Subjective Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: An Overview of Self-Report Measures Used Across 19 International Research Studies

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 48, Issue S1, 2015, Pages S63-S86

  Rabin, Laura A ^a,b,c   Smart, Colette M ^d   Crane, Paul K ^e   Amariglio, Rebecca E ^f   Berman, Lorin M ^a   Boada, Mercé ^g   Buckley, Rachel F ^h   Chételat, Gaël ^i,j,k,l   Dubois, Bruno ^m,n   Ellis, Kathryn A ^o   Gifford, Katherine A ^p   Jefferson, Angela L ^p   Jessen, Frank ^q,r   Katz, Mindy J ^b   Lipton, Richard B ^b   Luck, Tobias ^s   Maruff, Paul ^t   Mielke, Michelle M ^u   Molinuevo, José Luis ^v   Naeem, Farnia ^a   Perrotin, Audrey ⁱ   Petersen, Ronald C ^u   Rami, Lorena ^v   Reisberg, Barry ^w,x   Rentz, Dorene M ^f   Riedel Heller, Steffi G ^s   Risacher, Shannon L ^y   Rodriguez, Octavio ^g   Sachdev, Perminder S ^z   Saykin, Andrew J ^c   Slavin, Melissa J ^z   Snitz, Beth E ^aa,ab   Sperling, Reisa A ^f   Tandetnik, Caroline ⁿ   Van Der Flier, Wiesje M ^ac   Wagner, Michael ^r,ad   Wolfsgruber, Steffen ^r,ad   Sikkes, Sietske A M ^ac   more..

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c DARTMOUTH HITCHCOCK MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^f MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^g Fundació ACE Barcelona Alzheimer's Treatment and Research Center   (Spain)

^h FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

ⁱ INSERM   (France)

^j UNIVERSITÉ DE CAEN   (France)

^k PSL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY   (France)

^l CAEN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^m SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

ⁿ INSTITUT DU CERVEAU ET DE LA MOELLE ÉPINIÈRE   (France)

^o UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^p VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^q UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^r GERMAN CENTER FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES DZNE   (Germany)

^s UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^t Scientific Division   (Australia)

^u MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^v HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^w NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^x NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^y INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^z UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^aa UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^ab UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^ac VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^ad UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Cognition; cognitive complaints; dementia; early detection; memory complaints; mild cognitive impairment; preclinical Alzheimer's disease; questionnaire; subjective cognition; subjective cognitive impairment; subjective memory complaints

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSESSMENT OF HUMANS; ATTENTION; CLASSIFICATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DECISION MAKING; DISABILITY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE TIME; SELF REPORT; SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE DECLINE; SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE DECLINE INITIATIVE CRITERIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; AGED; AGING; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; COGNITION DISORDERS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MULTICENTER STUDIES AS TOPIC; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SELF REPORT; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84942854783     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150154     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Reisberg B, Shulman MB, Torossian C, Leng L, Zhu W (2010) Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without subjective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 6, 11-24.
2. Jessen F, Wiese B, Bickel H, Eiffländer-Gorfer S, Fuchs A, Kaduszkiewicz H, Köhler M, Luck T, Mösch E, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Wagner M, Weyerer S, Maier W, van den Bussche H, for the AgeCoDe Study Group (2011) Prediction of dementia in primary care patients. PLoS One 6, e16852.
3. Amieva H, Le Goff M, Millet X, Orgogozo JM, Pérès K, Barberger-Gateau P, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF (2008) Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: Successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol 64, 492-498.
4. Dufouil C, Fuhrer R, Alpérovitch A (2005) Subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive decline: Consequence or predictor The epidemiology of vascular aging study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53, 616-621.
5. Mitchell AJ, Beaumont H, Ferguson D, Yadegarfar M, StubbsB(2014) Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: Meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 6, 1-13.
6. Jessen F, Feyen L, Freymann K, Tepest R, Maier W, Heun R, Schild HH, Scheef L (2006) Volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex in subjective memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 27, 1751-1756.
7. Saykin AJ, Wishart HA, Rabin LA, Santulli RB, Flashman LA, West JD, McHugh TL, Mamourian AC (2006) Older adults with cognitive complaints show brain atrophy similar to that of amnestic MCI. Neurology 67, 834-842.
8. Striepens N, Scheef L,Wind A, Popp J, Spottke A, Cooper-Mahkorn D, Suliman H, Wagner M, Schild HH, Jessen F (2010) Volume loss of the medial temporal lobe structures in subjective memory impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 29, 75-81.
9. Erk S, Spottke A, Meisen A,Wagner M,Walter H, Jessen F (2011) Evidence of neuronal compensation during episodic memory in subjective memory impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68, 845-852.
10. Mosconi L, De Santi S, Brys M, Tsui WH, Pirraglia E, Glodzik-Sobanska L, Rich KE, Switalski R, Mehta PD, Pratico D, Zinkowski R, Blennow K, de Leon MJ (2008) Hypometabolism and altered cerebrospinal fluid markers in normal apolipoprotein E E4 carriers with subjective memory complaints. Biol Psychiatry 63, 609-618.
11. Scheef L, SpottkeA, Daerr M, Joe A, Striepens N,Kölsch H, Popp J, Daamen M, Gorris D, HenekaMT, Boecker H, Biersack HJ, Maier W, Schild HH, Wagner M, Jessen F (2012) Glucose metabolism, gray matter structure, and memory decline in subjective memory impairment. Neurology 79, 1332-1339.
12. Perrotin A, Mormino EC, Madison CM, Hayenga AO, Jagust WJ (2012) Subjective cognition and amyloid deposition imaging: A Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography study in normal elderly individuals. Arch Neurol 69, 223-229.
13. Amariglio RE, Becker JA, Carmasin J, Wadsworth LP, Lorius N, Sullivan C, Maye JE, Gidicsin C, Pepin LC, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Rentz DM (2012) Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older individuals. Neuropsychologia 50, 2880-2886.
14. van Harten AC, Visser PJ, Pijnenburg YA, Teunissen CE, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM (2013) Cerebrospinal fluidA-42 is the best predictor of clinical progression in patients with subjective complaints. Alzheimers Dement 9, 481-487.
15. Kryscio RJ, Abner EL, Cooper GE, Fardo DW, Jicha GA, Nelson PT, Smith CD, Van Eldik LJ, Wan L, Schmitt FA (2014) Self-reported memory complaints: Implications from a longitudinal cohort with autopsies. Neurology 83, 1359-1365.
16. Visser PJ, Verhey F, Knol DL, Scheltens P, Wahlund LO, Freund-Levi Y, Tsolaki M, Minthon L,Wallin AK, Hampel H, Bürger K, Pirttila T, Soininen H, Rikkert MO, Verbeek MM, Spiru L, Blennow K (2009) Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 8, 619-627.
17. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, FaganAM, IwatsuboT, JackCRJr, Kaye J, Montine TJ, Park DC, Reiman EM, Rowe CC, Siemers E, Stern Y, Yaffe K, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Morrison-Bogorad M, Wagster MV, Phelps CH (2011) Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7, 280-292.
18. Comijs HC, Deeg DJH, Dik MG, Twisk JWR, Jonker C (2002) Memory complaints; the association with psychoaffective and health problems and the role of personality characteristics: A 6-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord 72, 157-165.
19. Steffens DC, Potter GG (2008) Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. Psychol Med 38, 163-175.
20. Caracciolo B, Gatz M, Xu W, Marengoni A, Pedersen N, Fratiglioni L (2013) Relation of multimorbidity to subjective and objective cognitive impairment:Apopulation-based twin study. J Alzheimers Dis 36, 275-284.
21. Jessen F, Wiese B, Bachmann C, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Haller F, Kölsch H, Luck T, Mösch E, van den Bussche H, Wagner M, Wollny A, Zimmermann T, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Romberg HP,Weyerer S, Kaduszkiewicz H, Maier W, Bickel H, German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients Study Group (2010) Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment: Effects of severity and temporal association with cognitive impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67, 414-422.
22. Abdulrab K, Heun R (2008) Subjective memory impairment. A review of its definitions indicates the need for a comprehensive set of standardised and validated criteria. Eur Psychiatry 23, 321-330.
23. Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel M, Breteler M, Ceccaldi M, Chételat G, Dubois B, Dufouil C, Ellis KA, van der Flier WM, Glodzik L, van Harten AC, deLeon MJ, McHugh P, Mielke MM, Molinuevo JL, Mosconi L, Osorio RS, Perrotin A, Petersen RC, Rabin LA, Rami L, Reisberg B, Rentz DM, Sachdev PS, de la Sayette V, Saykin AJ, Scheltens P, Shulman MB, Slavin MJ, Sperling RA, Stewart R, Uspenskaya O, Vellas B, Visser PJ, Wagner M, Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working, Group (2014) A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 10, 844-852.
24. Cooper C, Bebbington P, Lindesay J, Meltzer H, McManus S, Jenkins R, Livingston G (2011) The meaning of reporting forgetfulness: A cross-sectional study of adults in the English 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Age Ageing 40, 711-717.
25. Boone KB (2009) Fixed belief in cognitive dysfunction despite normal neuropsychological scores: Neurocognitive hypochondriasis Clin Neuropsychol 23, 1016-1036.
26. Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Persson S, Arai H, Batish SD, Bernardini S, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Blankenstein MA, Carrillo MC, Chalbot S, Coart E, Chiasserini D, Cutler N, Dahlfors G, Duller S, Fagan AM, Forlenza O, Frisoni GB, Galasko D, Galimberti D, Hampel H, Handberg A, Heneka MT, Herskovits AZ, Herukka SK, Holtzman DM, Humpel C, Hyman BT, Iqbal K, Jucker M, Kaeser SA, Kaiser E, Kapaki E, Kidd D, Klivenyi P, Knudsen CS, Kummer MP, Lui J, Lladó A, Lewczuk P, Li QX, Martins R, Masters C, McAuliffe J, Mercken M, Moghekar A, Molinuevo JL, Montine TJ, Nowatzke W, O'Brien R, Otto M, Paraskevas GP, Parnetti L, Petersen RC, Prvulovic D, de Reus HP, Rissman RA, Scarpini E, Stefani A, Soininen H, Schröder J, Shaw LM, Skinningsrud A, Skrogstad B, Spreer A, Talib L, Teunissen C, Trojanowski JQ, Tumani H, Umek RM, Van Broeck B, Vanderstichele H, Vecsei L, Verbeek MM, Windisch M, Zhang J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K (2011) The Alzheimer's Association external quality control program for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement 7, 386-395.
27. Blennow K, Hampel H, Weiner M, Zetterberg H (2010) Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurol 6, 131-144.
28. Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, Dubois B, Engelborghs S, Lewczuk P, Perret-Liaudet A, Teunissen CE, Parnetti L (2014) The clinical use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: A consensus paper from the Alzheimer's Biomarkers Standardization Initiative. Alzheimers Dement 10, 808-817.
29. Jak AJ, Bondi MW, Delano-Wood L, Wierenga C, Corey-Bloom J, Salmon DP, Delis DC (2009) Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. Am J Geriat Psychiatry 17, 368-375.
30. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, PhelpsCH(2011) The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7, 270-279.
31. Bondi MW, Smith GE (2014) Mild cognitive impairment: A concept and diagnostic entity in need of input from neuropsychology. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 20, 129-134.
32. Clark LR, Delano-Wood L, Libon DJ, McDonald CR, Nation DA, Bangen KJ, Jak AJ, Au R, Salmon DP, Bondi MW (2013) Are empirically derived subtypes of mild cognitive impairment consistent with conventional subtypes J Int Neuropsychol Soc 19, 635-645.
33. Sachdev PS, Lipnicki DM,KochanNA, Crawford JD, Rockwood K, Xiao S, Li J, Li X, Brayne C, Matthews FE, Stephan BCM, Lipton RB, Katz MJ, Ritchie K, Carriére I, Ancelin ML, Seshadri S, Au R, Beiser AS, Lam LCW, Wong CHY, Fung AWT, Kim KW, Han JW, Kim TH, Petersen RC, Roberts RO, Mielke MM, Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Hughes T, Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N, Butterworth P, Ng TP, Gao Q, Reppermund S, Brodaty H, Meguro K, Schupf N, Manly J, Stern Y, Lobo A, Lopez-Anton R, Santabárbara J, COSMIC (2013) COSMIC (Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium): An international consortium to identify risk and protective factors and biomarkers of cognitive ageing and dementia in diverse ethnic and sociocultural groups. BMC Neurol 13, 165-172.
34. Gallassi R, Oppi F, Poda R, Scortichini S, Maserati MS, Marano G, Sambati L (2010) Are subjective cognitive complaints a risk factor for dementia Neurol Sci 31, 327-336.
35. Guarch J, Marcos T, Salamero M, Blesa R (2004) Neuropsychological markers of dementia in patients with memory complaints. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19, 352-358.
36. von Gunten A, Fox NC, Cipolotti L, Ron MA (2000) A volumetric study of hippocampus and amygdala in depressed patients with subjective memory problems. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 12, 493-498.
37. Hurt CS, Burns A, Brown RG, Barrowclough C (2012) Why don't older adults with subjective memory complaints seek help Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27, 394-400.
38. Go RCP, Duke LW, Harrell LE, Cody H, Bassett SS, Folstein MF, Albert MS, Foster JL, Sharrow NA, Blacker D (1997) Development and validation of a Structured Telephone Interview for Dementia Assessment (STIDA): The NIMH Genetics Initiative. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 10, 161-167.
39. Samieri C, Proust-Lima C, Glymour MM, Okereke OI, Amariglio RE, Sperling RA, Rentz DM, Grodstein F (2014) Subjective cognitive concerns, episodic memory, and the APOE 4 allele. Alzheimers Dement 10, 752-759.
40. Gifford KA, Liu D, Lu Z, Tripodis Y, Cantwell NG, Palmisano J, Kowall N, Jefferson AL (2014) The source of cognitive complaints differentially predicts diagnostic conversion in nondemented older adults. Alzheimers Dement 10, 319-327.
41. Reisberg B, Ferris SH (1988) Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS). Psychopharmacol Bull 24, 629-636.
42. Balash Y, Mordechovich M, Shabtai H, Giladi N, Gurevich T, Korczyn AD (2013) Subjective memory complaints in elders: Depression, anxiety, or cognitive decline Acta Neurol Scand 127, 344-350.
43. Benito-León J, Mitchell AJ, Vega S, Bermejo-Pareja F (2010) A population-based study of cognitive function in older people with subjective memory complaints. J Alzheimers Dis 22, 159-170.
44. Brucki SM, Nitri R (2009) Subjective memory impairment in a rural population with low education in the Amazon rainforest: An exploratory study. Int Psychogeriatr 21, 164-171.
45. Comijs HC, Deeg DJH, Dik MG, Twisk JWR, Jonker C (2002) Memory complaints; the association with psychoaffective and health problems and the role of personality characteristics: A 6-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord 72, 157-165.
46. Pike KE, Ellis KA, Villemagne VL, Good N, Chételat G, Ames D, Szoeke C, Laws SM, Verdile G, Martins RN, Masters CL, Rowe CC (2011) Cognition and beta-amyloid in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Data from the AIBL study. Neuropsychologia 49, 2384-2390.
47. Smart CM, Segalowitz SJ, Mulligan BP, MacDonald SWS (2014) Attention capacity and self-report of subjective cognitive decline: A P3 ERP study. Biol Psychol 103, 144-151.
48. St John P, Montgomery P (2002) Are cognitively intact seniors with subjective memory loss more likely to develop dementia Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17, 814-820.
49. Barnes LL, Schneider JA,Boyle PA, Bienias JL, BennettDA (2006) Memory complaints are related to Alzheimer disease pathology in older persons. Neurology 67, 1581-1585.
50. Rami L, Mollica MA, Garcá-Sanchez C, Saldana. J, Sanchez B, Sala I, Valls-Pedret C, Castellv M, Olives J, Molinuevo JL (2014) The Subjective Cognitive Decline Questionnaire (SCD-Q): A validation study. J Alzheimers Dis 41, 453-466.
51. Knight RG, McMahon J, Green TJ, Skeaff CM(2004) Some normative and psychometric data for the geriatric depression scale and the cognitive failures questionnaire from a sample of healthy older persons. New Zeal J Psychol 33, 163-170.
52. Van der Linden M, Wijns C, Von Frenkell R, Coyette F, Seron X (1989) Un questionnaire d'auto-évaluation de la mémoire (qam). Brussels, Belgium, Editest, pp.
53. Smith G, Della Sala S, Logie RH, Maylor EA (2000) Prospective and retrospective memory in normal ageing and dementia: A questionnaire study. Memory 8, 311-321.
54. Troyer AK, Rich JB (2002) Psychometric properties of a new metamemory questionnaire for older adults. Gerontology 57, 19-27.
55. Broadbent DE, Cooper PF, FitzGerald P, Parkes KR (1982) The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates. Br J Clin Psychology 21, 1-16.
56. Derouesné C, Dealberto MJ, Boyer P, Lubin S, Sauron B, Piette F, Kohler F, Alpérovitch A (1993) Empirical evaluation of the 'Cognitive Difficulties Scale' for assessment of memory complaints in general practice: A study of 1628 cognitively normal subjects aged 45-75 years. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 8, 599-607.
57. Crook THE, Feher EP, Larrabee GJ (1992) Assessment of memory complaint in age-associated memory impairment: The MAC-Q. Int Psychogeriatr 4, 165-176.
58. McNair D, Kahn RJ (1983) Self-assessment of cognitive deficits. In Assessment in Geriatric Psychopharmacology, Crook T, Ferris S, Bartus R, eds. Mark Powley Associates Inc., CT, pp. 137-143.
59. Harwood D, Barker W, Ownby R, Duara R (1998) Memory complaints in the elderly: A comparative analysis of informant and subjects reports among Hispanics and white Non-Hispanics. Clin Gerontologist 18, 56-60.
60. Gilewski MJ, Zelinski EM, SchaieKW(1990) The memory functioning questionnaire for assessment of memory complaints in adulthood and old age. Psychol Aging 5, 482-490.
61. Jessen F, Wolfsgruber S, Wiese B, Bickel H, Mösch E, Kaduszkiewicz H, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck T, Fuchs A, Weyerer S, Werle J, van den Bussche H, Scherer M, MaierW,Wagner M, German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (2014) AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment. Alzheimers Dement 10, 76-83.
62. Crawford JR, Henry JD, Ward AL, Blake J (2006) The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Latent structure, normative data and discrepancy analysis for proxy-ratings. Br J Clin Psychol 45, 83-104.
63. Newson RS, Kemps EB (2006) The nature of subjective cognitive complaints of older adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 63, 139-151.
64. Vestergren P, Rönnlund M, Nyberg L, Nilsson LG (2011) Development of the Cognitive Dysfunction Questionnaire (CDQ) in a population based sample. Scand J Psychol 52, 218-228.
65. Dixon RA, Hultsch DF, Hertzog C (1988) The Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) Questionnaire. Psychopharmacol Bull 24, 671-688.
66. Chau LT, Lee JB, Fleming J, Roche N, ShumD(2007) Reliability and normative data for the Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory (CAPM). Neuropsychol Rehabil 17, 707-722.
67. Rabin LA, Saykin AJ, Wishart HA, Nutter-Upham KE, Flashman LA, Pare N, Santulli RB (2007) The Memory and Aging Telephone Screen: Development and preliminary validation. Alzheimers Dement 3, 109-121.
68. Farias ST, Mungas D, Reed BR, Cahn-Weiner D, Jagust W, Baynes K, DeCarli C (2008) The measurement of everyday cognition (ECog): Scale development and psychometric properties. Neuropsychology 22, 531-544.
69. Kliegel M, Zimprich D (2005) Predictors of cognitive complaints in older adults: A mixture regression approach. Eur J Ageing 2, 13-23.
70. Potter GG, Hartman M (2006) Response inhibition and everyday memory complaints in older adult women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 21, 1115-1120.
71. Rabin LA,Wang C, Katz MJ, Derby CA, BuschkeH, Lipton RB (2012) Predicting Alzheimer's disease: Neuropsychological tests, self-reports, and informant reports of cognitive difficulties. J Am Geriatr Soc 60, 1128-1134.
72. Mascherek A, Zimprich D, Rupprecht R, Lang FR (2011) What do cognitive complaints in a sample of memory clinic outpatients reflect GeroPsych 24, 187-195.
73. Singh-Manoux A, Dugravot A, Ankri J, Nabi H, Berr C, Goldberg M, Zins M, Kivimaki M, Elbaz A (2014) Subjective cognitive complaints and mortality: Does the type of complaint matter J Psychiatr Res 48, 73-78.
74. Snitz BE, MorrowLA, Rodriguez EG, Huber KA, Saxton JA (2008) Subjective memory complaints and concurrent memory performance in older patients of primary care providers. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14, 1004-1013.
75. Stewart R, Dufouil C, Godin O, Ritchie K, Maillard P, Delcroix N, Crivello F, Mazoyer B, Tzourio C (2008) Neuroimaging correlates of subjective memory deficits in a community population. Neurology 70, 1601-1607.
76. Stewart R, Godin O, Crivello F, Maillard P, Mazoyer B, Tzourio C, Dufouil C (2011) Longitudinal neuroimaging correlates of subjective memory impairment: 4-year prospective community study. Br J Psychiatry 198, 199-205.
77. Wang L, van Belle G, Crane PK, Kukull WA, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Larson EB (2004) Subjective memory deterioration and future dementia in people aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 52, 2045-2051.
78. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, Tranel D (2012) Neuropsychological Assessment, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
79. SchwarzN(1999) Self-reports: Howthe questions shape the answers. Am Psychol 54, 93-105.
80. Schwarz N, Oyserman D (2001) Asking questions about behavior: Cognition, communication, and questionnaire construction. Am J Eval 22, 127-160.
81. Streiner DL, Norman GR (2008) Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
82. Jonker C, Geerlings MI, Schmand B (2000) Are memory complaints predictive for dementia A review of clinical and population-based studies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15, 983-991.
83. van Oijen M, de Jong F, Hofman A, Koudstaal P, BretelerM (2007) Subjective memory complaints, education, and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dement 3, 92-97.
84. DillmanDA, Smyth JD, ChristianLM(2009) Internet, Mail, and Mix-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
85. Martyr A, Nelis SM, Clare L (2014) Predictors of perceived functional ability in early-stage dementia: Self-ratings, informant ratings and discrepancy scores. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 29, 852-862.
86. Reisberg B, Gauthier S (2008) Current evidence for subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) as the pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of subsequently manifest Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 20, 1-16.
87. Reisberg B, Prichep L, Mosconi L, John ER, Glodzik-Sobanska L, Boksay I, Monteiro I, Torossian C, Vedvyas A, Ashraf N, Jamil IA, deLeon MJ (2008) The pre-mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 4, S98-108.
88. Blacker D, Lee H, Muzikansky A, Martin EC, Tanzi R, McArdle JJ, Moss M, Albert M (2007) Neuropsychological measures in normal individuals that predict subsequent cognitive decline. Arch Neurol 64, 862-871.
89. Amariglio RE, Townsend MK, Grodstein F, Sperling RA, Rentz DM (2011) Specific subjective memory complaints in older persons may indicate poor cognitive function. J Am Geriatr Soc 59, 1612-1617.
90. Snitz BE, Yu L, Crane PK, Chang CC, Hughes TF, Ganguli M (2012) Subjective cognitive complaints of older adults at the population level: An item response theory analysis. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 26, 344-351.
91. Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2014, http://www. Alzheimers. org. uk/site/scripts/documents info. phpdocumentID=2723&pageNumber=7, Last updated 2015, Accessed on January 21, 2015.
92. Slavin MJ, Brodaty H, Kochan NA, Crawford JD, Trollor JN, Draper B, Sachdev PS (2010) Prevalence and predictors of "subjective cognitive complaints" in the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 18, 701-710.
93. Cargin JW, Collie A, Masters C, Maruff P (2008) The nature of cognitive complaints in healthy older adults with and without objective memory decline. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30, 245-257.
94. Dux MC, Woodard JL, Calamari JE, Messina M, Arora S, Chik H, Pontarelli N (2008) The moderating role of negative affect on objective verbal memory performance and subjective memory complaints in healthy older adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14, 327-336.
95. Comijs HC, Deeg DJH, Dik MG, TwiskJW, JonkerC(2002) Memory complaints: The association with psychoaffective and health problems and the role of personality characteristics: A 6-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord 72, 157-164.
96. Edmonds EC, Delano-Wood L, Galasko DR, Salmon DP, Bondi MW, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2014) Subjective cognitive complaints contribute to misdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 20, 836-847.
97. de Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL (2001) Measurement in Medicine, Cambridge University Press,NY.
98. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Marcos BF (2001) Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine 25, 3186-3191.
99. Ellis KA, Bush AI, Darby D, De Fazio D, Foser J, Hudson P, LautenschlagerNT, Lenzo N, Martins RN, Maruff P, Masters C, Milner A, Pike K, Rowe C, Savage G, Szoeke C, Taddei K, Villemagne V, Woodward M, Ames D, AIBL Research Group (2009) The Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging: Methodology and baseline characteristics of 1112 individuals recruited for a longitudinal study of Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 21, 672-687.
100. Saykin AJ (1992) Neurobehavioral Function and Activities of Daily Living Rating Scale (NBFADL-63 item version). Dartmouth Medical School.
101. Jessen F,Wiese B, Cvetanovska G, Fuchs A, Kaduszkiewicz H, Kölsch H, Luck T, Mösch E, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Werle J, Weyerer S, Zimmermann T, Maier W, Bickel H (2007) Patterns of subjective memory impairment in the elderly: Association with memory performance. Psychol Med 37, 1753-1762.
102. Mielke MM, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Roberts RO, Geda YE, Swenson-Dravis DM, Boeve BF, Senjem ML, Vemuri P, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr. (2012) Indicators of amyloid burden in a populationbased study of cognitively normal elderly. Neurology 79, 1570-1577.
103. Roth RM, Isquith PK, Gioia GA (2005) Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., Lutz, FL.
104. Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Fillenbaum G, Mellits ED, Clark C (1989) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsycholog ical assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 39, 1159-1159.
105. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer VO (1983) Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 17, 37-49.
106. Sheikh JA, Yesavage JA (1986) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent findings and development of a shorter version. In Clinical Gerontology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention. Brink TL, ed. Howarth Press, NY, pp. 165-173.
107. Derby CA, Burns LC, Wang C, Katz MJ, Zimmerman ME, L'italien G, Guo Z, Berman RM, Lipton RB (2013) Screening for predementia AD: time-dependent operating characteristics of episodic memory tests. Neurology 80, 1307-1314.
108. Jorm AF (1994) A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development and cross-validation. Psychol Med 24, 145-153.
109. Luck T, Luppa M, Briel S, Matschinger H, König HH, Bleich S, Villringer A, Angermeyer MC, Riedel-Heller SG (2010) Mild cognitive impairment: Incidence and risk factors: Results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged. J Am Geriatr Soc 58, 1903-1910.
110. Riedel-Heller SG, Matschinger H, Schork A, Angermeyer MC (1999) Do memory complaints indicate the presence of cognitive impairment Results of a field study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249, 197-204.
111. Lozoya-Delgado P, Ruiz-Sanchez de Leon JM, Pedrero-Perez EJ (2012) Validacíon de un cuestionario de quejas cognitivas para adultos jóvenes: Relacíon entre las quejas subjetivas de memoria, la sintomatologá prefrontal y el estrés percibido. Rev Neurol 54, 137-150.
112. Ganguli M, Chang C-CH, Snitz BE, Saxton JA,Vanderbilt J, LeeC-W(2010) Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment by multiple classifications: The Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (MYHAT) project. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 18, 674-683.
113. Aalten P, Ramakers IHGB, Biessels GJ, de Deyn PP, Koek HL, OldeRikkert MGM, Oleksik AM, Richard E, Smits LL, van Swieten JC, Teune LK, van der Lugt A, Barkhof F, Teunissen CE, Rozendaal N, Verhey FRJ, van der FlierWM (2014) The Dutch Parelsnoer Institute-Neurodegenerative diseases; methods, design and baseline results. BMC Neuro 14, 254.
114. Mahieux F, Onen F, Berr C, Volteau M, Habert MO, Legrain S, Dubois B (2009) Early detection of patients in the pre demented stage of Alzheimer's disease: The Pre-Al Study. J Nutr Health Aging 13, 21-26.
115. Jorm AF, Christensen H,Korten AE, Jacomb PA, Henderson AS (2001) Memory complaints as a precursor of memory impairment in older people: A longitudinal analysis over 7-8 years. Psychol Med 31, 441-449.
116. Squire LR,Wetzel CD, Slater PC (1979) Memory complaint after electroconvulsive therapy: Assessment with a newselfrating instrument. Biol Psychiatr 14, 791-801.
117. Hill NL, Mogle JM, Munoz E, Wion R, Colancecco EM (2015) Assessment of subjective cognitive impairment among older adults. J Gerontol Nurs 41, 28-35.
118. Robinson MD, Clore GL (2002) Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychol Bull 128, 934-960.