Steroidal contraceptives: Effect on bone fractures in women

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 6, 2014, Pages

  Lopez, Laureen M ^a   Grimes, David A ^b   Schulz, Kenneth F ^b   Curtis, Kathryn M ^c   Chen, Mario ^a  

^a FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; DROSPIRENONE; ESTRADIOL CIPIONATE; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; ESTROGEN; ETONOGESTREL; GESTAGEN; GESTODENE; LEVONORGESTREL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NORELGESTROMIN; NORETHISTERONE ENANTATE; PLACEBO; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

BIRTH CONTROL; BONE DENSITY; BONE TURNOVER; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG EFFECT; FRACTURE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; INJECTION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MENOPAUSE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PILL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; BONE REMODELING; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; META ANALYSIS; PREMENOPAUSE;

BONE DENSITY; BONE REMODELING; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, HORMONAL; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; PREMENOPAUSE; PROGESTINS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84942801416     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006033.pub5     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Bahamondes L, Monteiro-Dantas C, Espejo-Arce X, Dos Santos Fernandes AM, Lui-Filho JF, Perrotti M, et al.A prospective study of the forearm bone density of users of etonogestrel- and levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants. Human Reproduction 2006;21(2):466-70.
2. Monteiro-Dantas C, Espejo-Arce X, Lui-Filho JF, Fernandes AM, Montiero I, Bahamondes L. A three-year longitudinal evaluation of the forearm bone density of users of etonogestrel- and levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants. Reproductive Health 2007;4:11. [DOI: 10.1186/1742-4755-4-11]
3. Berenson AB, Breitkopf CR, Grady JJ, Rickert VI, Thomas A. Effects of hormonal contraception on bone mineral density after 24 months of use. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;103(5):899-906.
4. Berenson AB, Radecki CM, Grady JJ, Rickert VI, Thomas A. A prospective, controlled study of the effects of hormonal contraception on bone mineral density. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;98(4):576-82.
5. Cibula D, Skrenkova J, Hill M, Stepan JJ. Low-dose estrogen combined oral contraceptives may negatively influence physiological bone mineral density acquisition during adolescence. European Journal of Endocrinology 2012;166(6):1003-11.
6. Cromer BA, Lazebnik R, Rome E, Stager M, Bonny A, Ziegler J, Debanne SM. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial of estrogen supplementation in adolescent girls who receive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;192(1):42-7.
7. Cundy T, Ames R, Horne A, Clearwater J, Roberts H, Gamble G, et al.A randomized controlled trial of estrogen replacement therapy in long-term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003;88(1):78-81.
8. Di X, Li Y, Zhang C, Jiang J, Gu S. Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing subdermal contraceptive implants on bone density and bone metabolism. Contraception 1999;60(3):161-6.
9. Endrikat J, Mih E, Dusterberg B, Land K, Gerlinger C, Schmidt W, et al.A 3-year double-blind, randomized, controlled study on the influence of two oral contraceptives containing either 20 μg or 30 μg ethinylestradiol in combination with levonorgestrel on bone mineral density. Contraception 2004;69(3):179-87.
10. Gai L, Jia Y, Zhang M, Gai P, Wang S, Shi H, et al.Effect of two kinds of different combined oral contraceptives use on bone mineral density in adolescent women. Contraception 2012;86(4):332-6.
11. Gargano V, Massaro M, Morra I, Formisano C, Di Carlo C, Nappi C. Effects of two low-dose combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone on bone turnover and bone mineral density in young fertile women: a prospective controlled randomized study. Contraception 2008;78(1):10-5.
12. Hartard M, Kleinmond C, Luppa P, Zelger O, Egger K, Wiseman M, et al.Comparison of the skeletal effects of the progestogens desogestrel and levonorgestrel in oral contraceptive preparations in young women: controlled, open, partly randomized investigation over 13 cycles. Contraception 2006;74(5):367-75.
13. Kaunitz AM, Darney PD, Ross D, Wolter KD, Speroff L. Subcutaneous DMPA vs. intramuscular DMPA: a 2-year randomized study of contraceptive efficacy and bone mineral density. Contraception 2009;80(1):7-17.
14. Massaro M, Di Carlo C, Gargano V, Formisano C, Bifulco G, Nappi C. Effects of the contraceptive patch and the vaginal ring on bone metabolism and bone mineral density: a prospective, controlled, randomized study. Contraception 2010;81(3):209-14.
15. Naessen T, Olsson SE, Gudmundson J. Differential effects on bone density of progestogen-only methods for contraception in premenopausal women. Contraception 1995;52(1):35-9.
16. Nappi C, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Acunzo G, Bifulco G, Tommaselli GA, Guida M, et al.Effects of a low-dose and ultra-low-dose combined oral contraceptive use on bone turnover and bone mineral density in young fertile women: a prospective controlled randomized study. Contraception 2003;67(5):355-9.
17. Nappi C, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Greco E, Tommaselli GA, Giordano E, Guida M. Effects of an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone on bone turnover and bone mineral density. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;105(1):53-60.
18. Paoletti AM, Orru M, Floris S, Mannias M, Vacca AMB, Ajossa S, et al.Evidence that treatment with monophasic oral contraceptive formulations containing ethinylestradiol plus gestodene reduces bone resorption in young women. Contraception 2000;61(4):259-63.
19. Rad M, Kluft C, de Kam ML, Meijer P, Cohen AF, Grubb GS, et al.Metabolic profile of a continuous versus a cyclic low-dose combined oral contraceptive after one year of use. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2011;16(2):85-94.
20. Teichmann A, Apter D, Emerich J, Greven K, Klasa-Mazurkiewicz D, Melis GB, et al.Continuous, daily levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol vs. 21-day, cyclic levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: efficacy, safety and bleeding in a randomized, open-label trial. Contraception 2009;80(6):504-11.
21. Teichmann AT, Kluft C, Grubb G, Constantine G, Spielmann D. Comparative trial of continuous-use and 21-day cyclic levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol oral contraceptive. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;107:12S.
22. Wyeth. Study evaluating levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol in oral contraception. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00248963 (accessed 29 Mar 2011).
23. Merck Sharpt, Dohme Corp. Effects on bone mineral density (BMD) of the combined oral contraceptive NOMAC-E2 compared to a COC containing LNG/EE (292005) (P05765). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00511342 (accessed 02 Jan 2014).
24. Sordal T, Grob P, Verhoeven C. Effects on bone mineral density of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate/17beta-estradiol in comparison to levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol. Acta Obstetricia Gynecologica Scandinavica 2012;91(11):1279-85.
25. von Kesseru E, Etchepareborda JJ, Wikinski R, Beier S. Premenopause contraception with monthly injectable Mesigyna with special emphasis on serum lipid and bone density patterns. Contraception 2000;61(5):317-22.
26. Berenson AB, Rahman M. Effect of hormonal contraceptives on vitamin B12 level and the association of the latter with bone mineral density. Contraception 2012;86(5):481-7.
27. Carr BR, Breslau NA, Peng N, Adams-Huet B, Bradshaw KD, Steinkampf MP. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and medroxyprogesterone acetate on calcium metabolism: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Fertility and Sterility 2003;80:1216-23.
28. Gai L, Zhang J, Zhang H, Gai P, Zhou L, Liu Y. The effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on bone mineral density (BMD) and evaluating changes in BMD after discontinuation of DMPA in Chinese women of reproductive age. Contraception 2011;83(3):218-22.
29. Gambacciani M, Cappagli B, Lazzarini V, Ciaponi M, Fruzzetti F, Genazzani AR. Longitudinal evaluation of perimenopausal bone loss: Effects of different low dose oral contraceptive preparations on bone mineral density. Maturitas 2006;54:176-80.
30. Hauser GA, Girotti M. Effect of placebo instead of a pause in the taking of ovulation inhibitors [Wirking von placebo statt pause bei ovulationshemmern]. Therapeutische Umschau / Revue Thérapeutique 1970;27:666-70.
31. Lattakova M, Borovsky M, Payer J, Killinger Z. Oral contraception usage in relation to bone mineral density and bone turnover in adolescent girls. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2009;14(3):207-14.
32. Pfizer Inc. Dep-Provera: bone mineral density and total body calcium in adolescent DP150CI users and non hormonal contraception. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00139685 (accessed 29 Mar 2011).
33. Pfizer Inc. Evaluation of bone mineral density and total body calcium in adolescent DP150CI users and non hormonal contraceptive users. http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/documents/company-study_2143_0.pdf (accessed 29 Mar 2011).
34. Pinter B, Kocijancic A, Marc J, Andolsek-Jeras L, Prezelj J. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and bone metabolism during low-dose oral contraceptive use in young women. Contraception 2003;67:33-7.
35. Shuzhi F, Yuanjiao L, Laiying C, et al.The study on the effect of using depo medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception on bone metabolism. Acta Academiae Medicinae Hubei 2000;21:330-2.
36. Teegarden D, Legowski P, Gunther CW, McCabe GP, Peacock M, Lyle RM. Dietary calcium intake protects women consuming oral contraceptives from spine and hip bone loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2005;90:5127-33.
37. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (Duramed Research). A multicenter study to evaluate the effects of DR-105 on bone mineral density in adolescent females. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00924560 (accessed 02 Jan 2014).
38. Bonny A. Drug exposure and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in adolescent subjects. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01461824 (accessed 21 Nov 2013). [: NCT01461824]
39. Committee on Adolescent Health, Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and bone effects. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;112:727-30.
40. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al.GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):401-6.
41. Barad D, Kooperberg C, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu J, Hendrix SL, Watts NB. Prior oral contraception and postmenopausal fracture: a Womens' Health Initiative observational cohort study. Fertility and Sterility 2005;84:374-83.
42. Bartz D, Goldberg AB. Injectable contraceptives. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Kowal D, Policar MS editor(s). Contraceptive Technology. 20th Edition. New York: Ardent Media, Inc., 2011:209-36.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr59e0528.pdf (accessed 23 Jan 2012):34.
44. Cleland J, Ali MM. Reproductive consequences of contraceptive failure in 19 developing countries. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;104:314-20.
45. Cooper C, Hannaford P, Croft P, Kay CR. Oral contraceptive pill use and fractures in women: a prospective study. Bone 1993;14(1):41-5.
46. Cromer BA. Bone mineral density in adolescent and young adult women on injectable or oral contraception. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;15:353-7.
47. Cundy T, Cornish J, Roberts H, Elder H, Reid IR. Spinal bone density in women using depot medroxyprogesterone contraception. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998;92(4 Pt 1):569-73.
48. U.S. Food, Drug Administration. Safety. Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable suspension). http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm154784.htm (accessed 05 Feb 2014).
49. U.S. Food, Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products. Depo-Provera. Label and Approval History. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Label_ApprovalHistory (accessed 05 Feb 2014).
50. Gourlay ML, Brown SA. Clinical considerations in premenopausal osteoporosis. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164:603-14.
51. Grimes DA, Schulz KF, Raymond EG. Surrogate end points in women's health research: science, protoscience, and pseudoscience. Fertility and Sterility 2010;93(6):1731-4.
52. Guilbert ER, Brown JP, Kaunitz AM, Wagner MS, Bérubé J, Charbonneau L, et al.The use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in contraception and its potential impact on skeletal health. Contraception 2009;79:167-77.
53. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al.GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):383-94.
54. Herrmann M, Seibel MJ. The effects of hormonal contraceptives on bone turnover markers and bone health. Clinical Endocrinology 2010;72(5):571-83.
55. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, (accessed 30 Mar 2011).
56. Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, et al.Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011/07/08 2011, issue 7:CD000333.
57. Kaunitz A M, Grimes D A. Removing the black box warning for depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception 2011;84:212-3.
58. Lopez LM, Chen M, Mullins S, Curtis KM, Helmerhorst FM. Steroidal contraceptives and bone fractures in women: evidence from observational studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009849.pub2]
59. Mansour D. The benefits and risks of using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for contraception. Contraception 2012;85(3):224-34.
60. Martins SL, Curtis KM, Glasier AF. Combined hormonal contraception and bone health: a systematic review. Contraception 2006;73:445-69.
61. Meier C, Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Kraenzlin ME, Meier CR. Use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and fracture risk. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2010/08/06 2010; Vol. 95, issue 11:4909-16.
62. Memon S, Iversen L, Hannaford PC. Is the oral contraceptive pill associated with fracture in later life? New evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study. Contraception 2011;84(1):40-7.
63. Nappi C, Bifulco G, Tommaselli G A, Gargano V, Di Carlo C. Hormonal contraception and bone metabolism: a systematic review. Contraception 2012;86:606-21.
64. Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. NIH Consensus Statement 2000 March 27-29 2000; Vol. 19, issue 1:1-45.
65. Rachner TD, Khosla S, Hofbauer LC. Osteoporosis: now and the future. Lancet. 2011/04/01 2011; Vol. 377, issue 9773:1276-87.
66. Raisz LG. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005;115:3318-25.
67. Scholes D, Lacroix AZ, Ott SM, Ichikawa LE, Barlow WE. Bone mineral density in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;93:233-8.
68. Strauss SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB. Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. Third Edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2005.
69. Trussell J. Contraceptive failure in the United States. Contraception 2011;83:397-404.
70. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Contraceptive Use 2011. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2011/wallchart_front.pdf (accessed 02 May 2012).
71. Vasikaran S, Cooper C, Eastell R, Griesmacher A, Morris HA, Trenti T, et al.International Osteoporosis Foundation and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine position on bone marker standards in osteoporosis. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2011;49(8):1271-4.
72. Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyere O, Foldes AJ, Garnero P, Griesmacher A, et al.Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(2):391-420.
73. Vessey M, Mant J, Painter R. Oral contraception and other factors in relation to hospital referral for fracture. Findings in a large cohort study. Contraception 1998;57:231-5.
74. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Oral contraceptive use and risk of fracture. Contraception 2006;73:571-6.
75. Warholm L, Petersen K R, Ravn P. Combined oral contraceptives' influence on weight, body composition, height, and bone mineral density in girls younger than 18 years: a systematic review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2012;17:245-53.
76. World Health Organization. WHO statement on hormonal contraception and bone health. Contraception 2006;73:443-4.
77. World Health Organization. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Fourth Edition, 2009. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/9789241563888/en/index.html. Geneva: World Health Organization, (accessed 05 Dec 2011):45.