메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 328-365

Emergy evaluation of formal education in the united states: 1870 to 2011

Author keywords

Emergy evaluation; Formal education; Teaching and learning; United States

Indexed keywords


EID: 84921462933     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20798954     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/systems2030328     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (49)
  • 2
    • 0000874614 scopus 로고
    • Contribution to the energetics of evolution
    • Lotka, A.J. Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1922, 8, 147–151.
    • (1922) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.8 , pp. 147-151
    • Lotka, A.J.1
  • 3
    • 0000874614 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection as a physical principle
    • Lotka, A.J. Natural selection as a physical principle. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1922, 8, 151–154.
    • (1922) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.8 , pp. 151-154
    • Lotka, A.J.1
  • 4
    • 0004254498 scopus 로고
    • Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, USA
    • Lotka, A.J. Physical Biology; Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, USA, 1925.
    • (1925) Physical Biology
    • Lotka, A.J.1
  • 5
    • 0003107189 scopus 로고
    • The biosphere and the noösphere
    • Vernadsky, V.I. The biosphere and the noösphere. Am. Sci. 1945, 33, 1–12.
    • (1945) Am. Sci , vol.33 , pp. 1-12
    • Vernadsky, V.I.1
  • 7
    • 64749109178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximizing empower on a human-dominated planet: The role of exotic Spartina
    • Campbell, D.E.; Lu, H.F.; Knox, G.A.; Odum, H.T. Maximizing empower on a human-dominated planet: The role of exotic Spartina. Ecol. Eng. 2009, 35, 463–486.
    • (2009) Ecol. Eng , vol.35 , pp. 463-486
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Lu, H.F.2    Knox, G.A.3    Odum, H.T.4
  • 9
    • 84887613373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy evaluations of the global biogeochemical cycles of six biologically active elements and two compounds
    • Campbell, D.E.; Lu, H.F.; Lin, B.L. Emergy evaluations of the global biogeochemical cycles of six biologically active elements and two compounds. Ecol. Model. 2014, 271, 32–51.
    • (2014) Ecol. Model , vol.271 , pp. 32-51
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Lu, H.F.2    Lin, B.L.3
  • 10
    • 0030588356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy analysis perspectives of Thailand and Mekong River dam proposals
    • Brown, M.T.; McClanahan, T.R. Emergy analysis perspectives of Thailand and Mekong River dam proposals. Ecol. Model. 1996, 91, 105–130.
    • (1996) Ecol. Model , vol.91 , pp. 105-130
    • Brown, M.T.1    McClanahan, T.R.2
  • 11
    • 0034928514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy measures of carrying capacity to evaluate economic investments
    • Brown, M.T.; Ulgiati, S. Emergy measures of carrying capacity to evaluate economic investments. Popul. Environ. 2001, 22, 471–501.
    • (2001) Popul. Environ , vol.22 , pp. 471-501
    • Brown, M.T.1    Ulgiati, S.2
  • 12
    • 67349242000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological and economic dynamics of the Shunde agricultural system under China’s small city development strategy
    • Lu, H.F.; Campbell, D.E. Ecological and economic dynamics of the Shunde agricultural system under China’s small city development strategy. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 90, 2589–2600.
    • (2009) J. Environ. Manag , vol.90 , pp. 2589-2600
    • Lu, H.F.1    Campbell, D.E.2
  • 13
    • 84867232377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biofuel vs. Biodiversity? Integrated emergy and economic cost-benefit evaluation of rice-ethanol production in Japan
    • Lu, H.F.; Lin, B.L.; Campbell, D.E.; Sagisaka, M.; Ren, H. Biofuel vs. Biodiversity? Integrated emergy and economic cost-benefit evaluation of rice-ethanol production in Japan. Energy 2012, 46, 442–450.
    • (2012) Energy , vol.46 , pp. 442-450
    • Lu, H.F.1    Lin, B.L.2    Campbell, D.E.3    Sagisaka, M.4    Ren, H.5
  • 15
    • 77951680775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USEPA Project Report, EPA/600/R-09/002, (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • Campbell, D.E.; Ohrt, A. Environmental Accounting Using Emergy: Evaluation of Minnesota; USEPA Project Report, EPA/600/R-09/002, 2009. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/nheerl/download_files/publications/MNEmergyEvalfinal2009_1_16.pdf (accessed on 2 April 2014).
    • (2009) Environmental Accounting Using Emergy: Evaluation of Minnesota
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Ohrt, A.2
  • 16
    • 85015435798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keeping the books for the environment and society: The unification of emergy and financial accounting methods
    • Campbell, D.E. Keeping the books for the environment and society: The unification of emergy and financial accounting methods. J. Environ. Account. Manag. 2013, 1, 25–41.
    • (2013) J. Environ. Account. Manag , vol.1 , pp. 25-41
    • Campbell, D.E.1
  • 17
    • 0011276263 scopus 로고
    • Living with complexity
    • 1987; Crafoord Lectures, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Stockholm, Sweden
    • Odum, H.T. Living with complexity. In Crafoord Prize in the Biosciences, 1987; Crafoord Lectures, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Stockholm, Sweden, 1987; pp. 19–85.
    • (1987) Crafoord Prize in the Biosciences , pp. 19-85
    • Odum, H.T.1
  • 18
    • 0000279106 scopus 로고
    • Self-organization, transformity, and information
    • Odum, H.T. Self-organization, transformity, and information. Science 1988, 242, 1132–1139.
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 1132-1139
    • Odum, H.T.1
  • 19
    • 85015357236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Emergy Basis for Formal Education in the United States
    • Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA, Presented at the 5th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2008
    • Campbell, D.E.; Lu, H.F. The Emergy Basis for Formal Education in the United States. In Emergy Synthesis 5, Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology; Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA, 2009. Presented at the 5th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2008.
    • (2009) Emergy Synthesis 5, Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Lu, H.F.2
  • 21
    • 84921479791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy in Labor—Approaches for Evaluating Knowledge
    • Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA, Presented at the 6th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2010
    • Bergquist, D.A.; Ingwersen, W.; Liebenow, D.K. Emergy in Labor—Approaches for Evaluating Knowledge. In Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology; Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida: Gainesville, FL, USA, 2011. Presented at the 6th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2010; pp. 501–507.
    • (2011) Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology , pp. 501-507
    • Bergquist, D.A.1    Ingwersen, W.2    Liebenow, D.K.3
  • 22
    • 77953229827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Ideas, inspiration, and designs for ecological engineering
    • Martin, J.F.; Roy, E.D.; Diemont, S.A.W.; Ferguson, B.G. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK): Ideas, inspiration, and designs for ecological engineering. Ecol. Eng. 2010, 36, 839–849.
    • (2010) Ecol. Eng , vol.36 , pp. 839-849
    • Martin, J.F.1    Roy, E.D.2    Diemont, S.A.W.3    Ferguson, B.G.4
  • 23
    • 27144508800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy evaluation of Lacandon Maya indigenous swidden agroforestry in Chiapas, Mexico
    • Diemont, S.A.W.; Martin, J.F.; Levy-Tacher, S.I. Emergy evaluation of Lacandon Maya indigenous swidden agroforestry in Chiapas, Mexico. Agroforestry Syst. 2006, 66, 23–42.
    • (2006) Agroforestry Syst , vol.66 , pp. 23-42
    • Diemont, S.A.W.1    Martin, J.F.2    Levy-Tacher, S.I.3
  • 24
    • 77954540571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human transformities in a global hierarchy: Emergy and scale in the production of people and culture
    • Abel, T. Human transformities in a global hierarchy: Emergy and scale in the production of people and culture. Ecol. Model. 2010, 221, 2112–2117.
    • (2010) Ecol. Model , vol.221 , pp. 2112-2117
    • Abel, T.1
  • 25
    • 84889881238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture in cycles: Considering H.T. Odum’s ‘information cycle’
    • Abel, T. Culture in cycles: Considering H.T. Odum’s ‘information cycle’. Int. J. Gen. Syst. 2013, 43, doi:10.1080/03081079.2013.852188.
    • (2013) Int. J. Gen. Syst , vol.43
    • Abel, T.1
  • 26
    • 0003447430 scopus 로고
    • University Press of Colorado: Niwot, CO, USA, Revised edition of Systems Ecology; Wiley: Malden, MA, USA, 1983
    • Odum, H.T. Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology; University Press of Colorado: Niwot, CO, USA, 1994. Revised edition of Systems Ecology; Wiley: Malden, MA, USA, 1983.
    • (1994) Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology
    • Odum, H.T.1
  • 27
    • 27644522053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy analysis and environmental accounting
    • Brown, M.T.; Ulgiati, S. Emergy analysis and environmental accounting. Encyclopedia Energ. 2004, 2, 1–25.
    • (2004) Encyclopedia Energ , vol.2 , pp. 1-25
    • Brown, M.T.1    Ulgiati, S.2
  • 29
    • 84862184529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Census Bureau. (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • U.S. Census Bureau. The 2012 Statistical Abstract: Earlier Editions. 2012. Available online: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/past_years.html (accessed on 2 April 2014).
    • (2012) The 2012 Statistical Abstract: Earlier Editions
  • 30
    • 20444450633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Dept. Commerce. 131st ed.; Sky Horse Publishing, Inc.: New York, NY, USA
    • U.S. Dept. Commerce. Statistical Abstracts of the United States: 2012–2013, 131st ed.; Sky Horse Publishing, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 143–192.
    • (2012) Statistical Abstracts of the United States: 2012–2013 , pp. 143-192
  • 31
    • 85012204043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ProQuest. Bernan, Rowman and Littlefield: Lanham, MD, USA
    • ProQuest. ProQuest Statistical Abstracts of the United States 2014; Bernan, Rowman and Littlefield: Lanham, MD, USA, 2014; pp. 155–205.
    • (2014) ProQuest Statistical Abstracts of the United States 2014 , pp. 155-205
  • 32
    • 0004047404 scopus 로고
    • National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education: Washington, DC, USA, (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • Snyder, T.D. 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait; National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education: Washington, DC, USA, 1993. Available online: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93442.pdf (accessed on 2 April 2014).
    • (1993) 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait
    • Snyder, T.D.1
  • 33
    • 85010969742 scopus 로고
    • Labor and Material Requirements for Federal Building Construction
    • (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • Olsen, J.G. Labor and Material Requirements for Federal Building Construction. Monthly Labor Review Productivity Reports. 1981; pp. 47–51. Available online: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/12/rpt2full.pdf (accessed on 2 April 2014).
    • (1981) Monthly Labor Review Productivity Reports , pp. 47-51
    • Olsen, J.G.1
  • 34
    • 85111467669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy and emergy as forces driving money flow in the United States from 1900 to 2011
    • submitted
    • Campbell, D.E.; Lu, H.F.; Walker, H. Energy and emergy as forces driving money flow in the United States from 1900 to 2011. Frontiers Energ. Syst. Pol. 2014, submitted.
    • (2014) Frontiers Energ. Syst. Pol
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Lu, H.F.2    Walker, H.3
  • 35
    • 77956880088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Emergy to Money Ratio of the United States from 1900 to 2007
    • Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Presented at the 5th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2008
    • Campbell, D.E.; Lu, H.F. The Emergy to Money Ratio of the United States from 1900 to 2007. In Emergy Synthesis 5, Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology; Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2009; pp. 413–448. Presented at the 5th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2008.
    • (2009) Emergy Synthesis 5, Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology , pp. 413-448
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Lu, H.F.2
  • 36
    • 85015414357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy Evaluation of Educational Attainment in the United States
    • Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Presented at the 6th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2010
    • Campbell, D.E.; Lu, H.F.; Kolb, K. Emergy Evaluation of Educational Attainment in the United States. In Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology; Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Ortega, E., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2011; pp. 483–500. Presented at the 6th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2010.
    • (2011) Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology , pp. 483-500
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Lu, H.F.2    Kolb, K.3
  • 37
    • 84941070797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy of the Occupations
    • Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Kang, D., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Presented at the 7th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2012
    • Campbell, D.E.; White, D.; Fonyo, C. Emergy of the Occupations. In Emergy Synthesis 7: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology; Brown, M.T., Sweeney, S., Campbell, D.E., Huang, S.L., Kang, D., Rydberg, T., Tilley, D.R., Ulgiati, S., Eds.; The Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2013; pp. 381–404. Presented at the 7th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, Gainesville, FL, USA, January 2012.
    • (2013) Emergy Synthesis 7: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology , pp. 381-404
    • Campbell, D.E.1    White, D.2    Fonyo, C.3
  • 38
    • 0345735957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergy analysis of the Oak Openings region
    • Higgins, J.B. Emergy analysis of the Oak Openings region. Ecol. Eng. 2003, 21, 75–109.
    • (2003) Ecol. Eng , vol.21 , pp. 75-109
    • Higgins, J.B.1
  • 39
    • 84899660269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPI Briefing Paper #216; Economic Policy Institute: Washington, DC, USA
    • Filardo, M. Good Buildings, Better Schools; EPI Briefing Paper #216; Economic Policy Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2008.
    • (2008) Good Buildings, Better Schools
    • Filardo, M.1
  • 40
    • 48849090649 scopus 로고
    • Reinhold Publishing Corporation: New York, NY, USA, (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • Dober, R.P. Campus Planning; Reinhold Publishing Corporation: New York, NY, USA, 1962. Available online: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=54331549 (accessed on 2 April 2014).
    • (1962) Campus Planning
    • Dober, R.P.1
  • 41
    • 38849123270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GIS analysis of urban schoolyard land cover in three U.S. cities
    • Schulman, A.; Peters, C.A. GIS analysis of urban schoolyard land cover in three U.S. cities. Urban Ecosyst. 2008, 11, 65–80.
    • (2008) Urban Ecosyst , vol.11 , pp. 65-80
    • Schulman, A.1    Peters, C.A.2
  • 42
    • 85111433959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy Information Administration (EIA). Release Date: 26 February (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • Energy Information Administration (EIA). Monthly Energy Review (MER)—Long-Term Historical Statistics All in One Place. Release Date: 26 February 2014. Available online: http://www.eia. gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/(accessed on 2 April 2014).
    • (2014) Monthly Energy Review (MER)—Long-Term Historical Statistics All in One Place
  • 43
    • 84883631820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy Information Administration (EIA). (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • Energy Information Administration (EIA). Historical Data. Available online: http://www.wou. edu/las/physci/GS361/electricity%20generation/US_consumption_1635-1945.htm (accessed on 2 April 2014).
    • Historical Data
  • 44
    • 85111459738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy Information Administration. (accessed on 2 April 2014)
    • Energy Information Administration. Available online: http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/showtext.cfm?t=ptb0209 (accessed on 2 April 2014).
  • 45
    • 85111437367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapter 5. Emergy
    • EPA/600/R-10/182; Heberling, M.T., Hopton, M.E., Eds.; USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory: Cincinnati, OH, USA
    • Campbell, D.E.; Garmestani, A.S.; Hopton, M.E. Chapter 5. Emergy. In San Luis Basin Sustainability Metrics Project: A Methodology for Evaluation Regional Sustainability; EPA/600/R-10/182; Heberling, M.T., Hopton, M.E., Eds.; USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2010; pp. 77–162.
    • (2010) San Luis Basin Sustainability Metrics Project: A Methodology for Evaluation Regional Sustainability , pp. 77-162
    • Campbell, D.E.1    Garmestani, A.S.2    Hopton, M.E.3
  • 46
    • 0017490668 scopus 로고
    • Energy cost of building construction
    • Stein, R.G. Energy cost of building construction. Energ. Build. 1977, 1, 27–29.
    • (1977) Energ. Build , vol.1 , pp. 27-29
    • Stein, R.G.1
  • 47
    • 0043014613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building: modeling challenges and design implications
    • Scheuer, C.; Keoleian, G.A.; Reppe, P. Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building: modeling challenges and design implications. Energ. Build. 2003, 35, 1049–1064.
    • (2003) Energ. Build , vol.35 , pp. 1049-1064
    • Scheuer, C.1    Keoleian, G.A.2    Reppe, P.3
  • 48
    • 85111465399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed 2 April 2014)
    • Arnold, A. Energy Use during Construction. Available online: http://www.google.com/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2F region5.ascweb.org%2Farnold%2520ppoint.ppt&ei=y-YYU5K7NIHM0wG064HQAg&usg=AF QjCNHzTJ1SFJFai1ey0AZzN8ASqTX-tA&bvm=bv.62577051,d.dmQ (accessed 2 April 2014).
    • Energy Use during Construction
    • Arnold, A.1
  • 49
    • 43149120880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from experience or learning from others? Inferring informal training from a human capital earnings function with matched employer-employee data
    • Destre, G.; Levy-Garboua, L.; Sollogoub, M. Learning from experience or learning from others? Inferring informal training from a human capital earnings function with matched employer-employee data. J. Socio-Econ. 2008, 37, 919–938.
    • (2008) J. Socio-Econ , vol.37 , pp. 919-938
    • Destre, G.1    Levy-Garboua, L.2    Sollogoub, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.