Heart and vessels: Function during exercise and response to training

Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 699-727

  Poole, David C ^a   Erickson, Howard H ^a  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942872878     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-2671-3.50036-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (184)

1. Pratt GW Clocking the fastest horses on earth. Quarter Racing J 1991, 4:36-40.
2. Jones JH, Lindstedt SL Limits to maximal performance. Ann Rev Physiol 1993, 55:547-569.
3. Weibel ER The pathway for oxygen: structure and function in the mammalian respiratory system 1984, 399-404. Harvard University Press, London.
4. Lindstedt SL, Hokanson JF, Wells DJ, et al. Running energetics in the pronghorn antelope. Nature 1991, 353:748-750.
5. Young LE, Marlin DJ, Deaton C, et al. Heart size estimated by echocardiography correlates with maximal oxygen uptake. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002, 34:467-471.
6. Lyons AS, Petrucelli RJ Medicine: an illustrated history 1987, 603. Harry N Abrams, New York.
7. Derman KD, Noakes TD Comparative aspects of exercise physiology. The athletic horse 1994, 15. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. D.R. Hodgson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
8. Gunn HM Muscle, bone and fat proportions and muscle distribution of Thoroughbreds and other horses. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 253-264. ICEEP, Davis. CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
9. Kearns CF, McKeever KH, John-Adler H, et al. Relationship between body composition, blood volume and maximal oxygen uptake. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002, 34:485-490.
10. Wagner PD, Erickson BK, Seaman J, et al. Effects of altered FIO on maximum VO in the horse. Respir Physiol 1996, 105:123-134.
11. Knight DR, Schaffartzik W, Poole DC, et al. Effects of hyperoxia on maximal leg O supply and utilization in men. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75:2586-2594.
12. McDonough P, Kindig CA, Hildreth T, et al. Effect of body incline on cardiac performance. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002, 34:506-509.
13. Stray-Gundersen J, Musch TI, Haidet GC, et al. The effect of pericardiectomy on maximal oxygen consumption and maximal cardiac output in untrained dogs. Circ Res 1986, 58:523-530.
14. Hammond HK, White FC, Bhargava V, Shabetai R Heart size and maximal cardiac output are limited by the pericardium. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:H1675-H1681.
15. Andersen P, Saltin B Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J Physiol 1985, 366:233-249.
16. Richardson RS, Poole DC, Knight DR, et al. High muscle blood flow in man: is maximal O extraction compromized?. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75:1911-1916.
17. Gledhill N Blood doping and related issues: a brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982, 14:183-189.
18. Wagner PD, Hoppeler H, Saltin B Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake. The lung: scientific foundations 1997, 2033-2041. Lippincott-Raven, New York. 2nd edn. R.G. Crystal, J.B. West, P.J. Barnes (Eds.).
19. Hoppeler H, Weibel ER Limits for oxygen and substrate transport in mammals. J Exp Biol 1998, 201:1051-1064.
20. Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, et al. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation 1994, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 2nd edn.
21. Saltin B, Blomqvist G, Mitchell JH, et al. Response to exercise after bed rest and after training. Circulation 1968, 38(VII):1-78.
22. Webb AI, Weaver BMQ Body composition of the horse. Equine Vet J 1979, 11:39-47.
23. Rose RJ, Hendrikson DK, Knight PK Clinical exercise testing in the normal thoroughbred race horse. Aust Vet J 1990, 67:345-348.
24. Snow DH, Valberg SJ Muscle anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise. The athletic horse 1994, 145-179. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. D.R. Hodgson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
25. Kubo K, Senta T, Sugimoto O Relationship between training and heart in the Thoroughbred race horse. Exp Rep Equine Health Lab 1974, 11:87-93.
26. Evans DL, Rose RJ Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise in thoroughbred horses. J Exp Biol 1988, 134:397-408.
27. Haun M The X factor. What it is and how to find it 1997, Russell Meerdink, Neenah, WI.
28. Kline H, Foreman JH Heart and spleen weights as a function of breed and somatotype. Equine Exerc Physiol 1991, 3:17-21.
29. Gross DR, Muir WM, Pipers FS, Hamlin RL Reevaluation of the equine heart score. South West Vet 1974, 27:231-233.
30. Leadon DP, Cunningham EP, Mahon GA, Todd AJ Heart score and performance ability in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 1982, 14:89-90.
31. Leadon DP, McAllister H, Mullins E, Osborne M Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic measurements and their relationships in Thoroughbred yearlings to subsequent performance. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 22-29. ICEEP, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcot (Eds.).
32. Hanson CM, Kline KH, Foreman JH Measurements of heart scores and heart weights in horses of two different morphic types. Comp Biochem Physiol 1993, 108A:175-178.
33. Sampson SN, Tucker RL, Bayly WM Relationship between VO 2max, heart score and echocardiographic measurements obtained at rest and immediately following maximal exercise in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 30:190-194.
34. Steel JD, Beilharz RG, Stewart GA, et al. The inheritance of heart score in race horses. Aust Vet J 1977, 53:306-309.
35. Persson SGB, Ekman L, Lydin G, et al. Circulatory effects of splenectomy in the horse. II. Effect on plasma volume and total and circulating red-cell volume. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1973, 20:456-468.
36. Moore J Nature's supercharger. Equus 1994, 198:30-34.
37. Wagner PD, Erickson BK, Kubo K, et al. Maximum oxygen transport and utilisation before and after splenectomy. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995, 18:82-85.
38. Persson SGB, Bergsten G Circulatory effects of splenectomy in the horse. IV. Effect on blood flow and blood lactate at rest and during exercise. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1975, 22:801-807.
39. Persson SGB On blood volume and working capacity. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1967, 19:1-189.
40. Altman PL, Dittmer DS Biology data book 1974, 2:1847. FASEB, Bethesda, MD. 2nd edn.
41. Erickson HH Exercise physiology. Dukes physiology of domestic animals 1993, 305. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 11th edn. M.J. Swenson, W.O. Reece (Eds.).
42. Mathieu-Costello O, Hoppeler H, Weibel ER Capillary tortuosity in skeletal muscles of mammals depends on muscle contraction. J Appl Physiol 1989, 66:1436-1442.
43. Ishikawa H, Sawada H, Yamada E Surface and internal morphology of skeletal muscle. Handbook of physiology. Section 10: skeletal muscle 1983, 1-22. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD. L.D. Peachy, R.H. Adrian, S.R. Geiger (Eds.).
44. Poole DC, Mathieu-Costello O Relationship between fiber capillarization and mitochondrial volume density in control and trained rat soleus and plantaris muscles. Microcirculation 1996, 3:175-186.
45. Saltin B, Gollnick PD Skeletal muscle adaptability: significance for metabolism and performance. Handbook of physiology. Section 10: skeletal muscle 1983, 555-631. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD.
46. Armstrong RB, Essen-Gustavsson B, Hoppeler H, et al. O 2 delivery at VO 2max and oxidative capacity in muscles of standardbred horses. JAppl Physiol 1992, 73:2274-2282.
47. Robinson NE Respiratory function. Textbook of veterinary physiology 2002, 481. WB Saunders, London. 3rd edn. J.G. Cunningham (Ed.).
48. West JB Respiratory physiology 1995, 36-37. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 4th edn.
49. Birks EK, Mathieu-Costello O, Fu Z, et al. Comparative aspects of the strength of pulmonary capillaries in rabbit, dog, and horse. Respir Physiol 1994, 97:235-246.
50. Constantinopol M, Jones JH, Weibel ER, et al. Oxygen transport during exercise in large mammals. II. Oxygen uptake by the pulmonary gas exchanger. J Appl Physiol 1989, 67:871-878.
51. Hlastala MP, Bernard SL, Erickson HH, et al. Pulmonary blood flow distribution in standing horses is not dominated by gravity. J Appl Physiol 1996, 81:1051-1061.
52. Pelletier N, Robinson NE, Kaiser L, et al. Regional differences in endothelial function in horse lungs: possible role in blood flow distribution?. J Appl Physiol 1998, 85:537-542.
53. Evans DL The cardiovascular system: anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and training. The athletic horse 1994, 129-144. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. D.R. Hodgson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
54. Bayly WM, Gabel AA, Barr SA Cardiovascular effects of submaximal aerobic training on a treadmill in Standardbred horses using a standardized exercise test. Am J Vet Res 1983, 44:544-553.
55. Parks CM, Manohar M Distribution of blood flow during moderate and strenuous exercise in ponies ( Equus caballus). Am J Vet Res 1983, 44:1861-1866.
56. Thomas DP, Fregin GF, Gerber NH, Ailes NB Effects of training on cardiorespiratory function in the horse. Am J Physiol 1983, 245:R160-R165.
57. Evans DL, Rose RJ Dynamics of cardiorespiratory function in standardbred horses during constant load exercise. J Comp Physiol [B] 1988, 157:791-799.
58. Hamlin RL, Klepinger WL, Gilpin KW, et al. Autonomic control of heart rate in the horse. Am J Physiol 1972, 222:976-978.
59. Betros CL, McKeever KH, Kearns CF, et al. Effects of aging and training on maximal heart rate and VO 2max. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002, 34:100-105.
60. Astrand P-O, Rodahl K Textbook of work physiology 1986, McGraw-Hill, New York. 3rd edn.
61. Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications 1996, Mayfield Publishing, London. 2nd edn.
62. Rose RJ, Evans DL Cardiovascular and respiratory function in the athletic horse. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 1-24. ICEEP, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
63. Kindig CA, McDonough P, Erickson HH, et al. Effect of L-NAME on oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy intensity exercise in the horse. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:891-896.
64. Kindig CA, McDonough P, Erickson HH, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition speeds oxygen uptake kinetics in horses during moderate domain running. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 2002, 132:169-178.
65. Lindholm A, Saltin B The physiological and biochemical response of standardbred horses to exercise of varying speed and duration. Acta Vet Scand 1974, 15:310-324.
66. Thomas DP, Fregin GF Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to treadmill exercise in the horse. J Appl Physiol 1981, 50:864-868.
67. Evans DL, Rose RJ Maximal oxygen consumption in race horses: changes with training state and prediction from submaximal indices of cardiorespiratory function. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 52-67. ICEEP, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
68. Thomas DP, Fregin GF Cardiorespiratory drift during exercise in the horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 1990, 9:61-65.
69. Langsetmo I, Weigle GE, Fedde MR, et al. VO 2 kinetics in the horse at moderate and heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:1235-1241.
70. Stephenson RB Cardiovascular physiology. Textbook of veterinary physiology 2002, 109-219. WB Saunders, New York. 3rd edn. J.G. Cunningham (Ed.).
71. Fedde MR, Erickson HH Increase in blood viscosity in the sprinting horse: can it account for the high pulmonary arterial pressure?. Equine Vet J 1998, 30:329-334.
72. Kindig CA, Quackenbush D, Gallatin LL, et al. Cardiorespiratory impact of nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the exercising horse. Respir Physiol 2000, 120:151-166.
73. Davis JL, Manohar M Effect of splenectomy on exercise-induced pulmonary and systemic hypertension in ponies. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:1169-1172.
74. Erickson BK, Erickson HH, Coffman JR Pulmonary artery, aortic and oesophageal pressure changes during high-intensity treadmill exercise in the horse: a possible relation to exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine Vet J Suppl 1990, 9:47-52.
75. Jones JH, Smith BL, Tyler WS, et al. Why do horses bleed? Source and cause of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. In: Clarke AF, ed. Proceedings of the International Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage Conference. Guelph: Equine Research Center; 1993; 23-24.
76. Kindig CA, Erickson HH, Poole DC Dissociation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary artery pressure via nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Equine Vet Sci 2000, 20:715-721.
77. Kindig CA, McDonough P, Finley MR, et al. Nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary hypertension but not hemorrhage in maximally exercising horses. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:2674-2680.
78. Kindig CA, McDonough P, Fenton G, et al. Efficacy of nasal strip and furosemide in mitigating exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:1396-1400.
79. Hopper MK, Pieschl RL, Pelletier NG, et al. Cardiopulmonary effects of acute blood volume alteration prior to exercise. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 3:9-16. ICEEP, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcot (Eds.).
80. Olsen SC, Coyne CP, Lowe BS, et al. Influence of furosemide on hemodynamic responses during exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 1992, 53:742-747.
81. Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH Frusemide. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995, 18:256-258.
82. Langsetmo I, Weigle GE, Erickson HH, et al. Influence of frusemide on dynamic cardiac variables during exercise. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 30:170-173.
83. Bernard SL, Glenny RW, Erickson HH, et al. Minimal redistribution of pulmonary blood flow with exercise in race horses. J Appl Physiol 1996, 81:1062-1070.
84. Wagner PD, Gillespie JR, Landgren GL, et al. Mechanism of exercise-induced hypoxemia in horses. J Appl Physiol 1989, 66:1227-1233.
85. Karas RH, Taylor CR, Jones JH, et al. Adaptive variation in the mammalian respiratory system in relation to energetic demand. VII. Flow of oxygen across the pulmonary gas exchanger. Respir Physiol 1987, 69:101-115.
86. McDonough P, Kindig CA, Erickson HH, et al. Mechanistic basis for the gas exchange threshold in the Thoroughbred horse. J Appl Physiol 2002, 92:1499-1505.
87. Seaman J, Erickson BK, Kubo K, et al. Exercise induced ventilation/perfusion inequality in the horse. Equine Vet J 1995, 27:104-109.
88. Burrell MH Endoscopic and virologic observations on respiratory disease in a group of young Thoroughbred horses in training. Equine Vet J 1985, 17:99-103.
89. Hillidge CJ, Lane TJ, Johnson EL Preliminary investigations of EIPH in racing Quarter Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 1984, 4:21-23.
90. Lapointe JM, Vrins A, McCarvill E A survey of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Quebec Standardbred race horses. Equine Vet J 1994, 26:482-485.
91. Mason DK, Collins EA, Watkins KL Respiratory system. Equine exercise physiology 1983, 57-63. Granta Editions, Cambridge. D.H. Snow, S.G.B. Persson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
92. Raphel CF, Soma LR Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. Am J Vet Res 1982, 43:1123-1127.
93. Erickson HH, Poole DC Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Equine respiratory diseases 2002, International Veterinary Information Services, Ithaca, B0320.0102. P. Lekeux (Ed.).
94. Fu Z, Costello ML, Tsukimoto K, et al. High lung volume increases stress failure in pulmonary capillaries. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73:123-133.
95. Erickson HH, McAvoy JL, Westfall JA Exercise-induced changes in the lung of Shetland ponies: ultrastructure and morphometry. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1997, 29:65-72.
96. West JB, Mathieu-Costello O, Jones JH, et al. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in race horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75:1097-1109.
97. West JB, Mathieu-Costello O Structure, strength, failure, and remodeling of the pulmonary blood-gas barrier. Annu Rev Physiol 1999, 61:543-572.
98. Poole DC, Kindig CA, Fenton G, et al. Effects of external nasal support on pulmonary gas exchange and EIPH in the horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2000, 20:579-585.
99. Cook WR, Williams RM, Kirker-Head CA, et al. Upper airway obstruction (partial asphyxia) as the possible cause of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the horse: an hypothesis. Equine Vet Sci 1988, 8:11-26.
100. Fedde MR, Wood SC Rheological characteristics of horse blood: significance during exercise. Respir Physiol 1993, 94:323-335.
101. Schroter RC, Marlin DJ, Denny E Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses results from locomotory impact induced trauma - a novel, unifying concept. Equine Vet J 1998, 30:186-192.
102. Manohar M, Hutchens E, Coney E Pulmonary hemodynamics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Br Vet J 1993, 149:419-428.
103. Erickson HH A review of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and new concepts for prevention. Proc Am Assoc Equine Practs 2000, 46:193-196.
104. Young LE, Wood JLN Effect of age and training on murmurs of atrioventricular valvular regurgitation in young Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 2000, 32:195-199.
105. Langsetmo I, Fedde MR, Meyer TS, et al. Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses. Equine Vet J 2000, 32:379-384.
106. Erickson HH, Hildreth TS, Poole DC, et al. Management of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in non-racing performance horses. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 2001, 23:1090-1093.
107. Geor RJ, Ommundson L, Fenton G, et al. Effects of an external nasal strip and furosemide on pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds following high-intensity exercise. Equine Vet J 2001, 33:577-584.
108. Holcombe SJ, Cornelisse CJ, Derksen FJ, et al. The effect of FLAIR nasal strips on upper airway mechanics in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res 2002, 63:1101-1105.
109. Shoemaker JK, Hughson RL Adaptation of blood flow during the rest to work transition in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31:1019-1026.
110. Rowell LB, Saltin B, Kiens B, et al. Is peak quadriceps blood flow in humans even higher during exercise with hypoxemia?. Am J Physiol 1986, 251:H1038-H1044.
111. Mitchell JH, Kaufman MP, Iwamoto GA The pressor reflex: its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. Annu Rev Physiol 1983, 45:229-242.
112. Rowell LB, O'Leary DS Reflex control of the circulation during exercise: chemoreflexes and mechanoreflexes. J Appl Physiol 1990, 69:407-418.
113. Rowell LB Human cardiovascular control 1993, 255-288. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
114. Laughlin MH, McAllister RM, Delp MD Heterogeneity of blood flow in skeletal muscle. The lung: scientific foundations 1997, 1945-1955. Raven Press, New York. R.G. Crystal, J.B. West, E.R. Weibel (Eds.).
115. Duling BR, Dora K Control of striated muscle blood flow. The lung: scientific foundations 1997, 1935-1943. Raven Press, New York. R.G. Crystal, J.B. West, E.R. Weibel (Eds.).
116. Bergsten G Blood pressure, cardiac output and blood gas tension in the horse at rest and during exercise. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1974, 48:1-88.
117. Hornicke H, von Engelhardt W, Ehrlein HJ Effect of exercise on systemic blood pressure and heart rate in horses. Pflugers Arch 1977, 372:95-99.
118. Segal SS Integration of blood flow control to skeletal muscle: key role of feed arteries. Acta Physiol Scand 2000, 168:511-518.
119. Hughson RL, Tschakovsky ME, Houston ME Regulation of oxygen consumption at the onset of exercise. Exer Sport Sci Rev 2001, 29:129-133.
120. Manohar M Vasodilator reserve in respiratory muscles during maximal exertion in ponies. J Appl Physiol 1986, 60:571-1577.
121. Manohar M Costal vs. crural diaphragmatic blood flow during submaximal and near-maximal exercise in ponies. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:1514-1519.
122. Manohar M Inspiratory and expiratory muscle perfusion in maximally exercised ponies. J Appl Physiol 1990, 68:544-548.
123. Manohar M Blood flow in respiratory muscles during maximal exertion in ponies with laryngeal hemiplegia. J Appl Physiol 1987, 62:229-237.
124. Harms CA, Wetter TJ, McClaran SR, et al. Effects of respiratory muscle work on cardiac output and its distribution during maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 1998, 85:609-618.
125. Poole DC, Mathieu-Costello O Analysis of capillary geometry in rat sub-epicardium and sub-endocardium. Am J Physiol 1990, 259:H204-H210.
126. Manohar M, Goetz TE, Hutchens E, et al. Atrial and ventricular myocardial blood flows in horses at rest and during exercise. Am J Vet Res 1994, 55:1464-1469.
127. Manohar M Transmural coronary vasodilator reserve and flow distribution during maximal exercise in normal and splenectomized ponies. J Physiol 1987, 387:425-440.
128. Knight DR, Poole DC, Schaffartzik W, et al. Relationship between body and leg VO 2 during maximal cycle ergometry. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73:1114-1121.
129. Poole DC, Gaesser GA, Hogan MC, et al. Pulmonary and leg VDO during submaximal exercise: implications for muscular efficiency. J Appl Physiol 1992, 72:805-810.
130. Laughlin MH, Korthuis RJ, Duncker DJ, et al. Control of blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle during exercise. Handbook of physiology 1996, 705-769. Oxford University Press, New York. L.B. Rowell, J.T. Shepherd (Eds.).
131. Poole DC Influence of exercise training on skeletal muscle oxygen delivery and utilization. The lung: scientific foundations 1997, 1957-1967. Raven Press, New York. R.G. Crystal, J.B. West, E.R. Weibel (Eds.).
132. Delp MD Control of skeletal muscle perfusion at the onset of dynamic exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31:1011-1018.
133. Wunsch SA, Muller-Delp J, Delp MD Time course of vasodilatory responses in skeletal muscle arterioles: role in hyperemia at onset of exercise. Am J Physiol 2000, 279:H1715-H1723.
134. Kindig CA, Richardson TE, Poole DC Skeletal muscle capillary hemodynamics from rest to contractions: implications for oxygen transfer. J Appl Physiol 2002, 92:2513-2520.
135. Sheriff DD, Hakeman AL Role of speed vs. grade in relation to muscle pump function at locomotion onset. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:269-276.
136. Berg BR, Cohen KD, Sarelius IH Direct coupling between blood flow and metabolism at the capillary level in striated muscle. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:H2693-H2700.
137. Musch TI, McAllister RM, Symons JD, et al. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on vascular conductance during high speed treadmill exercise in rats. Exp Physiol 2001, 86:749-757.
138. Shen W, Xu X, Ochoa M, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of oxygen consumption in conscious dogs. Circ Res 1994, 75:1086-1095.
139. Honig CR, Gayeski TEJ, Groebe K Myoglobin and oxygen gradients. The lung: scientific foundations 1997, 1925-1933. Raven Press, New York. R.G. Crystal, J.B. West, E.R. Weibel (Eds.).
140. Wagner PD Determinants of maximal oxygen transport and utilization. Ann Rev Physiol 1996, 58:21-50.
141. Poole DC, Musch TI Pulmonary and peripheral gas exchange during exercise. Pulmonary and peripheral gas exchange in health and disease 2000, 469-523. Marcel Dekker, New York. J. Roca, R. Rodriguez-Roisin, P.D. Wagner (Eds.).
142. Poole DC, Mathieu-Costello O Capillary and fiber geometry in rat diaphragm perfusion fixed in situ at different sarcomere lengths. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73:151-159.
143. Poole DC, Musch TI, Kindig CA In vivo microvascular structural and functional consequences of muscle length changes. Am JPhysiol 1997, 272:H2107-H2114.
144. Federspiel WJ, Popel AS A theoretical analysis of the effect of the particulate nature of blood on oxygen release in capillaries. Microvasc Res 1986, 32:164-189.
145. Holloszy JO, Coyle EF Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 1984, 56:831-838.
146. Weibel ER Understanding the limitation of O 2 supply through comparative physiology. Respir Physiol 1999, 118:85-93.
147. Hogan MC, Bebout DE, Wagner PD, et al. Maximal O 2 uptake of in situ dog muscle during acute hypoxemia with constant perfusion. J Appl Physiol 1990, 69:570-576.
148. Roca J, Hogan MC, Story D, et al. Evidence for tissue diffusion limitation of Vo 2max in normal humans. J Appl Physiol 1989, 67:291-299.
149. Bebout DE, Hogan MC, Hempleman SC, et al. Effects of training and immobilization on VO 2 and DO 2 in dog gastrocnemius muscle in situ. J Appl Physiol 1993, 74:1697-1703.
150. Knight PK, Sinha AK, Rose RJ Effects of training intensity on maximum oxygen uptake. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 77-82. ICEEP, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, L.B. Jeffcott (Eds.).
151. Roca J, Agusti AG, Alonso A, et al. Effects of training on muscle O 2 transport at VO 2max. J Appl Physiol 1992, 73:1067-1076.
152. Young LE Cardiac responses to training in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds: an echocardiographic study. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 30:195-198.
153. Scheuer J, Tipton CM Cardiovascular adaptations to physical training. Annu Rev Physiol 1977, 39:221-225.
154. Schiable TF, Scheuer J Cardiac adaptations to chronic exercise. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985, 27:297-324.
155. McKeever KH, Schurg WA, Jarrett SH, et al. Exercise training induced hypervolemia in the horse. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987, 19:21-27.
156. Freeman GL, LeWinter MM Pericardial adaptations during chronic cardiac dilation in dogs. Circ Res 1984, 54:294-300.
157. Lee M-C, Le Winter MM, Freeman G, et al. Biaxial mechanical properties of the pericardium in normal and volume overload dogs. Am J Physiol 1985, 249:H222-H230.
158. Evans DL, Rose RJ Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to submaximal exercise training in the thoroughbred horse. Pflugers Arch 1988, 411:316-321.
159. Eaton MD, Hodgson DR, Evans DL, et al. Effects of low- and moderate-intensity training on metabolic responses to exercise in Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999, 30:521-527.
160. Katz LM, Bayly WM, Roeder MJ, et al. Effects of training on oxygen consumption of ponies. Am J Vet Res 2000, 61:986-991.
161. Tyler CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations to prolonged training, overtraining and detraining in horses. Pflugers Arch 1998, 436:391-397.
162. McKeever KH, Scali R, Geiser S, et al. Plasma aldosterone concentration and renal sodium excretion are altered during the first days of training. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002, 34:524-531.
163. Foreman JH, Bayly WM, Grant BD, et al. Standardized exercise test and daily heart rate responses of thoroughbreds undergoing conventional race training and detraining. Am J Vet Res 1990, 51:914-920.
164. Essen-Gustavsson B, McMiken D, Karlstrom K, et al. Muscular adaptation of horses during intensive training and detraining. Equine Vet J 1989, 21:27-33.
165. Serrano AL, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero J-LL Early and long-term changes of equine skeletal muscle in response to endurance training and detraining. Pflugers Arch 2000, 441:263-274.
166. Rivero JL, Ruz MC, Serrano AL, et al. Effects of a 3 month endurance training programme on skeletal muscle histochemistry in Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses. Equine Vet J 1995, 27:51-59.
167. Essen-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A Muscle fiber characteristics of active and inactive Standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 1985, 17:434-438.
168. Guy PS, Snow DH The effect of training and detraining on muscle composition in the horse. J Physiol (Lond) 1977, 269:33-51.
169. Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Dimauro J, et al. Effects of training on muscle composition in horses. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:12-15.
170. Lovell DK, Rose RJ Changes in skeletal muscle composition in response to interval and high intensity training. Equine exercise physiology 3 1991, 215-222. ICEEP, Davis, CA. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm, L.B. Jeffcot (Eds.).
171. Straub R, Dettwiler M, Hoppeler H, et al. The use of morphometry and enzyme activity measurements in skeletal muscles for the assessment of the working capacity of horses. Equine exercise physiology 1983, 193-199. Granata, Cambridge. D.H. Snow, S.G.B. Persson, R.J. Rose (Eds.).
172. Courouce CA, Chretien M, Valette JP Physiological variables measured under field conditions according to age and state of training in French trotters. Equine Vet J 2002, 34:91-97.
173. Sexton WL, Erickson HH, Coffman JR Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to exercise in the Quarter Horse: effects of training. Equine exercise physiology 2 1987, 77-91. ICEEP, Davis, CA. J.R. Gillespie, N.E. Robinson (Eds.).
174. Evans DL, Rainger JR, Hodgson DR, et al. The effects of intensity and duration of training on blood lactate concentrations during and after exercise. Equine Vet J Suppl 1995, 18:422-425.
175. Saltin B, Rowell LB Functional adaptations to physical activity and inactivity. Fed Proc 1980, 39:1506-1513.
176. Hudlicka O, Brown M, Egginton S Angiogenesis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Physiol Rev 1992, 72:369-417.
177. Poole DC, Mathieu-Costello O, West JB Capillary tortuosity in rat soleus muscle is not affected by endurance training. Am J Physiol 1989, 256:H1110-H1116.
178. Hansen-Smith F, Egginton S, Hudlicka O Growth of arterioles in chronically stimulated adult rat skeletal muscle. Microcirculation 1998, 5:49-59.
179. Suzuki J, Kobayashi T, Uruma T, et al. Time-course changes in arteriolar and venular portions of capillary in young treadmill-trained rats. Acta Physiol Scand 2001, 171:77-86.
180. Griffin KL, Woodman CR, Price EM, et al. Endothelium-mediated relaxation of porcine collateral-dependent arterioles is improved by exercise training. Circulation 2001, 104:1393-1398.
181. Lash JM Exercise training enhances adrenergic constriction and dilation in the rat spinotrapezius muscle. J Appl Physiol 1998, 85:168-174.
182. Koller A, Huang A, Sun D, et al. Exercise training augments flow-dependent dilation in rat skeletal muscle arterioles. Role of endothelial nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Circ Res 1995, 76:544-550.
183. Laughlin MH, Pollock JS, Amann JF, et al. Training induces nonuniform increases in eNOS content along the coronary arterial tree. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:501-510.
184. Laughlin MH, Ripperger J Vascular transport capacity of hindlimb muscles of exercise-trained rats. J Appl Physiol 1987, 62:438-443.