Anxiety: A short history

Anxiety: A Short History

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-190

  Horwitz, Allan V ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84942410140     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (318)

1. LeDoux J (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon & Shuster, New York.
2. LeDoux J (2002). Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. Penguin, New York.
3. Damasio A (1994). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. HarperCollins, New York.
4. Smoller J (2012). The Other Side of Normal: How Biology Is Providing the Clues to Unlock the Secrets of Normal and Abnormal Behavior. William Morrow, New York.
5. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text rev. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
6. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2012). Mental Health, United States, 2012. HHS Publication No. 12-4681. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, pp. 138–139.
7. Mojtabai R, Olfson M (2010). National trends in psychotropic medication polypharmacy in office-based psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, pp. 26–36.
8. Shorter E (1992). From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. Free Press, New York, p. 320.
9. Da Costa JM (1871). On irritable heart: A clinical study of a form of functional cardiac disorder and its consequences. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 61, pp. 17–52.
10. Shephard B (2001). A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
11. Jones E, Vermaas RH, McCartney H, Beech C, Palmer I, Hyams K, Wessely S (2003). Flashbacks and posttraumatic stress disorder: The genesis of a 20th-century diagnosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, pp. 158–163.
12. Nemiah JC (1985). Anxiety states (anxiety neuroses). In Kaplan HI, Sadlock BJ (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 883–894.
13. Glas G (2003). A conceptual history of anxiety and depression. In den Boer JA, Sitsen JMA (eds.) Handbook on Anxiety and Depression: A Biological Approach, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1–48.
14. Burton R (1621/2001). Anatomy of Melancholy. (Jackson H, ed.). New York Review Books, New York, p. 431.
15. Rachman SJ (1990). Fear and Courage. 2nd ed. WH Freeman, New York.
16. Kierkegaard S (1844/1980). The Concept of Anxiety (Thomte R, trans.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. 170.
17. Shorter E (1994). From the Mind Into the Body. Free Press, New York.
18. Kleinman A (1988). Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. Free Press, New York.
19. Auster P (2012). Winter Journal. Faber & Faber, London, p. 141.
20. Smoller J (2012). Other Side of Normal.
21. Insel TR (2009). Translating scientific opportunities into public health impact: A strategic plan for research on mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, pp. 128–133.
22. Robinson DN (1995). An Intellectual History of Psychology, 3rd ed. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, p. 275.
23. Porter R (2002), Madness: A Brief History. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 37.
24. Aristotle (1980). The Nichomachean Ethics (Ross D, trans.). Oxford World Classics, New York, p. 127.
25. Krieder T (2012). Cycle of fear. New York Times, May 7. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/fear-and-cycling/.
26. Kagan J, Reznick S, Snidman N (1988). Biological basis of childhood shyness. Science 240, pp. 167–171.
27. Kagan J, Snidman N (2004). The Long Shadow of Temperament. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
28. Cheyne G (1733/1991). The English Malady (Porter R, ed.). Tavistock/Routledge, New York.
29. MacDonald M (1983). Mystical Bedlam: Magic, Anxiety, and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England. Cambridge University Press, London, p. 67.
30. Baer JC, Kim M, Wilkenfeld B (2012). Is it Generalized Anxiety Disorder or poverty? An examination of poor mothers and their children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Social Work, 29, pp. 345–355, quote on p. 354.
31. Watson JB (1924). Behaviorism. People’s Institute, Chicago.
32. Mirowsky J, Ross C (2003). Social Causes of Psychological Distress, 2nd ed. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
33. Hippocrates (1923–1931). Works of Hippocrates (Jones WHS, Withington ET, eds. and trans.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
34. Meyer A (1950–1952). The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
35. Rosenberg CE (2007). Our Present Complaint: American Medicine, Then and Now. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
36. Y-F Tuan (1979). Landscapes of Fear. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, p. 77.
37. Malinowski B (1948). Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays. Free Press, Glencoe.
38. Marino G (2012). The doctor of dread. New York Times. March 18, p. E8.
39. Beck JS, Beck AT (2011). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 2nd ed. Guilford Press, New York.
40. Graver MR (2007). Stoicism and Emotion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
41. Clark MJ (1995). Anxiety disorders: Social section. In Berrios GE, Porter R (eds.), A History of Clinical Psychiatry. New York University Press, New York, pp. 563–572.
42. Kramer SN (1959). History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p. 224.
43. Freud S (1936/1963). The Problem of Anxiety. WW Norton, New York, p. 113.
44. Horwitz AV, Wakefield JC (2012). All We Have to Fear: Psychiatry’s Transformation of Natural Anxieties into Mental Disorders. Oxford University Press, New York.
45. Erasmus D (1974). The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1 to 141, 1484–1500. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, p. 115.
46. Borsh-Jacobsen M (2009). Making Minds and Madness: From Hysteria to Depression. Cambridge University Press, New York.
47. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2004). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, pp. 617–627.
48. Micale M (1995). Approaching Hysteria: Disease and Its Interpretations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. 120.
49. Oatley K (1992). Best Laid Schemes: The Psychology of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 55.
50. Fisher P (2002). The Vehement Passions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. 157.
51. Roberts RC (2003). Emotions: An Essay in Aid of Moral Psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 190.
52. Griffiths PE (1997). What Emotions Really Are: The Problem of Psychological Categories. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 55.
53. Dodds ER (1951). The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press, Berkeley.
54. Finlay MI (2002). The World of Odysseus. New York Review of Books Classics, New York.
55. Kagan D (2010). Thucydides: The Reinvention of History. Viking, New York.
56. Aristotle (1980). The Nicomachean Ethics (Ross D, trans.). Oxford World Classics, New York, p. 49.
57. Aristotle (1991). The Art of Rhetoric (Lawson-Tancred HC, trans.). Penguin, New York, p. 153.
58. Graver MR (2007). Stoicism and Emotion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 96.
59. Homer (1990). The Iliad (Fagles R, trans.). Viking, New York, p. 350.
60. “Nothing else changes the complexion, or causes trembling, or sets the teeth chattering.” Discourses, Book 2, On Anxiety. www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999. 70r.
61. Konstan D (2006). The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, p. 135.
62. Homer (1990). The Iliad (Fagles R, trans.). Viking, New York, p. 350.
63. Epictetus (1944). Discourses (Higginson TW, trans.). Walter J Black, Roslyn, NY, pp. 117–119.
64. Epictetus (1916). The Discourses of Epictetus including the Enchiridion (Matheson PE, trans.). Oxford University Press, New York, p. 306.
65. Linforth IM (1946a). The Corybantic Rites in Plato. University of California Publications in Classical Philology, 13, no. 5, pp. 121–163.
66. Linforth IM (1946b). Telestic Madness in Plato. University of California Publications in Classical Philology, 13, no. 6, p. 165.
67. Hippocrates (1923–1931). Works of Hippocrates (Jones WHS, Withington ET, eds. and trans.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, vol. 1, p. 263.
68. Wallace ER (1994). Psychiatry and its nosology: A historico-philosophical overview. In Sadler J, Schwartz M, Wiggins O (eds.), Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 48.
69. Simon B (1978). Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, p. 235.
70. Roccatagliata G (1986). A History of Ancient Psychiatry. Greenwood Press, New York, p. 172.
71. Radden J (ed.) (2000). Introduction: From melancholic states to clinical depression. The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 10.
72. Jackson SW (1986). Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times. Yale University Press, New Haven, p. 42.
73. Porter R (2002). Madness: A Brief History. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 45.
74. Lucretius. On the Nature of Things. Classics.mit.edu/Carus/nature_things.3.iii.html. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
75. Svendsen L (2007). A Philosophy of Fear. Reaktion Books, London, p. 31.
76. Rosen G (1968). Madness in Society. Harper Torchbooks, New York, p. 96.
77. Sigerist HE (1943). Civilization and Disease. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 150.
78. Porter R (1999). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. WW Norton, New York, pp. 55–62.
79. Pott H (2009). Emotions, phantasia and feeling in Aristotle’s rhetoric. In Close E (ed.), Greek Research in Australia. Flinders University, Adelaide.
80. Cicero (1927). Tuscularum Disputationum (King JE, trans.). William Heinemann, London, p. 355.
81. Lewis A (1970). The ambiguous word “anxiety.” International Journal of Psychiatry 9, pp. 62–79.
82. Aristotle (2000). Brilliance and melancholy. In Radden J (ed.) The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 58 (emphasis in original).
83. Fortenbaugh WW (2006). Aristotle and Theophrastus on the emotions. In Aristotles Practical Side: On His Psychology, Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric. Brill, Leiden, p. 100.
84. Fortenbaugh WW (2002). Aristotle on Emotion, 2nd ed. Duckworth, London, pp. 69, 71.
85. Epicurus (1964). Letters and Principal Doctrines and Vatican Sayings (Geer RM, trans.). Bobbs-Merrill, New York, p. 64.
86. McReynolds P (1985). Changing conceptions of anxiety: A historical review and a proposed integration. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 7, pp. 131–158.
87. Greenblatt S (2011). The Swerve: How the World Became Modern. WW Norton, New York, p. 196.
88. Richardson RD (2006). William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism. Houghton Mifflin, New York, p. 53.
89. Plato (1926). Laws, vii, 790d–791a (Bury RG, trans.). Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge.
90. Bloch M (1961). Feudal Society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
91. Huizinga J (1924). The Waning of the Middle Ages. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
92. St. Augustine (2009). Confessions. Oxford World Classics, New York, 8.29.
93. William James: “Of course the sovereign cure for worry is religious faith.” Talks to Teachers on Psychology: And to Students on Some of Lifes Ideals (1899/1983). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p. 118.
94. Porter R (1999). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. WW Norton, New York, pp. 106–112.
95. Avicenna (ca. 1170/2000). Black bile and melancholia. In Radden J (ed.), The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 77.
96. Ficino M (1482/2000). Three Books of Life. In Radden J (ed.), The Nature of Melancholy, p. 88.
97. Porter R (2002). Madness: A Brief History. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 52.
98. Shorter E (1992). From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. Free Press, New York, p. 15.
99. Glas G (2003). A conceptual history of anxiety and depression. In den Boer JA, Sitsen JMA (eds.), Handbook on Depression and Anxiety: A Biological Approach. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1–44.
100. Jackson SW (1986). Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times. Yale University Press, New Haven.
101. Radden J (2000). Introduction: From melancholic states to clinical depression. Porter, 2002.
102. Burton R (1621/2001). The Anatomy of Melancholy. (Jackson H, ed.). New York Review Books, New York, vol. 1, p. 131.
103. MacDonald M (1983). Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety, and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England. Cambridge University Press, London.
104. De Montaigne M (1958). The Complete Essays of Montaigne. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp. 53, 52, 449.
105. Hobbes cited in Fisher P (2002). The Vehement Passions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. 115.
106. Locke J (1996). Some Thoughts Concerning Education and of the Conduct of Understanding (Grant RW, Tarcov N, eds.). Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, p. 88.
107. Saul H (2001). Phobias: Fighting the Fear. Arcade, New York, p. 27.
108. Hume D 1739–40/1978. Treatise of Human Nature (Selby-Bigge LA, ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. Book II, Part III, IX, pp. 438–448.
109. Micale M (2008). Hysterical Men: The Hidden History of Male Nervous Illness. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p. 23.
110. Shorter E (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley, New York, pp. 22–23.
111. Willis T (1683/1971). Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes. Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, Gainesville, FL, p. 191.
112. Cheyne G (1733/1991). The English Malady (Porter R, ed.). Tavistock/Routledge, New York.
113. Scull A (2009). Hysteria: The Biography. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 57.
114. Lewis A (1967). Melancholia: A historical review. In Lewis A, The State of Psychiatry: Essays and Addresses. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, p. 78.
115. Battie W (1758/1962). A Treatise on Madness. Dawson’s, London, p. 28.
116. Trotter T (1807). A View of the Nervous Temperament. Longman, London, p. xvii.
117. Bynum WF (1985). The nervous patient in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: The psychiatric origins of British neurology. In Bynum WF, Porter R, and Sheperd M (eds.). The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry. Tavistock, New York, p. 93.
118. Porter R (1999). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. WW Norton, New York, p. 314.
119. Goldstein J (2002). Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 211.
120. Rosenberg CE (2007). Our Present Complaint: American Medicine, Then and Now. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 118.
121. Shorter E (1992). From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. Free Press, New York, pp. 214–215.
122. Berrios GE, Link C (1995). Anxiety disorders: Clinical section. In Berrios GE, Porter R (eds.), A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. New York University Press, New York, p. 549.
123. Oppenheim J (1991). Shattered Nerves: Doctors, Patients, and Depression in Victorian England. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 37.
124. Shorter E (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley, New York, p. 76.
125. Scull A (2011). Madness: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 37.
126. Zeldin T (1981). France, 1848–1945: Anxiety and Hypocrisy. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 20–21.
127. Darwin C (1872/2007). The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, 3rd ed. Filiquarian Publishing, Minneapolis, p. 354.
128. Nesse RM, Jackson ED (2006). Evolution: Psychiatric nosology’s missing biological foundation. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 3, pp. 121–131.
129. Horwitz AV, Wakefield JC (2007). The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Ordinary Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, New York.
130. Da Costa JM (1871). On irritable heart: A clinical study of a form of functional cardiac disorder and its consequences. American Journal of Medicinal Science 61, pp. 17–52.
131. Shorter E (2005). A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 27.
132. Glas G (2003). A conceptual history of anxiety and depression. In den Boer JA, Sitsen JMA (eds.), Handbook on Anxiety and Depression: A Biological Approach, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 6.
133. Snaith RP (1968). A clinical investigation of phobias. British Journal of Psychiatry 114, p. 673.
134. Berrios GE (1995b). The psychopathology of affectivity: Conceptual and historical aspects. Psychological Medicine 15, p. 269.
135. Kierkegaard S (1844/1980). The Concept of Anxiety. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. xiii.
136. Kierkegaard S (1843/1992). Either/Or. Penguin, New York.
137. Gay P (2002). Schnitzler s Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture, 1815–1914. WW Norton, New York.
138. Beard C (1881). American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences, Putnam, New York.
139. Scull A (2009). Hysteria: The Biography. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 97.
140. Micale M (2008). Hysterical Men: The Hidden History of Male Nervous Illness. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 156–157.
141. Lutz T (1991). American Nervousness: 1903. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
142. Rosenberg C (1997). No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (rev. ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 108.
143. Shorter, 2013, How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown. Oxford University Press, p. 57.
144. Krishaber M (1873). De la neveropathie cerebro-cardiaque. Masson, Paris.
145. Hartenberg P (1901). Les timides et la timidité. F. Alcan, Paris.
146. Berrios GE (1995a). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical section. In Berrios GE, Porter R (eds.), A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. New York University Press, New York, pp. 573–592.
147. Kraepelin E (1902). Clinical Psychiatry. Norwood Press, Norwood, OR, p. 50.
148. Glas G (1996). Concepts of anxiety: A historical reflection on anxiety and related disorders. In Westenberg HGM, den Boer JA, Murphy DL (eds.), Advances in the Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 1-19, quote on 11.
149. Lewis A (1970). The ambiguous word “anxiety.” International Journal of Psychiatry 9, p. 68.
150. Tuke DH (1894). Imperative ideas. Brain 17, pp. 179–197, quote on p. 179.
151. Ellenberger H (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious. Basic Books, New York, p. 488.
152. Nemiah JC (1985). Anxiety states (anxiety neuroses). In Kaplan HI, Sadlock BJ (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p. 896.
153. Freud S (1894a/1959). The justification for detaching from neurasthenia a particular syndrome: The anxiety-neurosis. Collected Papers, vol. 1 (Riviere J, trans.). Basic Books, New York, pp. 76-106, quote on p. 77.
154. Freud S (1894b/1959). The defence neuro-psychoses. Collected Papers, vol. I (Riviere J, trans.). Basic Books, New York, p. 75.
155. Makari G (2008). Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis. Harper, New York, p. 88.
156. Freud S (1893/1959). On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena. Collected Papers, vol. I (Riviere J, trans.). Basic Books, New York, p. 29. Freud, 1894a, p. 96.
157. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSM-III). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, p. 233.
158. Freud S (1896/1959). Heredity and the aetiology of the neuroses. Collected Papers, vol. 1 (Riviere J, trans.). Basic Books, New York, p. 143.
159. Freud S (1905/1959). My views on the part played by sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses. Collected Papers, vol. 1 (Riviere J, trans.). Basic Books, New York, p. 276.
160. Freud S (1898/1959). Sexuality in the aetiology of the neuroses. Collected Papers, vol. 1 (Riviere J, trans.). Basic Books, New York, p. 242.
161. Gay P (2002). Schnitzlers Century: The Making of Middle-Class Culture, 1815–1914. WW Norton, New York, pp. 46, 147–151.
162. Freud S (1936/1963). The Problem of Anxiety. WW Norton, New York, p. 20.
163. Freud S (1926/1989). Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety. WW Norton, New York, p. 63.
164. Glas G (1996). Concepts of anxiety: A historical reflection on anxiety and related disorders. In Westenberg HGM, den Boer JA, Murphy DL (eds.), Advances in the Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3–19.
165. Shorter E (1997). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley, New York, p. 145.
166. Hale NG (1995). The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 292.
167. Grinker R, Spiegel J (1945). War Neuroses. Blakiston, Philadelphia.
168. Horney K (1937). The Neurotic Personality of Our Time. WW Norton, New York, p. 22.
169. Fromm E (1941/1969). Escape from Freedom. Avon Books, New York, p. 318.
170. Ward R (2002). Modernizing the Mind: Psychological Knowledge and the Remaking of Society. Praeger, Westport, CT, ch. 2.
171. Capshew JH (1999). Psychologists on the March: Science, Practice and Professional Identity in America, 1929–1969. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1, 15–16, 29.
172. Herman E (1996). The Romance of American Psychology. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 100–112.
173. Boring EG, Van de Water M (1943). Psychology for the Fighting Man. National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 298–299.
174. Janis JL (1951). Air War and Emotional Stress. McGraw-Hill, New York.
175. Rach-man SJ (1990). Fear and Courage, 2nd ed. WH Freeman, New York, pp. 19–25, 38.
176. Bourke J (2005). Fear: A Cultural History. Counterpoint, New York, p. 248.
177. Danziger K (1990). Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research. Cambridge University Press, New York.
178. Richardson RD (2006). William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
179. James W (1884). What is an emotion? Mind 9, pp. 188–205.
180. Watson JB (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20, pp. 158–177, quote on p. 158.
181. Watson JB (1924). Behaviorism. People’s Institute, Chicago, p. 104.
182. Watson JB, Rayner R (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 3, pp. 1–14.
183. Fridlund AJ, Beck HP, Goldie WD, Irons G (2012). Little Albert: A neurologically impaired child. History of Psychology, advance online publication. DOI: 10.1037/a0026720.
184. Beck HP, Levinson S, Irons G (2009). Finding Little Albert: A journal to John B. Watson’s infant laboratory. American Psychologist 64, pp. 605–614.
185. Salter A (1949). Conditioned Reflex Therapy: The Direct Approach to the Reconstruction of Personality. Creative Age Press, New York, p. 100.
186. Morawski JG (1997). Educating the emotions: Academic psychology, textbooks, and the psychology industry, 1890–1940. In Pfister J, Schnog N (eds.) Inventing the Psychological: Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America. Yale University Press, New Haven, p. 232.
187. Mowrer OH (1939). A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychological Review 46, pp. 553–564.
188. Neil Miller and John Dollard, Personality and Psychotherapy: An Analysis in Terms of Learning, Thinking, and Culture (McGraw-Hill, New York).
189. Skinner BF (1953). Science and Human Behavior. Macmillan, New York.
190. Skinner BF (1971). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Knopf, New York.
191. Seligman M (1970). On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review 77, pp. 406–418.
192. Seligman M (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy 2, pp. 307–320.
193. Kagan J, Reznick, S, Snidman N (1988). Biological basis of childhood shyness. Science 240, pp. 167–171.
194. Kagan J, Snidman N (2004). The Long Shadow of Temperament. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
195. Jones MC (1924a). The elimination of children’s fears. Journal of Experimental Psychology 7, pp. 382–390.
196. Jones MC (1924b). A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary 31, pp. 308–315.
197. Wolpe J (1958). Psychotherapy as Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp. 201, 83.
198. Eysenck HJ (1980). Psychological theories of anxiety. In Burrows GD, Davies BM (eds.), Handbook of Studies on Anxiety. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, New York, p. 21.
199. Rose N (1999). Governing the Soul: Of the Private Self, 2nd ed. Free Association Books, London, p. 237.
200. Eysenck HJ (1952). The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology 16, pp. 319–324.
201. Eysenck HJ (1965). The effects of psychotherapy. International Journal of Psychiatry 1, pp. 99–144.
202. Wolpe J (1988). Life Without Fear: Anxiety and Its Cure. New Harbinger Publications, Oakland, p. 114.
203. Weitzman B (1967). Behavior therapy and psychotherapy. Psychological Review 74, pp. 300–317.
204. Karzin AE (1975). History of Behavior Modification: Experimental Foundations of Contemporary Research. National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 197–204.
205. Fancher RT (1995). Cultures of Healing: Correcting the Image of American Mental Health Care. WH Freeman, New York.
206. Ellis A (1962). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Lyle Stuart, New York.
207. Beck AT (1976). Cognitive therapy of anxiety. Reprinted in Sahakian WS (ed.) Psychopathology Today, 3rd ed. FE Peacock, Itasca, IL, p. 97.
208. Abramowitz J (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65, pp. 44–52.
209. Fedoroff IC, Taylor S (2001). Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21, pp. 311–324.
210. Mitte K (2005). Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with pharmacotherapy. Psychological Bulletin 131, pp. 785–795.
211. Hunot V, Churchill R, Teixeira V, Silva de Lima M (2007). Psychological therapies for generalized anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1, art. no. CD001848. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001848.pub4.
212. Mojtabai R, Olfson M (2010). National trends in psychotropic medication polypharmacy in office-based psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, pp. 26–36.
213. Mojtabai R, Olfson M (2008). National trends in psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, pp. 962–970.
214. Goisman RM, Warshaw MG, Keller MB (1999). Psychosocial treatment prescriptions for generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia, 1991–1996. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, pp. 1819–1821.
215. Blanco C, Olfson M, Stein DJ, Simpson HB, Gameroff MJ, Narrow WH (2006). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder by U.S. psychiatrists. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, pp. 946–951.
216. May R (1950/1977). The Meaning of Anxiety. Pocket Books, New York, p. 3.
217. Barrett W (1958). Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy. Anchor Books, New York, p. 226.
218. Auden WH (1947/2011). The Age of Anxiety. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
219. Friedan B (1963/2001). The Feminine Mystique. WW Norton, New York, p. 407.
220. Hale NG (1995). The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917–1985. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 289.
221. Herzberg D (2009). Happy Pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
222. Tone A (2009). The Age of Anxiety: A History of America’s Turbulent Affair with Tranquilizers. Basic Books, New York.
223. Shorter E (2007). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley, New York.
224. Healy D (1997). The Antidepressant Era. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
225. Berger FM (1970). Anxiety and the discovery of the tranquilizers. In Ayd FJ, Blackwell B (eds.), Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp. 115–129, quotes on pp. 120, 127.
226. Greene J, Herzberg D (2010). Hidden in plain sight: The popular promotion of prescription drugs in the 20th century. American Journal of Public Health 100, pp. 793–803. Herzberg, 2009, p. 81.
227. Metzl JM (2003). Prozac on the Couch: Prescribing Gender in the Era of Wonder Drugs. Duke University Press, Durham.
228. Rickels K (1968). Drug use in outpatient treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 125, pp. 20-31, quote on p. 10.
229. Blackwell B (1973). Psychotropic drugs in use today: The role of diazepam in medical practice. JAMA 225, pp. 1637–1641.
230. Smith MC (1985). Small Comfort: A History of the Minor Tranquilizers. Praeger, New York, pp. 31–32.
231. Ayd FJ (1970). The impact of biological psychiatry. In Ayd FJ, Blackwell B (eds.), Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, p. 243.
232. Tone A (2005). Listening to the past: History, psychiatry, and anxiety. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, p. 378.
233. Klerman G (1970). Drugs and social values. International Journal of the Addictions 5, pp. 313–319.
234. Gabe J, Bury M (1991). Tranquillisers and health care in crisis. Social Science and Medicine 32, 449–454.
235. Gabe J (1990). Towards a sociology of tranquillizer prescribing. British Journal of Addiction 85, 41–48. Tone, 2009.
236. Rickels K (1978). Use of antianxiety agents in anxious outpatients. Psychopharmacology 58, 1–27.
237. Grob GN (1990). World War II and American psychiatry. Psychohistory Review 19, pp. 41–69.
238. Grob GN (1991). Origins of DSM-I: A study of appearance and reality. American Journal of Psychiatry 148, pp. 421–431.
239. American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 31.
240. American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 39.
241. Langner TS (1962). A twenty-two item screening score of psychiatric symptoms indicating impairment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 3, pp. 269–276.
242. Porter R (2002). Madness: A Brief History. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 208.
243. Rosenberg CE (2007). Our Present Complaint: American Medicine, Then and Now. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
244. Szasz TS (1961/1974). The Myth of Mental Illness. Hoeber-Harper, New York.
245. Rosenhan DL (1972). On being sane in insane places. Science 179, pp. 250–258.
246. Cooper J, Rendell R, Burland B, Sharpe L, Copeland J, Simon R (1972). Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York and London. Oxford University Press, London.
247. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry 26, pp. 57–63.
248. Klein DF (1981). Anxiety reconceptualized. In Klein DF, Rabkin J (eds.), Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. Raven Press, New York, pp. 235–263, quote on p. 242.
249. Margraf J, Ehlers A, Roth WT (1986). Biological models of panic disorder and agoraphobia: A review. Behavior Research and Therapy 24, p. 556.
250. Rickels K, Rynn MA (2001). What is generalized anxiety disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62, pp. 4–11.
251. Bayer R, Spitzer RL (1985). Neurosis, psychodynamics, and DSM-III: A history of the controversy. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, p. 189.
252. Spitzer RL (1978). The data-oriented revolution in psychiatry. Man and Medicine 3, pp. 193–194.
253. Barlow DH (1988). Anxiety and Its Disorders. Guilford Press, New York, p. 567.
254. Eysenck HJ (1947). Dimensions of Personality. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
255. Eysenck HJ, Wakefield JA, Friedman AF (1983). Diagnosis and clinical assessment: The DSM-III. Annual Review of Psychology 34, pp. 167–193.
256. Klerman GL (1983). The significance of DSM-III in American psychiatry. In Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Skodol AE (eds.), International Perspectives on DSM-III. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp. 3–24.
257. Baldessarini RJ (2000). American biological psychiatry and psychopharmacology, 1944–1994. In Menninger RW, Nemiah JC (eds.), American Psychiatry after World War II. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp. 371–412.
258. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 225.
259. Curtis GC, Magee WJ, Eaton WW, Wittchen HU, Kessler RC (1998). Specific fears and phobias: Epidemiology and classification. British Journal of Psychiatry 173, p. 213.
260. Kessler RC, Stein MB, Berglund P (1998). Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, p. 614.
261. Mojtabai R, Olfson M (2010). National trends in psychotropic medication polypharmacy in office-based psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, pp. 26–36.
262. Mojtabai R, Olfson M (2008). National trends in psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, pp. 962–970.
263. Kessler RC, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Wang PS (2004). The epidemiology of adult mental disorders. In Levin BL, Petrilice J, Hennessey KD (eds.), Mental Health Services: A Public Health Perspective. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 157–176, quote on p. 165.
264. Staub ME (2011). Madness as Civilization: When the Diagnosis Was Social, 1948–1980. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
265. Kessler RC, Foster CL, Saunders WB, Stang PE (1995). The social consequences of psychiatric disorders: Part I. Education attainment. American Journal of Psychiatry 54, pp. 313–321.
266. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Foster CL, Saunders WB, Stang PE, Walters EE (1997). The social consequences of psychiatric disorders: Part II. Teenage childbearing. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, pp. 1405–1411.
267. Healy, 1997, p. 196. Accessed January 16, 2012.
268. Kramer PD (1993). Listening to Prozac: A Psychiatrist Explores Antidepressant Drugs and the Remaking of the Self. Viking, New York.
269. Healy D (1991). The marketing of 5-Hydroxytryptamine: Depression or anxiety? British Journal of Psychiatry 158, p. 739.
270. Horwitz AV (2010). How an age of anxiety became an age of depression. Milbank Quarterly 88, pp. 112–138.
271. Cochrane database: http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/.
272. Mullins CD, Shaya FT, Meng F, Wang J, Harrison D (2005). Persistence, switching, and discontinuation rates among patients receiving sertraline, paroxetine, and citalopram. Pharmacotherapy 25, pp. 660–667.
273. Mental Health Services Administration (2012). Mental Health, United States, 2010. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, p. 138.
274. Porter R (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. WW Norton, New York, p. 521.
275. Fisher P (2002). The Vehement Passions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, p. 116.
276. Pinker S (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking, New York.
277. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2004). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 617–627.
278. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 225.
279. Shorter E (1992). From Paralysis to Fatigue: A History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. Free Press, New York, p. 296.
280. Kramer PD (1993). Listening to Prozac: A Psychiatrist Explores Antidepressant Drugs and the Remaking of the Self. Viking, New York, p. 296.
281. LeDoux J (2002). Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. Penguin, New York, p. ix.
282. Alfonso CA (2012). Letter to the editor. New York Times Magazine, April 22, p. 8.
283. Vaughan SC (1997). The Talking Cure: The Science Behind Psychotherapy. Grosset/Putnam, New York, p. 147.
284. Barber C (2008). Comfortably Numb: How Psychiatry Is Medicating a Nation. Pantheon, New York, p. 167.
285. MacFarquhar L (2007). Two heads: A marriage devoted to the mind-body problem. The New Yorker, February 12, p. 69.
286. Buckley C (2009). In the tents, most faces feature model pout. New York Times, February 10, A17.
287. Gall FJ (1835). On the Organ of the Moral Qualities and Intellectual Faculties, and the Plurality of the Cerebral Organs. Marsh, Capen & Lyon, Boston, pp. 45–46.
288. Smoller J (2012). The Other Side of Normal: How Biology Is Providing the Clues to Unlock the Secrets of Normal and Abnormal Behavior. William Morrow, New York, p. 334.
289. Alliance of Psychodynamic Organizations (2006). Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, 1st ed. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Model, Bethesda, MD.
290. Kupfer DJ, Kuhl EA, Narrow WH, Regier DA (2009). On the road to DSM-V. http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=23560.
291. Greenberg G (2010). Inside the battle to define mental illness. Wired, December 27, http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/12/ff_dsmv/all/I.
292. Schatzberg AF, Scully JH, Kupfer DJ, Regier DA (2009). Setting the record straight: A response to Frances commentary. Psychiatric Times 26, July 1.
293. Kendler KS, Gardner CO (1998). Boundaries of major depression: An evaluation of DSM-IV criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, pp. 172–177.
294. Kessler RC, Merikangas KR, Berglund P, Eaton WW, Koretz DS, Walters EE. (2003). Mild disorders should not be eliminated from the DSM-V. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, pp. 1117–1122.
295. Regier DA, Narrow WE, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ (2009). The conceptual development of DSM-V. American Journal of Psychiatry 166, pp. 645–650, quote on p. 649.
296. Weinfurt KP, Cella D, Forrest CB, Shulman L (2011). NIH PROMIS 2011: Advancing PRO Science in Clinical Research and Patient Care. http://www.nihpromis.org/science/presentations. January II.
297. Srole L, Langner TS, Michael ST, Kirkpatrick P, Opler MK, Rennie TAC (1962/1978). Mental Health in the Metropolis: The Midtown Manhattan Study, rev. ed., enlarged. McGraw-Hill, New York.
298. Burton R 1621/2001. The Anatomy of Melancholy. New York Review Books, New York, vol. 1: 261.
299. Hippocrates (2010). Aphorisms. Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish, MN, Section 6.23.
300. Merikangas KR (1995). Contribution of genetic epidemiologic research to psychiatry. Psychopathology 28, p. 48.
301. Stavrakaki C, Vargo B (1986). The relationship of anxiety and depression: A review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry 149, pp. 7–16.
302. Barlow DH (1988). Anxiety and Its Disorders. Guilford Press, New York.
303. Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, Goldberg DP, Hodiamont PP, Wilmink FW, Bridges K, et al. (1995). The structure of common psychiatric symptoms: How many dimensions of neurosis? Psychological Medicine 25, pp. 521–530.
304. Tyrer P (1985). Neurosis divisible. Lancet, March 23, pp. 685–688.
305. Merikangas KR et al. (1996). Comorbidity and boundaries of affective disorders with anxiety disorders and substance misuse: Results of an international task force. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, suppl. 30, p. 64.
306. Zimmermann M, McDermut W, Mattia J (2002). Frequency of anxiety disorders in psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 1337–1340.
307. Weissman MM, Merikangas KR (1986). The epidemiology of anxiety and panic disorders: An update. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 47, pp. 11–17.
308. Kendler KS (1996). Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Same genes, (partly) different environments—revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry 30, pp. 68–75.
309. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Gatz M, Pedersen NL (2007). The sources of comorbidity between major depression and generalized anxiety disorder in a Swedish national twin sample. Psychological Medicine 37, pp. 453–462.
310. Healy D (1997). The Antidepressant Era. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p. 175.
311. Carey B (2012). Psychiatry manual drafters back down on diagnoses. New York Times, May 9, All.
312. Frances A (2012). Wonderful news: DSM-5 finally begins its belated and necessary retreat. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/blog/frances/con tent/article/10168/2068571.
313. American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 32.
314. American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 38.
315. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., revised. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p. 252.
316. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
317. Shorter E (2007). A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. Wiley, New York, p. 292.
318. Oppenheim J (1991). Shattered Nerves: Doctors, Patients, and Depression in Victorian England. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 315.