How to use biologic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have comorbid disease

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 351, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Richards, John S ^a,b   Dowell, Sharon M ^c   Quinones, Mercedes E ^c   Kerr, Gail S ^a,b,c  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ADALIMUMAB; CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ETANERCEPT; INFLIXIMAB; INFLUENZA VACCINE; LAMIVUDINE; LIVE VACCINE; METHOTREXATE; PLACEBO; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RITUXIMAB; TETANUS TOXOID; TOCILIZUMAB; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; BIOLOGICAL FACTOR;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; BREAST FEEDING; CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; COUGHING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG MILK LEVEL; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS E; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; INFECTION PREVENTION; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; KIDNEY INJURY; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS; LYMPHOMA; MELANOMA; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; NON MELANOMA SKIN CANCER; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PLACENTAL TRANSFER; PNEUMONIA; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK REDUCTION; SCREENING; SEROCONVERSION; SOLID TUMOR; SPONDYLARTHRITIS; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; TUBERCULOSIS; VACCINATION; VASCULITIS; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REACTIVATION; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; DISEASE COURSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE;

ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; BIOLOGICAL FACTORS; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84942626986     PISSN: 09598146     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h3658     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, et al. The global burden of rheumatoid arthritis: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1316-22.
2. Dadoun S, Zeboulon-Ktorza N, Combescure C, et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis over the last fifty years: systematic review and metaanalysis. Joint Bone Spine 2013;80:29-33.
3. Sokka T, Abelson B, Pincus T. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: 2008 update. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26(5 suppl 51):S35-61.
4. Kapetanovic MC, Lindqvist E, Geborek P, et al. Long-term mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with disease onset in the 1980s. Scand J Rheumatol 2011;40:433-8.
5. Tiippana-Kinnunen T, Kautiainen H, Paimela L, et al. Co-morbidities in Finnish patients with rheumatoid arthritis: 15-year follow-up. Scand J Rheumatol 2013;42:451-6.
6. Mathias SD, Colwell HH, Miller DP, et al. Health-related quality of life and functional status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis randomly assigned to receive etanercept or placebo. Clin Ther 2000;22:128-39.
7. Dixon WG, Watson KD, Lunt M, et al. Reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2905-12.
8. Gonzalez-Gay MA, De Matias JM, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade improves insulin resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006;24:83-6.
9. Smolen JS, Landewe R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:492-509.
10. Gaujoux-Viala C, Gossec L, Cantagrel A, et al. Recommendations of the French Society for Rheumatology for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2014;81:287-97.
11. Nota I, Drossaert CH, Taal E, et al. Patient participation in decisions about disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014;15:333.
12. Carroll MB, Bond MI. Use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008;38:208-17.
13. Montiel PM, Solis JA, Chirinos JA, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation during therapy with etanercept in an HBsAg-negative and anti-HBs-positive patient. Liver Int 2008;28:718-20.
14. Verhelst X, Orlent H, Colle I, et al. Subfulminant hepatitis B during treatment with adalimumab in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:494-9.
15. Pyrpasopoulou A, Douma S, Vassiliadis T, et al. Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection following rituximab administration for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2011;31:403-4.
16. Kim SJ, Hsu C, Song YQ, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab: analysis from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group. Eur J Cancer 2013;49:3486-96.
17. Koo YX, Tay M, Teh YE, et al. Risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen negative/hepatitis B core antibody positive patients receiving rituximab-containing combination chemotherapy without routine antiviral prophylaxis. Ann Hematol 2011;90:1219-23.
18. Huang YH, Hsiao LT, Hong YC, et al. Randomized controlled trial of entecavir prophylaxis for rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with lymphoma and resolved hepatitis B. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:2765-72.
19. Ghrénassia Mékinian A, Rouaghe S, et al. Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B during rituximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2012;79:100-1.
20. Sarrecchia C, Cappelli A, Aiello P. HBV reactivation with fatal fulminating hepatitis during rituximab treatment in a subject negative for HBsAg and positive for HBsAb and HBcAb. J Infect Chemother 2005;11:189-91.
21. Kim PS, Ho GY, Prete PE, et al. Safety and efficacy of abatacept in eight rheumatoid arthritis patients with chronic hepatitis B. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1265-8.
22. Germanidis G, Hytiroglou P, Zakalka M, et al. Reactivation of occult hepatitis B virus infection, following treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis with abatacept. J Hepatol 2012;56:1420-1.
23. Tsuboi H, Tsujii A, Nampei A, et al. A patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab together with lamivudine prophylaxis after remission of infliximab-reactivated hepatitis B. Mod Rheumatol 2011;21:701-5.
24. Kishida D, Okuda Y, Onishi M, et al. Successful tocilizumab treatment in a patient with adult-onset Still's disease complicated by chronic active hepatitis B and amyloid A amyloidosis. Mod Rheumatol 2011;21:215-8.
25. Nagashima T, Minota S. Long-term tocilizumab therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic hepatitis B. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:1838-40.
26. Barone M, Notarnicola A, Lopalco G, et al. Safety of long-term biologic therapy in rheumatologic patients with a previously resolved hepatitis B viral infection. Hepatology 2015;62:40-6.
27. Lok As, Lai CL, Leung N, et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1714-22.
28. Ono A, Suzuki F, Kawamura Y, et al. Long-term continuous entecavir therapy in nucleo (t) ide-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients. J Hepatol 2012;57:508-14.
29. Singh JA, Furst DE, Bharat A, et al. 2012 update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the use of diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:625-39.
30. Reddy KR, Beavers KL, Hammond SP, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology 2015;148:215-9; quiz e16-7.
31. Rahier JF, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y, et al. European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2009;3:47-91.
32. Lau GK. Hepatitis B reactivation after chemotherapy: two decades of clinical research. Hepatol Int 2008;2:152-62.
33. Liaw YF, Leung N, Kao JH, et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2008 update. Hepatol Int 2008;2:263-83.
34. Brunasso AM, Puntoni M, Gulia A, et al. Safety of anti-tumour necrosis factor agents in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:1700-11.
35. Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1986-92.
36. Cepeda EJ, Williams FM, Ishimori ML, et al. The use of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in HIV-positive individuals with rheumatic disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:710-2.
37. Boue F, Gabarre J, Gisselbrecht C, et al. Phase II trial of CHOP plus rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4123-8.
38. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012;57:167-85.
39. Perrillo RP, Gish R, Falck-Ytter YT. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology 2015;148:221-44 e3.
40. Caporali R, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Atzeni F, et al. Safety of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockers in hepatitis B virus occult carriers (hepatitis B surface antigen negative/anti-hepatitis B core antigen positive) with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:749-54.
41. Zein NN. Etanercept as an adjuvant to interferon and ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol 2005;42:315-22.
42. Cavazzana I, Ceribelli A, Cattaneo R, et al. Treatment with etanercept in six patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2008;8:104-6.
43. Aslanidis S, Vassiliadis T, Pyrpasopoulou A, et al. Inhibition of TNFalpha does not induce viral reactivation in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: two cases. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:261-4.
44. Yazici O, Sendur MA, Aksoy S. Hepatitis C virus reactivation in cancer patients in the era of targeted therapies. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:6716-24.
45. Ennishi D, Maeda Y, Niitsu N, et al. Hepatic toxicity and prognosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens: a Japanese multicenter analysis. Blood 2010;116:5119-25.
46. Coppola N, Pisaturo M, Guastafierro S, et al. Increased hepatitis C viral load and reactivation of liver disease in HCV RNA-positive patients with onco-haematological disease undergoing chemotherapy. Dig Liver Dis 2012;44:49-54.
47. Lin KM, Lin JC, Tseng WY, et al. Rituximab-induced hepatitis C virus reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2013;46:65-7.
48. Ferri C, Cacoub P, Mazzaro C, et al. Treatment with rituximab in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome: results of multicenter cohort study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2011;11:48-55.
49. Saag KG, Teng GG, Patkar NM, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2008 recommendations for the use of nonbiologic and biologic diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:762-84.
50. Mahajan TD, Hooker R, Maher L, et al. Abatacept therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in the setting of hepatitis C infection. J Clin Rheumatol 2010;16:332-4.
51. Dragonas C, Ehrenstein B, Fleck M. Tocilizumab treatment in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and concomitant chronic hepatitis C infection. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:1520-1.
52. Nagashima T, Maruyama A, Kamata Y, et al. Unchanged serum viral load and liver function during tocilizumab treatment in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis C virus infection. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:2231-2.
53. Mori S, Fujiyama S. Comment on: Tocilizumab treatment in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and concomitant chronic hepatitis C infection. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;512300-2; author reply 2.
54. Streetz KL, Luedde T, Manns MP, et al. Interleukin 6 and liver regeneration. Gut 2000;47:309-12.
55. Wang Y, Metselaar HJ, Peppelenbosch MP, et al. Chronic hepatitis E in solid-organ transplantation: the key implications of immunosuppressants. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014;27:303-8.
56. Bauer H, Sibilia J, Moreau P, et al. Acute hepatitis E during biotherapy. Joint Bone Spine 2013;80:91-2.
57. Roux CH, Anty R, Patouraux S, et al. Hepatitis E: are rheumatic patients at risk? J Rheumatol 2013;40:99.
58. Sichletidis L, Settas L, Spyratos D, et al. Tuberculosis in patients receiving anti-TNF agents despite chemoprophylaxis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006;10:1127-32.
59. Winthrop KL, Chang E, Yamashita S, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:1556-61.
60. Gomez-Reino JJ, Carmona L, Valverde VR, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may predispose to significant increase in tuberculosis risk: a multicenter active-surveillance report. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2122-7.
61. Ottaviani S, Tiendrebeogo J, Choudat L, et al. Knee tuberculosis under rituximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2013;80:435-6.
62. Pehlivan Y, Kisacik B, Bosnak VK, et al. Rituximab seems to be a safer alternative in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with tuberculosis. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013; doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-006585.
63. Salliot C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Risk of serious infections during rituximab, abatacept and anakinra treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:25-32.
64. Souto A, Maneiro JR, Salgado E, et al. Risk of tuberculosis in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with biologics and tofacitinib: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and long-term extension studies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:1872-85.
65. Schiff MH, Kremer JM, Jahreis A, et al. Integrated safety in tocilizumab clinical trials. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:R141.
66. Furst DE, Keystone EC, So AK, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2012. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(suppl 2): ii2-34.
67. Hatemi G, Yazici H. Tuberculosis screening before and during treatment with tumor necrosis factor antagonists: something old, something new. J Rheumatol 2013;40:1938-40.
68. Aboulafia DM, Bundow D, Wilske K, et al. Etanercept for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated psoriatic arthritis. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:1093-8.
69. Hua C, Barnetche T, Combe B, et al. Effect of methotrexate, anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha, and rituximab on the immune response to influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014;66:1016-26.
70. Eisenberg RA, Jawad AF, Boyer J, et al. Rituximab-treated patients have a poor response to influenza vaccination. J Clin Immunol 2013;33:388-96.
71. Van Assen S, Holvast A, Benne CA, et al. Humoral responses after influenza vaccination are severely reduced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:75-81.
72. Van Assen S, Agmon-Levin N, Elkayam O, et al. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:414-22.
73. Bingham CO 3rd, Looney RJ, Deodhar A, et al. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab: results from a controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:64-74.
74. Tay L, Leon F, Vratsanos G, et al. Vaccination response to tetanus toxoid and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccines following administration of a single dose of abatacept: a randomized, open-label, parallel group study in healthy subjects. Arthritis Res Ther 2007;9:R38.
75. Mori S, Ueki Y, Hirakata N, et al. Impact of tocilizumab therapy on antibody response to influenza vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:2006-10.
76. Mori S, Ueki Y, Akeda Y, et al. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tocilizumab therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1362-6.
77. Bingham CO 3rd, Rizzo W, Kivitz A, et al. Humoral immune response to vaccines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab: results of a randomised controlled trial (VISARA). Ann Rheum Dis 2014;74:818-22.
78. Rahier JF, Moutschen M, Van Gompel A, et al. Vaccinations in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:1815-27.
79. Listing J, Strangfeld A, Kekow J, et al. Does tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition promote or prevent heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:667-77.
80. Gabriel SE. Tumor necrosis factor inhibition: a part of the solution or a part of the problem of heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:637-40.
81. Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-α, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure. Circulation 2003;107:3133-40.
82. Coletta AP, Clark AL, Banarjee P, et al. Clinical trials update: RENEWAL (RENAISSANCE and RECOVER) and ATTACH. Eur J Heart Fail 2002;4:559-61.
83. Cacciapaglia F, Navarini L, Menna P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of anti-TNF-alpha therapies: facts and unsettled issues. Autoimmun Rev 2011;10:631-5.
84. Khanna D, McMahon M, Furst DE. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and heart failure: what have we learned and where do we go from here? Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:1040-50.
85. Bili A, Tang X, Pranesh S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor use and decreased risk for incident coronary events in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014;66:355-63.
86. Abedin M, Scheurich D, Reimold SC, et al. Acute coronary syndrome after infliximab infusion. Cardiol Rev 2006;14:50-2.
87. Atzeni F, Turiel M, Caporali R, et al. The effect of pharmacological therapy on the cardiovascular system of patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2010;9:835-9.
88. Souto A, Salgado E, Maneiro JR, et al. Lipid profile changes in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis treated with biologic agents and tofacitinib in randomized clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67:117-27.
89. Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:2968-80.
90. Genovese MC, Smolen JS, Emery P, et al Concomitant use of statins in tocilizumab-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: analysis of five phase III clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:S1672.
91. Foran JM, Rohatiner AZ, Cunningham D, et al. European phase II study of rituximab (chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) for patients with newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma and previously treated mantle-cell lymphoma, immunocytoma, and small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:317-24.
92. Arunprasath P, Gobu P, Dubashi B, et al. Rituximab induced myocardial infarction: a fatal drug reaction. J Cancer Res Ther 2011;7:346-8.
93. Van Vollenhoven RF, Emery P, Bingham CO 3rd, et al. Long-term safety of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis: 9.5-year follow-up of the global clinical trial programme with a focus on adverse events of interest in RA patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1496-502.
94. Pham T, Fautrel B, Gottenberg JE, et al. Rituximab (MabThera) therapy and safety management. Clinical tool guide. Joint Bone Spine 2008;75(suppl 1):S1-99.
95. Pham T, Bachelez H, Berthelot JM, et al. Abatacept therapy and safety management. Joint Bone Spine 2012;79(suppl 1):3-84.
96. Buch MH, Smolen JS, Betteridge N, et al. Updated consensus statement on the use of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:909-20.
97. Mariette X, Tubach F, Bagheri H, et al. Lymphoma in patients treated with anti-TNF: results of the 3-year prospective French RATIO registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:400-8.
98. Strangfeld A, Hierse F, Rau R, et al. Risk of incident or recurrent malignancies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis exposed to biologic therapy in the German biologics register RABBIT. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R5.
99. Dixon WG, Watson KD, Lunt M, et al. Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy on cancer incidence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have had a prior malignancy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:755-63.
100. Raaschou P, Frisell T, Askling J. TNF inhibitor therapy and risk of breast cancer recurrence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; published online 8 Aug.
101. Jani M, Hirani N, Matteson EL, et al. The safety of biologic therapies in RA-associated interstitial lung disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014;10:284-94.
102. Suissa S, Ernst P, Hudson M. TNF-alpha antagonists and the prevention of hospitalisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008;21:234-8.
103. Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, et al. Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a one-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2807-16.
104. Weisman MH, Paulus HE, Burch FX, et al. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded study evaluating the safety of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and concomitant comorbid diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:1122-5.
105. Ogata A, Morishima A, Hirano T, et al. Improvement of HbA1c during treatment with humanised anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1164-5.
106. Boulton JG, Bourne JT. Unstable diabetes in a patient receiving anti-TNFalpha for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:178-9.
107. Verstappen SM, King Y, Watson KD, et al. Anti-TNF therapies and pregnancy: outcome of 130 pregnancies in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:823-6.
108. Peters MJ, Symmons DP, McCarey D, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:325-31.
109. Mellemkjaer L, Linet MS, Gridley G, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 1996;32:1753-7.
110. Baecklund E, Ekbom A, Sparen P, et al. Disease activity and risk of lymphoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: nested case-control study. BMJ 1998;317:180-1.
111. Balkwill F. Tumour necrosis factor and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:361-71.
112. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002;346:235-42.
113. Nagao A, Nakazawa S, Hanabusa H. Short-term efficacy of the IL6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in patients with HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease: report of two cases. J Hematol Oncol 2014;7:10.
114. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, et al. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2006;295:2275-85.
115. Rafnsson V, Tulinius H, Jonasson JG, et al. Risk of breast cancer in female flight attendants: a population-based study (Iceland). Cancer Causes Control 2001;12:95-101.
116. Baldini EH, Strauss GM. Women and lung cancer: waiting to exhale. Chest 1997;112(4 suppl):229s-34s.
117. Lopez-Olivo MA, Tayar JH, Martinez-Lopez JA, et al. Risk of malignancies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologic therapy: a metaanalysis. JAMA 2012;308:898-908.
118. Michaud TL, Rho YH, Shamliyan T, et al. The comparative safety of TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis - a meta-analysis update of 44 randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2014;127:1208-32.
119. Yamamoto K, Goto H, Hirao K, et al. Long-term safety of tocilizumab: results from 3 years of follow up postmarketing surveillance of 5573 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Japan. J Rheumatol 2015; published online 1 Jun.
120. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy: analyses from a large US observational study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:2886-95.
121. Mercer LK, Lunt M, Low AL, et al. Risk of solid cancer in patients exposed to anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:1087-93.
122. Wu CY, Chen DY, Shen JL, et al. The risk of cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking tumor necrosis factor antagonists: a nationwide cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2014;16:449.
123. Smith KJ, Skelton HG. Rapid onset of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after starting tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor IgG1-Fc fusion complex therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:953-6.
124. Corcorran MA, Olson JM, Hecht C, et al. Eruptive squamous cell carcinoma in a patient receiving abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:e178-9.
125. Bombardier C, Hazlewood GS, Akhavan P, et al. Canadian Rheumatology Association recommendations for the pharmacological management of rheumatoid arthritis with traditional and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: part II safety. J Rheumatol 2012;39:1583-602.
126. Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Weinblatt ME, et al. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and histopathologic features of methotrexate-associated lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter study with literature review. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1829-37.
127. Bongartz T, Nannini C, Medina-Velasquez YF, et al. Incidence and mortality of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:1583-91.
128. Demir R, Bodur H, Tokoglu F, et al. High resolution computed tomography of the lungs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1999;19:19-22.
129. Gabbay E, Tarala R, Will R, et al. Interstitial lung disease in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:528-35.
130. Ascherman DP. Interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2010;12:363-9.
131. Hadjinicolaou AV, Nisar MK, Parfrey H, et al. Non-infectious pulmonary toxicity of rituximab: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:653-62.
132. Kawashiri SY, Kawakami A, Sakamoto N, et al. A fatal case of acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis during treatment with tocilizumab. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:4023-6.
133. Perez-Alvarez R, Perez-De-Lis M, Diaz-Lagares C, et al. Interstitial lung disease induced or exacerbated by TNF-targeted therapies: analysis of 122 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011;41:256-64.
134. Mohr M, Jacobi AM. Interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: response to IL-6R blockade. Scand J Rheumatol 2011;40:400-1.
135. Vassallo R, Matteson E, Thomas CF Jr. Clinical response of rheumatoid arthritisassociated pulmonary fibrosis to tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition. Chest 2002;122:1093-6.
136. Herrinton LJ, Harrold LR, Liu L, et al. Association between anti-TNF-alpha therapy and interstitial lung disease. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013;22:394-402.
137. Roubille C, Haraoui B. Interstitial lung diseases induced or exacerbated by DMARDS and biologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014;43:613-26.
138. Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, et al. Influence of anti-TNF therapy on mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1086-91.
139. Matera MG, Calzetta L, Cazzola M. TNF-alpha inhibitors in asthma and COPD: we must not throw the baby out with the bath water. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010;23:121-8.
140. Paolisso G, Valentini G, Giugliano D, et al. Evidence for peripheral impaired glucose handling in patients with connective tissue diseases. Metabolism 1991;40:902-7.
141. Nagai K, Fukushima T, Oike H, et al. High glucose increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and secretion of TNFalpha and betahexosaminidase in human mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;687:39-45.
142. Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Bundy B, et al. B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab and beta-cell function: two-year results. Diabetes Care 2014;37:453-9.
143. Orban T, Beam CA, Xu P, et al. Reduction in CD4 central memory T-cell subset in costimulation modulator abatacept-treated patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes is associated with slower C-peptide decline. Diabetes 2014;63:3449-57.
144. Senel S, Kisacik B, Ugan Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy on hemodialysis. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30:1369-72.
145. Krause ML, Amin S, Makol A. Use of DMARDs and biologics during pregnancy and lactation in rheumatoid arthritis: what the rheumatologist needs to know. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2014;6:169-84.
146. Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, et al. Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1219-27.
147. Chakravarty EF, Sanchez-Yamamoto D, Bush TM. The use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in women with rheumatoid arthritis of childbearing age: a survey of practice patterns and pregnancy outcomes. J Rheumatol 2003;30:241-6.
148. Skomsvoll JF, Ostensen M, Irgens LM, et al. Obstetrical and neonatal outcome in pregnant patients with rheumatic disease. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1998;107:109-12.
149. Carter JD, Ladhani A, Ricca LR, et al. A safety assessment of tumor necrosis factor antagonists during pregnancy: a review of the Food and Drug Administration database. J Rheumatol 2009;36:635-41.
150. Hyrich KL, Verstappen SM. Biologic therapies and pregnancy: the story so far. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53:1377-85.
151. Mahadevan U, Wolf DC, Dubinsky M, et al. Placental transfer of antitumor necrosis factor agents in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:286-92; quiz e24.
152. Berthelsen BG, Fjeldsoe-Nielsen H, Nielsen CT, et al. Etanercept concentrations in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, breast milk and child serum during breastfeeding. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:2225-7.
153. Gerhold K, Richter A, Schneider M, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis in the era of biologics: data from the German biologics register RABBIT. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; published online 21 May.