Effectiveness of China's National Forest Protection Program and nature reserves

Conservation Biology

Volumn 29, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 1368-1377

  Ren, Guopeng ^a   Young, Stephen S ^b   Wang, Lin ^a   Wang, Wei ^c   Long, Yongcheng ^d   Wu, Ruidong ^e   Li, Junsheng ^c   Zhu, Jianguo ^a   Yu, Douglas W ^a,f  

^a KUNMING INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (China)

^b SALEM STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CHINESE RESEARCH ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES   (China)

^d THE NATURE CONSERVANCY   (United States)

^e YUNNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^f UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Avoided deforestation; Biodiversity conservation; Covariate matching; Governance; MOD13Q1; National parks; Protected areas

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COVARIANCE ANALYSIS; DATA SET; DEFORESTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FLOODING; FOREST COVER; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; LANDSAT; MODIS; NATIONAL PARK; NATURE RESERVE; PIXEL; POLICY ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;

CHINA;

BIODIVERSITY; CHINA; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOREST; FORESTRY; PROCEDURES; RECREATIONAL PARK;

BIODIVERSITY; CHINA; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; FORESTRY; FORESTS; PARKS, RECREATIONAL;

EID: 84942035435     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: 15231739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12561     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Andam KS, Ferraro PJ, Pfaff A, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Robalino JA. 2008. Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:16089-16094.
2. Bartholome E, Belward AS. 2005. GLC2000: a new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26:1959-1977.
3. Brandt JS, Kuemmerle T, Li HM, Ren GP, Zhu JG, Radeloff VC. 2012. Using Landsat imagery to map forest change in southwest China in response to the national logging ban and ecotourism development. Remote Sensing of Environment 121:358-369.
4. Breiman L. 2001. Random forests. Machine Learning 45:5-32.
5. Chazdon RL. 2008. Beyond deforestation: Restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science 320:1458-1460.
6. Clark ML, Aide TM, Grau HR, Riner G. 2010. A scalable approach to mapping annual land cover at 250 m using MODIS time series data: a case study in the Dry Chaco ecoregion of South America. Remote Sensing of Environment 114:2816-2832.
7. Dorais A, Cardille J. 2011. Strategies for incorporating high-resolution Google Earth databases to guide and validate classifications: understanding deforestation in Borneo. Remote Sensing 3:1157-1176.
8. Economy EC. 2007. The great leap backward? The costs of China's environmental crisis. Foreign Affairs 86:38-59.
9. Gaveau DLA, Epting J, Lyne O, Linkie M, Kumara I, Kanninen M, Leader-Williams N. 2009. Evaluating whether protected areas reduce tropical deforestation in Sumatra. Journal of Biogeography 36:2165-2175.
10. Geldmann J, Barnes M, Coad L, Craigie ID, Hockings M, Burgess ND. 2013. Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. Biological Conservation 161:230-238.
11. Hansen MC, et al. 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342:850-853.
12. Hansen MC, Stehman SV, Potapov PV. 2010. Quantification of global gross forest cover loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:8650-8655.
13. Joppa LN, Loarie SR, Pimm SL. 2008. On the protection of "protected areas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:6673-6678.
14. Joppa LN, Pfaff A. 2009. High and far: biases in the location of protected areas. PLOS ONE 4(e8273) DOI: 10.1371/Journal.Pone.0008273.
15. Joppa LN, Pfaff A. 2011. Global protected area impacts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278:1633-1638.
16. Kahn J, Yardley J. 2007. As China roars, pollution reaches deadly extremes. New York Times, 26 August, 2007.
17. Li HM, Aide TM, Ma YX, Liu WJ, Cao M. 2007. Demand for rubber is causing the loss of high diversity rain forest in SW China. Biodiversity and Conservation 16:1731-1745.
18. Li S-C, Yang Q-Y. 2000. Socioeconomic factors determining China's deforestation rates. Geographical Research (in Chinese with English abstract) 19:1-7.
19. Li WH. 2004. Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China. Forest Ecology and Management 201:33-41.
20. Liaw A, Wiener M. 2002. Classification and regression by randomForest. R news 2:18-22.
21. Lin Y. 2001. A review on ecological effects of Eucalyptus plantation in Guangdong province. Forestry Science and Technology (in Chinese with English abstract) 17:32-36.
22. Liu J, Ouyang Z, Pimm SL, Raven PH, Wang X, Miao H, Han N. 2003. Protecting China's biodiversity. Science 300:1240-1241.
23. Liu JG, Diamond J. 2005. China's environment in a globalizing world. Nature 435:1179-1186.
24. Liu JG, Li SX, Ouyang ZY, Tam C, Chen XD. 2008. Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policies for ecosystem services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:9477-9482.
25. Liu JG, Linderman M, Ouyang ZY, An L, Yang J, Zhang HM. 2001. Ecological degradation in protected areas: The case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. Science 292:98-101.
26. MEP PRC. 2010. 2010 Report on the state of the environment in China. http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2010zkgb/ (in Chinese, last accessed October 22, 2013).
27. MEP PRC. 2013. 2012 Report on the state of the evironment in China. http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201306/W020130606578292022739.pdf (in Chinese, last accessed in October 22, 2013).
28. Nagendra H. 2008. Do parks work? Impact of protected areas on land cover clearing. Ambio 37:330-337.
29. Nolte C, Agrawal A, Silvius KM, Soares BS. 2013. Governance regime and location influence avoided deforestation success of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:4956-4961.
30. Perfecto I, Vandermeer J. 2010. The agroecological matrix as alternative to the land-sparing/agriculture intensification model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:5786-5791.
31. Richardson SD. 1990. Forests and forestry in China: changing patterns of resource development. Island Press, Washington D.C.
32. Rudel TK. 2009. Tree farms: Driving forces and regional patterns in the global expansion of forest plantations. Land Use Policy 26:545-550.
33. SFA PRC. 2000. The implementation plan of the natural forest protection project in the key state-owned forest regions of Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, etc. and The implementation plan of the natural forest protection project in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River. State Forestry Administration PRC, Beijing. Available from http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fzgggz/fzgh/ghwb/115zxgh/200709/t20070927_163749.html (accessed December 2014) (in Chinese).
34. SFA PRC. 2005. The sixth national forest resources inventory and the status of forest resources. (in Chinese with English abstract). Green China 2:10-12.
35. SFA PRC. 2010a. The phase II implementation plan of the natural forest protection project in the key state-owned forest regions of Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, etc. and The phase II implementation plan of the natural forest protection project in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River. State Forestry Administration PRC, Beijing. Available from http://www.forestry.gov.cn/ZhuantiAction.do?dispatch=content&id=485662&name=trlbhgc (accessed October 2013) (in Chinese).
36. SFA PRC. 2010b. The seventh national forest resources inventory and the status of forest resources (in Chinese with English abstract). Forest Resource Management 1:1-8.
37. Solano R, Didan K, Jacobson A. 2010. MODIS vegetation index user's guide (MOD13 series). Version 2.00, http://vip.arizona.edu/documents/MODIS/MODIS_VI_UsersGuide_01_2012.pdf (accessed 26 June 2013).
38. Song C, Zhang Y. 2010. Forest cover in China from 1949 to 2006. Pages 341-356 in Reforesting landscapes. Springer, The Netherlands.
39. Tang M-S. 2005. Speeding the utilization of fast-growing plantation to promote development of forestry industry in Hunan. China Forest Products Industry 32:48-50.
40. Wang G, Innes JL, Lei J, Dai S, Wu SW. 2007a. China's forestry reforms. Science 318:1556-1557.
41. Wang S, Chen JM, Ju WM, Feng X, Chen M, Chen P, Yu G. 2007b. Carbon sinks and sources in China's forests during 1901-2001. Journal of Environmental Management 85:524-537.
42. Wang W, Pechacek P, Zhang MX, Xiao NW, Zhu JG, Li JS. 2013. Effectiveness of nature reserve system for conserving tropical forests: a statistical evaluation of Hainan island, China. PLOS ONE 8 (e57561) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057561.
43. Wittemyer G, Elsen P, Bean WT, Burton ACO, Brashares JS. 2008. Accelerated human population growth at protected area edges. Science 321:123-126.
44. World Bank. 2001a. China: air, land, and water. World Bank, Washington D.C.
45. World Bank. 2001b. Trading economics. Available from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/forest-area-percent-of-land-area-wb-data.html (accessed September 2013).
46. Wu RD, Zhang S, Yu DW, Zhao P, Li XH, Wang LZ, Yu Q, Ma J, Chen A, Long YC. 2011. Effectiveness of China's nature reserves in representing ecological diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:383-389.
47. Xu JC. 2011. China's new forests aren't as green as they seem. Nature 477:370-370.
48. Zhai D-L, Xu J-C, Dai Z-C, Cannon CH, Grumbine R. 2012. Increasing tree cover while losing diverse natural forests in tropical Hainan, China. Regional Environmental Change 14:611-621.
49. Zhang J-M, Gao G, Chen Y. 2001. Climate background of flooding and waterlogging and disaster inducing factors of the Yangtze valley. Resource Science (in Chinese with English Abstract) 23:73-77.
50. Zhang J, Wei X, Fu F, Luo S. 2012. Survey and economic benefit evaluation on fast-growing and high-yielding Eucalyptus SPP plantation in Guangxi. Forestry Economics (in Chinese with English abstract) 9:34-37.
51. Zhang PC, Shao GF, Zhao G, LeMaster DC, Parker GR, Dunning JB, Li QL. 2000. China's forest policy for the 21st century. Science 288:2135-2136.
52. Zong YQ, Chen XQ. 2000. The 1998 flood on the Yangtze, China. Natural Hazards 22:165-184.