메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 357-375

Assessing Bladder Cancer Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Trials: the Dapagliflozin Drug Development Program as a ‘Case Study’

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Dapagliflozin; Hematuria; SGLT2 inhibitor; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

DAPAGLIFLOZIN; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; SULFONYLUREA;

EID: 84942312400     PISSN: 18696953     EISSN: 18696961     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13300-015-0128-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (50)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 77955517441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report
    • PID: 20587728
    • Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1674–85.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care , vol.33 , pp. 1674-1685
    • Giovannucci, E.1    Harlan, D.M.2    Archer, M.C.3
  • 2
    • 84887106867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies
    • PID: 24180357
    • Fang H, Yao B, Yan Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15:914–22.
    • (2013) Diabetes Technol Ther. , vol.15 , pp. 914-922
    • Fang, H.1    Yao, B.2    Yan, Y.3
  • 3
    • 84879453814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 36 observational studies
    • PID: 23803148
    • Zhu Z, Wang X, Shen Z, Lu Y, Zhong S, Xu C. Risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 36 observational studies. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:310.
    • (2013) BMC Cancer , vol.13 , pp. 310
    • Zhu, Z.1    Wang, X.2    Shen, Z.3    Lu, Y.4    Zhong, S.5    Xu, C.6
  • 4
    • 84874109943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin-use and risk of bladder cancer in a large cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFCjsbrN, PID: 23024033
    • Newton CC, Gapstur SM, Campbell PT, Jacobs EJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin-use and risk of bladder cancer in a large cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2013;132:2186–91.
    • (2013) Int J Cancer , vol.132 , pp. 2186-2191
    • Newton, C.C.1    Gapstur, S.M.2    Campbell, P.T.3    Jacobs, E.J.4
  • 5
    • 79952856558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer: evidence from a case-control study in New England
    • PID: 21425156
    • MacKenzie T, Zens MS, Ferrara A, Schned A, Karagas MR. Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer: evidence from a case-control study in New England. Cancer. 2011;117:1552–6.
    • (2011) Cancer , vol.117 , pp. 1552-1556
    • MacKenzie, T.1    Zens, M.S.2    Ferrara, A.3    Schned, A.4    Karagas, M.R.5
  • 6
    • 80054700909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of insulin glargine on the risk of breast cancer
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvVKjsr4%3D, PID: 21614572
    • Suissa S, Azoulay L, Dell’Aniello S, Evans M, Vora J, Pollak M. Long-term effects of insulin glargine on the risk of breast cancer. Diabetologia. 2011;54:2254–62.
    • (2011) Diabetologia , vol.54 , pp. 2254-2262
    • Suissa, S.1    Azoulay, L.2    Dell’Aniello, S.3    Evans, M.4    Vora, J.5    Pollak, M.6
  • 7
    • 84877776051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin use early in the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the ORIGIN trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnsFSntrY%3D, PID: 23397557
    • Hanefeld M, Bramlage P. Insulin use early in the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the ORIGIN trial. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:342–9.
    • (2013) Curr Diab Rep. , vol.13 , pp. 342-349
    • Hanefeld, M.1    Bramlage, P.2
  • 8
    • 68449104156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpsFyrsL0%3D, PID: 19565214
    • Hemkens LG, Grouven U, Bender R, et al. Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1732–44.
    • (2009) Diabetologia , vol.52 , pp. 1732-1744
    • Hemkens, L.G.1    Grouven, U.2    Bender, R.3
  • 9
    • 84856715759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of cancer in patients on insulin glargine and other insulin analogues in comparison with those on human insulin: results from a large population-based follow-up study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFOqu7%2FE, PID: 21956710
    • Ruiter R, Visser LE, van Herk-Sukel MP, et al. Risk of cancer in patients on insulin glargine and other insulin analogues in comparison with those on human insulin: results from a large population-based follow-up study. Diabetologia. 2012;55:51–62.
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 51-62
    • Ruiter, R.1    Visser, L.E.2    van Herk-Sukel, M.P.3
  • 10
    • 84859735520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerability of exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: integrated analysis of 5594 patients from 19 placebo-controlled and comparator-controlled clinical trials
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjsFynu74%3D, PID: 22375098
    • Macconell L, Brown C, Gurney K, Han J. Safety and tolerability of exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: integrated analysis of 5594 patients from 19 placebo-controlled and comparator-controlled clinical trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2012;5:29–41.
    • (2012) Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. , vol.5 , pp. 29-41
    • Macconell, L.1    Brown, C.2    Gurney, K.3    Han, J.4
  • 11
    • 84895787341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFemurc%3D, PID: 24485345
    • Monami M, Dicembrini I, Nardini C, Fiordelli I, Mannucci E. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103:269–75.
    • (2014) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.103 , pp. 269-275
    • Monami, M.1    Dicembrini, I.2    Nardini, C.3    Fiordelli, I.4    Mannucci, E.5
  • 12
    • 84899029163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incretin treatment and risk of pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised studies
    • PID: 24736555
    • Li L, Shen J, Bala MM, et al. Incretin treatment and risk of pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g2366.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.348 , pp. 2366
    • Li, L.1    Shen, J.2    Bala, M.M.3
  • 13
    • 84912522845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapeutics exenatide and saxagliptin did not cause detrimental effects on the pancreas in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFahtbvN, PID: 24666399
    • Roy D, Chadwick KD, Tatarkiewicz K, et al. The glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapeutics exenatide and saxagliptin did not cause detrimental effects on the pancreas in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16:910–21.
    • (2014) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.16 , pp. 910-921
    • Roy, D.1    Chadwick, K.D.2    Tatarkiewicz, K.3
  • 14
    • 84870508803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of serious adverse events reported with exenatide and liraglutide: acute pancreatitis and cancer
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhtl2rsrzK, PID: 23010561
    • Alves C, Batel-Marques F, Macedo AF. A meta-analysis of serious adverse events reported with exenatide and liraglutide: acute pancreatitis and cancer. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98:271–84.
    • (2012) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.98 , pp. 271-284
    • Alves, C.1    Batel-Marques, F.2    Macedo, A.F.3
  • 15
    • 84942356386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA Drug Safety Communication. Ongoing safety review of actos (pioglitazone) and potential increased risk of bladder cancer after two years exposure [database on the Internet] 2010. Available from:. Accessed May 7, 2014
    • FDA Drug Safety Communication. Ongoing safety review of actos (pioglitazone) and potential increased risk of bladder cancer after two years exposure [database on the Internet] 2010. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm226214.htm. Accessed May 7, 2014.
  • 16
    • 84942356387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Podcast for Healthcare Professionals: update to ongoing safety review of Actos (pioglitazone) and increased risk of bladder cancer. 2013. Available from:. Accessed Aug 2015
    • US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Podcast for Healthcare Professionals: update to ongoing safety review of Actos (pioglitazone) and increased risk of bladder cancer. 2013. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyPodcasts/ucm259489.htm. Accessed Aug 2015.
  • 17
    • 79956217900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltlyqs7Y%3D, PID: 21447663
    • Lewis JD, Ferrara A, Peng T, et al. Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:916–22.
    • (2011) Diabetes Care , vol.34 , pp. 916-922
    • Lewis, J.D.1    Ferrara, A.2    Peng, T.3
  • 18
    • 84942356388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH. Takeda Announces Completion of the Post-Marketing Commitment to Submit Data to the FDA, the EMA and the PMDA for Pioglitazone Containing Medicines Including ACTOS. 2014. Available from:. Accessed Aug 10, 2015
    • Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH. Takeda Announces Completion of the Post-Marketing Commitment to Submit Data to the FDA, the EMA and the PMDA for Pioglitazone Containing Medicines Including ACTOS. 2014. Available from: https://www.takeda.com/news/2014/20140829_6714.html. Accessed Aug 10, 2015.
  • 19
    • 84871113059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pioglitazone and bladder cancer: a propensity score matched cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVGmtr3F, PID: 22574756
    • Wei L, MacDonald TM, Mackenzie IS. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer: a propensity score matched cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75:254–9.
    • (2013) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.75 , pp. 254-259
    • Wei, L.1    MacDonald, T.M.2    Mackenzie, I.S.3
  • 20
    • 84995773039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A retrospective study on finding correlation of pioglitazone and incidences of bladder cancer in the Indian population
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFemurvK, PID: 24944944
    • Balaji V, Seshiah V, Ashtalakshmi G, Ramanan SG, Janarthinakani M. A retrospective study on finding correlation of pioglitazone and incidences of bladder cancer in the Indian population. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18:425–7.
    • (2014) Indian J Endocrinol Metab. , vol.18 , pp. 425-427
    • Balaji, V.1    Seshiah, V.2    Ashtalakshmi, G.3    Ramanan, S.G.4    Janarthinakani, M.5
  • 21
    • 64749089393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption: a novel strategy for achieving glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • PID: 18996802
    • Abdul-Ghani MA, DeFronzo RA. Inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption: a novel strategy for achieving glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2008;14:782–90.
    • (2008) Endocr Pract. , vol.14 , pp. 782-790
    • Abdul-Ghani, M.A.1    DeFronzo, R.A.2
  • 22
    • 84942356389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Farxiga (dapagliflozin). Highlights of prescribing information. Farxiga (dapagliflozin) tablets, for oral use. Princeton, NJ. 2014. Available from:. Accessed Aug 10, 2015
    • Farxiga (dapagliflozin). Highlights of prescribing information. Farxiga (dapagliflozin) tablets, for oral use. Princeton, NJ. 2014. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/202293s003lbl.pdf. Accessed Aug 10, 2015.
  • 23
    • 84942356390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Medicines Agency. EPAR summary for the public. [database on the Internet] 2012. Available from:. Accessed May 15, 2014
    • European Medicines Agency. EPAR summary for the public. [database on the Internet] 2012. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/002322/WC500136025.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2014.
  • 24
    • 84942356391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescribing information [database on the Internet] 2014. Available from:. Accessed Jun 2015
    • Prescribing information [database on the Internet] 2014. Available from: http://www.azpicentral.com/xigduo/pi_xigduoxr.pdf. Accessed Jun 2015.
  • 25
    • 84942356392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xigduo: EPAR. Product information [database on the Internet] 2014. Available from:. Accessed Jun 2015
    • Xigduo: EPAR. Product information [database on the Internet] 2014. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/002672/WC500161033.pdf. Accessed Jun 2015.
  • 26
    • 84942356393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin. Background document [database on the Internet] 2011. Available from:. Accessed Jun 2015
    • Dapagliflozin. Background document [database on the Internet] 2011. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM262996.pdf. Accessed Jun 2015.
  • 27
    • 84908453762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenicity in rats of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin
    • PID: 25289773
    • De Jonghe S, Proctor J, Vinken P, et al. Carcinogenicity in rats of the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Chem Biol Interact. 2014;224:1–12.
    • (2014) Chem Biol Interact , vol.224 , pp. 1-12
    • De Jonghe, S.1    Proctor, J.2    Vinken, P.3
  • 28
    • 84922436119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-, species-, and tissue-specific metabolism of empagliflozin in male mouse kidney forms an unstable hemiacetal metabolite (M466/2) that degrades to 4-Hydroxycrotonaldehyde, a reactive and cytotoxic species
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitVGmsLrJ
    • Taub ME, Ludwig-Schwellinger E, Ishiguro N, et al. Sex-, species-, and tissue-specific metabolism of empagliflozin in male mouse kidney forms an unstable hemiacetal metabolite (M466/2) that degrades to 4-Hydroxycrotonaldehyde, a reactive and cytotoxic species. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015;28:103–15.
    • (2015) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.28 , pp. 103-115
    • Taub, M.E.1    Ludwig-Schwellinger, E.2    Ishiguro, N.3
  • 29
    • 84861098920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmsF2murY%3D, PID: 22528597
    • Abdul-Ghani MA, Norton L, DeFronzo RA. Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2012;12:230–8.
    • (2012) Curr Diab Rep. , vol.12 , pp. 230-238
    • Abdul-Ghani, M.A.1    Norton, L.2    DeFronzo, R.A.3
  • 30
    • 84887844360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonclinical toxicology assessments support the chronic safety of dapagliflozin, a first-in-class sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1OlurzF, PID: 24097127
    • Tirmenstein M, Dorr TE, Janovitz EB, et al. Nonclinical toxicology assessments support the chronic safety of dapagliflozin, a first-in-class sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. Int J Toxicol. 2013;32:336–50.
    • (2013) Int J Toxicol. , vol.32 , pp. 336-350
    • Tirmenstein, M.1    Dorr, T.E.2    Janovitz, E.B.3
  • 31
    • 65349196064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium-glucose cotransport inhibition with dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXltFSksrc%3D, PID: 19114612
    • List JF, Woo V, Morales E, Tang W, Fiedorek FT. Sodium-glucose cotransport inhibition with dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:650–7.
    • (2009) Diabetes Care , vol.32 , pp. 650-657
    • List, J.F.1    Woo, V.2    Morales, E.3    Tang, W.4    Fiedorek, F.T.5
  • 32
    • 84942356394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Pharmacology/Toxicology NDA review and evaluation. 2013. Available from:. Accessed Aug 10, 2015
    • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Pharmacology/Toxicology NDA review and evaluation. 2013. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2014/202293Orig1s000PharmR.pdf. Accessed Aug 10, 2015.
  • 33
    • 84898954869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenicity risk assessment supports the chronic safety of dapagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtVCjtLzP, PID: 24474422
    • Reilly TP, Graziano MJ, Janovitz EB, et al. Carcinogenicity risk assessment supports the chronic safety of dapagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Ther. 2014;5:73–96.
    • (2014) Diabetes Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 73-96
    • Reilly, T.P.1    Graziano, M.J.2    Janovitz, E.B.3
  • 34
    • 0014716873 scopus 로고
    • Cancer of the urinary tract
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXktValu7o%3D, PID: 4988391
    • Clayson DB, Cooper EH. Cancer of the urinary tract. Adv Cancer Res. 1970;13:271–381.
    • (1970) Adv Cancer Res , vol.13 , pp. 271-381
    • Clayson, D.B.1    Cooper, E.H.2
  • 35
    • 61449209942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exact and efficient inference procedure for meta-analysis and its application to the analysis of independent 2 × 2 tables with all available data but without artificial continuity correction
    • PID: 18922759
    • Tian L, Cai T, Pfeffer MA, Piankov N, Cremieux PY, Wei LJ. Exact and efficient inference procedure for meta-analysis and its application to the analysis of independent 2 × 2 tables with all available data but without artificial continuity correction. Biostatistics. 2009;10:275–81.
    • (2009) Biostatistics. , vol.10 , pp. 275-281
    • Tian, L.1    Cai, T.2    Pfeffer, M.A.3    Piankov, N.4    Cremieux, P.Y.5    Wei, L.J.6
  • 36
    • 84892165614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term follow-up in patients with initially diagnosed low grade Ta non-muscle invasive bladder tumors: tumor recurrence and worsening progression
    • PID: 24400640
    • Kobayashi H, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, et al. Long term follow-up in patients with initially diagnosed low grade Ta non-muscle invasive bladder tumors: tumor recurrence and worsening progression. BMC Urol. 2014;14:5.
    • (2014) BMC Urol. , vol.14 , pp. 5
    • Kobayashi, H.1    Kikuchi, E.2    Mikami, S.3
  • 37
    • 66149108006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and urological disease
    • PID: 19338549
    • Crow P, Bayley J, Keeley F Jr. Smoking and urological disease. BJU Int. 2009;103:1317–9.
    • (2009) BJU Int , vol.103 , pp. 1317-1319
    • Crow, P.1    Bayley, J.2    Keeley, F.3
  • 38
    • 72949120222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of smoking and bladder cancer risk: emergent patterns over time
    • PID: 19917915
    • Baris D, Karagas MR, Verrill C, et al. A case-control study of smoking and bladder cancer risk: emergent patterns over time. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:1553–61.
    • (2009) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.101 , pp. 1553-1561
    • Baris, D.1    Karagas, M.R.2    Verrill, C.3
  • 39
    • 0019731009 scopus 로고
    • Bladder cancer epidemiology
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2Fnt12qtw%3D%3D, PID: 7030761
    • Matanoski GM, Elliott EA. Bladder cancer epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev. 1981;3:203–29.
    • (1981) Epidemiol Rev , vol.3 , pp. 203-229
    • Matanoski, G.M.1    Elliott, E.A.2
  • 40
    • 0028943553 scopus 로고
    • Bladder and kidney cancer following cyclophosphamide therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3it1Kmuw%3D%3D, PID: 7707439
    • Travis LB, Curtis RE, Glimelius B, et al. Bladder and kidney cancer following cyclophosphamide therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:524–30.
    • (1995) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.87 , pp. 524-530
    • Travis, L.B.1    Curtis, R.E.2    Glimelius, B.3
  • 41
    • 0029848212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can hematuria be a predictor as well as a symptom or sign of bladder cancer?
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7hvVCrsg%3D%3D, PID: 8959322
    • Friedman GD, Carroll PR, Cattolica EV, Hiatt RA. Can hematuria be a predictor as well as a symptom or sign of bladder cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:993–6.
    • (1996) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , vol.5 , pp. 993-996
    • Friedman, G.D.1    Carroll, P.R.2    Cattolica, E.V.3    Hiatt, R.A.4
  • 42
    • 0027290492 scopus 로고
    • Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and breast cancer
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FgvFeqtA%3D%3D, PID: 8405194
    • Malone KE. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15:108–9.
    • (1993) Epidemiol Rev , vol.15 , pp. 108-109
    • Malone, K.E.1
  • 43
    • 84942356395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Medicines Agency. Actos: EPAR. 2003. Available from:. Accessed Aug 10, 2015
    • European Medicines Agency. Actos: EPAR. 2003. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000285/WC500021386.pdf. Accessed Aug 10, 2015.
  • 44
    • 35448951406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonclinical safety evaluation of muraglitazar, a novel PPARalpha/gamma agonist
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFKlsL3E, PID: 17675651
    • Waites CR, Dominick MA, Sanderson TP, Schilling BE. Nonclinical safety evaluation of muraglitazar, a novel PPARalpha/gamma agonist. Toxicol Sci. 2007;100:248–58.
    • (2007) Toxicol Sci , vol.100 , pp. 248-258
    • Waites, C.R.1    Dominick, M.A.2    Sanderson, T.P.3    Schilling, B.E.4
  • 45
    • 84870549306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and bladder cancer: lessons from animal studies
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslKltr%2FO, PID: 23167631
    • Tseng CH, Tseng FH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and bladder cancer: lessons from animal studies. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2012;30:368–402.
    • (2012) J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. , vol.30 , pp. 368-402
    • Tseng, C.H.1    Tseng, F.H.2
  • 46
    • 84942356396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Bladder Cancer [database on the Internet] 2011. Available from:. Accessed Mar 24, 2015
    • SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Bladder Cancer [database on the Internet] 2011. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html. Accessed Mar 24, 2015.
  • 48
    • 84922259953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer in the Nijmegen bladder cancer study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2MzhtFamtw%3D%3D, PID: 25429525
    • Vermeulen SH, Hanum N, Grotenhuis AJ, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer in the Nijmegen bladder cancer study. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:594–600.
    • (2015) Br J Cancer , vol.112 , pp. 594-600
    • Vermeulen, S.H.1    Hanum, N.2    Grotenhuis, A.J.3
  • 49
    • 13344277271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and bladder cancer in patients with Wegener granulomatosis
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK287mvF2ntw%3D%3D, PID: 8602705
    • Talar-Williams C, Hijazi YM, Walther MM, et al. Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and bladder cancer in patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:477–84.
    • (1996) Ann Intern Med , vol.124 , pp. 477-484
    • Talar-Williams, C.1    Hijazi, Y.M.2    Walther, M.M.3
  • 50
    • 84903274948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the intensity of hematuria evaluation: a target for primary care quality improvement
    • PID: 24486290
    • Friedlander DF, Resnick MJ, You C, et al. Variation in the intensity of hematuria evaluation: a target for primary care quality improvement. Am J Med. 2014;127:633–40.
    • (2014) Am J Med , vol.127 , pp. 633-640
    • Friedlander, D.F.1    Resnick, M.J.2    You, C.3
  • 51
    • 50249127685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of hematuria referral to urologists: does a gender disparity exist?
    • PID: 18619657, (discussion 502–3)
    • Johnson EK, Daignault S, Zhang Y, Lee CT. Patterns of hematuria referral to urologists: does a gender disparity exist? Urology. 2008;72:498–502 (discussion 502–3).
    • (2008) Urology. , vol.72 , pp. 498-502
    • Johnson, E.K.1    Daignault, S.2    Zhang, Y.3    Lee, C.T.4
  • 52
    • 77956293621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are patients with hematuria appropriately referred to Urology? A multi-institutional questionnaire based survey
    • PID: 19097811
    • Nieder AM, Lotan Y, Nuss GR, et al. Are patients with hematuria appropriately referred to Urology? A multi-institutional questionnaire based survey. Urol Oncol. 2010;28:500–3.
    • (2010) Urol Oncol. , vol.28 , pp. 500-503
    • Nieder, A.M.1    Lotan, Y.2    Nuss, G.R.3
  • 53
    • 84903150065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating hematuria: impact of guideline adherence on urologic cancer diagnosis
    • PID: 24565590
    • Shinagare AB, Silverman SG, Gershanik EF, Chang SL, Khorasani R. Evaluating hematuria: impact of guideline adherence on urologic cancer diagnosis. Am J Med. 2014;127:625–32.
    • (2014) Am J Med , vol.127 , pp. 625-632
    • Shinagare, A.B.1    Silverman, S.G.2    Gershanik, E.F.3    Chang, S.L.4    Khorasani, R.5
  • 54
    • 84876335563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with inadequate glycaemic control: a phase II multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlvVenu7s%3D, PID: 23194084
    • Kaku K, Inoue S, Matsuoka O, et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with inadequate glycaemic control: a phase II multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:432–40.
    • (2013) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.15 , pp. 432-440
    • Kaku, K.1    Inoue, S.2    Matsuoka, O.3
  • 55
    • 84862875221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1Sht7vM, PID: 22446170
    • Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List JF. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1473–8.
    • (2012) Diabetes Care , vol.35 , pp. 1473-1478
    • Rosenstock, J.1    Vico, M.2    Wei, L.3    Salsali, A.4    List, J.F.5
  • 56
    • 84858323889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial
    • PID: 22431673
    • Wilding JP, Woo V, Soler NG, et al. Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:405–15.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 405-415
    • Wilding, J.P.1    Woo, V.2    Soler, N.G.3
  • 57
    • 84873960885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 102-week trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlvVaks7o%3D, PID: 23425012
    • Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Hennicken D, Iqbal N, Mansfield TA, List JF. Dapagliflozin add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 102-week trial. BMC Med. 2013;11:43.
    • (2013) BMC Med , vol.11 , pp. 43
    • Bailey, C.J.1    Gross, J.L.2    Hennicken, D.3    Iqbal, N.4    Mansfield, T.A.5    List, J.F.6
  • 58
    • 80155124676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1OgsLfP, PID: 21816980
    • Nauck MA, Del Prato S, Meier JJ, et al. Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015–22.
    • (2011) Diabetes Care , vol.34 , pp. 2015-2022
    • Nauck, M.A.1    Del Prato, S.2    Meier, J.J.3
  • 59
    • 84904466033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dapagliflozin added to usual care in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with preexisting cardiovascular disease: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 28-week extension
    • PID: 24890683
    • Leiter LA, Cefalu WT, de Bruin TW, Gause-Nilsson I, Sugg J, Parikh SJ. Dapagliflozin added to usual care in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with preexisting cardiovascular disease: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 28-week extension. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:1252–62.
    • (2014) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.62 , pp. 1252-1262
    • Leiter, L.A.1    Cefalu, W.T.2    de Bruin, T.W.3    Gause-Nilsson, I.4    Sugg, J.5    Parikh, S.J.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.