sons), 337-369.
52. Odum, H. T. (1988). Self organization, transformity, and information. Science 242, 1132-1139. doi:10.1126/science.242.4882.1132
53. Odum, H. T. (1996). Environmental Accounting, Emergy and Environmental Decision Making. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 370.
54. Odum, H. T. (2002). "Material circulation, energy hierarchy, and building construction," in Construction Ecology, eds C. J. Kibert, J. Sendzimir, and G. B. Guy (London: SPON Press), 37-71.
55. Odum, H. T., and Odum, E. C. (2000). Modeling for all Scales: An Introduction to System Simulation. San Diego: Academic Press.
56. Odum, H. T., and Odum, E. C. (2001). A Prosperous Way Down, Principles and Policies. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 326.
57. Odum, H.T. (1983). System Ecology: an Introduction. New York: Wiley, 644 [Reprinted (1994) as Ecological and General Systems. Boulder: University Press of Colorado].
58. Oh, W., and Lee, K. (2004). Causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP revisited; the case of Korea 1970-1999. Energy Econ. 26, 51-59. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00030-6
59. 2 emissions: 2013 Report. The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, European Commission Joint Research Centre. Available at: http://www.pbl.nl/en/publications/trends-in-global-co2-emissions-2013-report
60. Paoli, C., Vassallo, P., and Fabiano, M. (2008). Solar power: an approach to transformity evaluation. Ecol. Eng. 34, 191-206. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.08.005
61. Patterson, M. G. (2012). Are all processes equally efficient from an emergy perspective? Analysis of ecological and economic networks using matrix algebra methods. Ecol. Model. 226, 77-91. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.11.016
62. Pritchard, L. (2000). "Appendix A11B: transformities used in calculations," in Heavy Metals in the Environment, Using Wetlands for their Removal, ed. H. T. Odum (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers), 261-268.
63. Scienceman, D. M. (1987). "Energy and emergy," in Environmental Economics, eds G. Pillet and T. Murota (Geneva: Roland Leimgruber), 257-276.
64. Scienceman, D. M. (1992). "Emvalue and lavalue," in General Systems Approaches to Alternative Economics and Values, Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting, International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), ed. L. Peeno (Denver, CO: ISSS), 848-858.
65. Sgouridis, S. (2014). Defusing the energy trap: the potential of energy-denominated currencies to facilitate a sustainable energy transition. Front. Energy Res. 2:1-11. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2014.00008
66. Sims, C. (1972). Money, income, and causality. Am. Econ. Rev. 62, 540-552.
67. Smith, C. C. (1976). When and how to reproduce, the tradeoff between power and efficiency. Am. Zool. 16, 763-764.
68. Soytas, U., and Sari, R. (2003). Energy consumption and GDP: causality relationship in G-7 countries and emerging markets. Energy Econ. 25, 33-37. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(02)00009-9
69. Stern, D. I. (1993). Energy use and economic growth in the USA, a multivariate approach. Energy Econ. 15, 137-150. doi:10.1016/0140-9883(93)90033-N
70. Stern, D. I. (2000). A multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the US macroeconomy. Energy Econ. 22, 267-283. doi:10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00028-6
71. Stiglitz, J. E. (2010). Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. New York: W.W. Norton, 441.
72. Tilley, D. R. (2006). National metabolism and communications technology development in the United States: 1790 to 2000. Environ. Hist. Camb. 12, 165-190. doi:10.3197/096734006776680227
73. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2009). Summary Report: 2007 National Resources Inventory, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington, DC: Center for Survey Statistics and Methodology. [Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University, 123. This is an active site with similar information to (S1) and (S2)]. Available at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1041379.pdf
74. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2011). Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan, FY 2010-FY 2020. Washington, DC: USEPA. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/oaintrnt/documents/sspp2011.pdf
75. Von Foerster, H., Mora, P. M., and Amoit, L. W. (1960). Doomsday: Friday, 13 November, A.D. 2026. Science 132, 1291-1295. doi:10.1126/science.132.3436.1291
76. Watt, K. E. F. (1994). Letters to the editor. Ecol. Eng. 3, 83. doi:10.1016/0925-8574(94)90025-6
77. Weast, R. C. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.
78. Yildirim, E., Sukruoglu, E., and Aslan, A. (2014). Energy consumption and economic growth in the next 11 countries: the bootstrapped autoregressive metric causality approach. Energy Econ. 44, 14-21. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2014.03.010