Inverting the pyramid: Increasing awareness of mycobacterial sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

Volumn 19, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 1128-1134

  Cummings, M J ^a   O'Donnell, M R ^b,c  

^a Milstein Hospital   (United States)

^b Department of Medicine   (United States)

^c Department of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical illness; Sepsis; Tuberculosis diagnostics

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; LIPOARABINOMANNAN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; AWARENESS; BACTEREMIA; BLOOD CULTURE; BODY FLUID; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DIAGNOSTIC KIT; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; MIXED INFECTION; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SPUTUM ANALYSIS; SPUTUM SMEAR; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TUBERCULOSIS RAPID TEST; ALGORITHM; COMPLICATION; COST OF ILLNESS; HIV INFECTIONS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; TUBERCULOSIS;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ALGORITHMS; BACTEREMIA; COST OF ILLNESS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; SEPSIS; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84942758143     PISSN: 10273719     EISSN: 18157920     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0967     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Archibald L K, McDonald L C, Nwanyanwu O, et al. A hospital-based prevalence survey of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Malawi: implications for diagnosis and therapy. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1414-1420.
2. Arthur G, Nduba V N, Kariuki S M, Kimari J, Bhatt S M, Gilks C F. Trends in bloodstream infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults admitted to a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, during the last decade. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 248-256.
3. Ssali F N, Kamya M R, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. A prospective study of community-acquired bloodstream infections among febrile adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 19: 484-489.
4. Lewis D K, Peters R P, Schijffelen M J, et al. Clinical indicators of mycobacteraemia in adults admitted to hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6: 1067-1074.
5. Jacob S T, Lim M, Banura P, et al. Integrating sepsis management recommendations into clinical care guidelines for district hospitals in resource-limited settings: the necessity to augment new guidelines with future research. BMC Med 2013; 11: 107.
6. Jacob S T, Pavlinac P B, Nakiyingi L, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia in a cohort of HIV-infected patients hospitalized with severe sepsis in Uganda-high frequency, low clinical sand derivation of a clinical prediction score. PLOS ONE 2013; 8: e70305.
7. Andrews B, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger D C, Bernard G R. Simplified severe sepsis protocol: a randomized controlled trial of modified early goal-directed therapy in Zambia. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 2315-2324.
8. Crump J A, Ramadhani H O, Morrissey A B, et al. Bacteremic disseminated tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: 242-250.
9. Vugia D J, Kiehlbauch J A, Yeboue K, et al. Pathogens and predictors of fatal septicemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ivory Coast, West Africa. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 564-570.
10. Archibald L K, den Dulk M O, Pallangyo K J, Reller L B. Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infections in febrile hospitalized adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 290-296.
11. Kethireddy S, Light R B, Mirzanejad Y, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis septic shock. Chest 2013; 144: 474-482.
12. von Reyn C F, Kimambo S, Mtei L, et al. Disseminated tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection: ineffective immunity, polyclonal disease and high mortality. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 1087-1092.
13. McDonald L C, Archibald L K, Rheanpumikankit S, et al. Unrecognised Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteraemia among hospital in-patients in less developed countries. Lancet 1999; 354: 1159-1163.
14. Lawn S D, Dheda K, Kerkhoff A D, et al. Determine TB-LAM lateral flow urine antigen assay for HIV-associated tuberculosis: recommendations on the design and reporting of clinical studies. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 407.
15. Drain P K, Mayeza L, Bartman P, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical role of rapid C-reactive protein testing in HIV-infected individuals with presumed tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18: 20-26.
16. Valles J, Ferrer R. Bloodstream infection in the ICU. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2009; 23: 557-569.
17. Reddy E A, Shaw A V, Crump J A. Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2010; 10: 417-432.
18. Nakiyingi L, Ssengooba W, Nakanjako D, et al. Predictors and outcomes of mycobacteremia among HIV-infected smear-negative presumptive tuberculosis patients in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15: 62.
19. Munseri P J, Talbot E A, Bakari M, Matee M, Teixeira J P, von Reyn C F. The bacteraemia of disseminated tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients with prolonged fever in Tanzania. Scand J Infect Dis 2011; 43: 696-701.
20. Gilks C F, Brindle R J, Mwachari C, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection among HIV-infected patients in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995; 8: 195-198.
21. Heysell S K, Thomas TA, Gandhi N R, et al. Blood cultures for the diagnosis of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients from rural South Africa: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 344.
22. Feasey N A, Banada P P, Howson W, et al. Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF for detection of tuberculosis from blood samples of HIV-infected adults confirms Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia as an indicator of poor prognosis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 2311-2316.
23. Peter J G, Theron G, Dheda K. Can point-of-care urine LAM strip testing for tuberculosis add value to clinical decision making in hospitalised HIV-infected persons? PLOS ONE 2013; 8: e54875.
24. Denkinger C M, Schumacher S G, Boehme C C, Dendukuri N, Pai M, Steingart K R. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 435-446.
25. Achkar J M, Lawn S D, Moosa MY, Wright C A, Kasprowicz V O. Adjunctive tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis: serology, ELISPOT for site-specific lymphocytes, urinary lipoarabinomannan, string test, and fine needle aspiration. J Infect Dis 2011; 15; 204 (Suppl 4): S1130-S1141.
26. Nakiyingi L, Moodley V M, Manabe Y C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid urine lipoarabinomannan test for tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66: 270-279.
27. Manabe Y C, Nonyane B A, Nakiyingi L, et al. Point-of-care lateral flow assays for tuberculosis and cryptococcal antigenuria predict death in HIV infected adults in Uganda. PLOS ONE 2014; 9: e101459.
28. Peter J G, Theron G, van Zyl-Smit R, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a urine lipoarabinomannan strip-test for TB detection in HIV-infected hospitalised patients. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 1211-1220.
29. Lawn S D, Kerkhoff A D, Vogt M, Wood R. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum C-reactive protein for screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17: 636-643.
30. Schleicher G K, Herbert V, Brink A, et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in HIV-positive subjects with tuberculosis and pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2005; 4: 688-692.
31. Wilson D, Badri M, Maartens G. Performance of serum C-reactive protein as a screening test for smear-negative tuberculosis in an ambulatory high HIV prevalence population. PLOS ONE 2011; 6: e15248.
32. Lawn S D, Ayles H, Egwaga S, et al. Potential utility of empirical tuberculosis treatment for HIV-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency in high TB-HIV burden settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15: 287-295.
33. World Health Organization. Improving the diagnosis and treatment of smear-negative pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: recommendations for HIV-prevalent and resource-constrained settings. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2007.
34. Wong E B, Omar T, Setlhako G J, et al. Causes of death on antiretroviral therapy: a post-mortem study from South Africa. PLOS ONE 2012; 10: e47542.
35. World Health Organization. Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness district clinician manual: hospital care for adolescents and adults. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2011.