Effects of sulfonylureas on lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 134-148

  Chen, Yue Hong ^a   Du, Liang ^a   Geng, Xing Yuan ^a   Peng, Yuan Ling ^a   Shen, Jia Ni ^a   Zhang, Yong Gang ^a   Liu, Guan Jian ^a   Sun, Xin ^a  

^a SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Lipids; Meta analysis; Randomized controlled trials; Sulfonylureas; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLICLAZIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; GLIQUIDONE; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METFORMIN; MITIGLINIDE; NATEGLINIDE; PLACEBO; REPAGLINIDE; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG ACTIVITY; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; LIPID ANALYSIS; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DYSLIPIDEMIA; MIDDLE AGED; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

AGED; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; LIPIDS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84941887941     PISSN: 17565383     EISSN: 17565391     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12157     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Geneva. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health Organization 2011; Available at (April 2011): www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/.
2. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(5): 1047-53.
3. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature 2011; 473(7347): 317-25.
4. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16(2): 434-44.
5. Al-Rubeaan K, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ahmad NA, Al-Sharqawi AH, Al-Mutlaq HM, et al. Diabetic nephropathy and its risk factors in a society with a type 2 diabetes epidemic: a Saudi National Diabetes Registry-based study. PLoS One 2014; 9(2): e88956.
6. Morgan CL, Poole CD, Evans M, Barnett AH, Jenkins-Jones S, Currie CJ. What next after metformin? A retrospective evaluation of the outcome of second-line, glucose-lowering therapies in people with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012; 97(12): 4605-12.
7. Monami M, Genovese S, Mannucci E. Cardiovascular safety of sulfonylureas: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2013; 15(10): 938-53.
8. Forst T, Hanefeld M, Jacob S, Moeser G, Schwenk G, Pfutzner A, et al. Association of sulphonylurea treatment with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 2013; 10(4): 302-14.
9. Phung OJ, Schwartzman E, Allen RW, Engel SS, Rajpathak SN. Sulphonylureas and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine 2013; 30(10): 1160-71.
10. Roumie CL, Huizinga MM, Liu X, Greevy RA, Grijalva CG, Murff HJ, et al. The effect of incident antidiabetic regimens on lipid profiles in veterans with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2011; 20(1): 36-44.
11. Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Effects of insulin and other antihyperglycaemic agents on lipid profiles of patients with diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2011; 13(10): 869-79.
12. Tan M, Johns D, Gonzalez Galvez G, Antunez O, Fabian G, Flores-Lozano F, et al. Effects of pioglitazone and glimepiride on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Clinical Therapeutics 2004; 26(5): 680-93.
13. Mori Y, Itoh Y, Obata T, Tajima N. Effects of pioglitazone vs glibenclamide on postprandial increases in glucose and triglyceride levels and on oxidative stress in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2006; 29(1): 143-8.
14. Forst T, Hohberg C, Fuellert SD, Lubben G, Konrad T, Lobig M, et al. Pharmacological PPARgamma stimulation in contrast to beta cell stimulation results in an improvement in adiponectin and proinsulin intact levels and reduces intima media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2005; 37(8): 521-27.
15. Charbonnel B, Schernthaner G, Brunetti P, Matthews DR, Urquhart R, Tan MH, et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerability of add-on pioglitazone therapy to failing monotherapy compared with addition of gliclazide or metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005; 48(6): 1093-104.
16. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. The Cochrane Collaboration 2011; Available at: www.cochrane-handbook.org.
17. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. Imputing standard deviations for changes from baseline (16.1.3.2). The Cochrane Collaboration 2011; Available at: www.cochrane-handbook.org.
18. Amador-Licona N, Guízar-Mendoza J-M, Vargas E, Sánchez-Camargo G, Zamora-Mata L. The short-term effect of a switch from glybenclamide to metformin on blood pressure and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Medical Research 2000; 31(6): 571-75.
19. Barnett AH, Dreyer M, Lange P, Serdarevic-Pehar M. An open, randomized, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety profile of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) with glibenclamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on metformin. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(8): 1818-25.
20. Betteridge DJ, Verges B. Long-term effects on lipids and lipoproteins of pioglitazone versus gliclazide addition to metformin and pioglitazone versus metformin addition to sulphonylurea in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005; 48(12): 2477-81.
21. Bi Y, Tong GY, Yang HJ, Cai MY, Ma JH, Liang J, et al. The beneficial effect of metformin on beta-cell function in non-obese Chinese subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2013; 29(8): 664-72.
22. Birkeland KI, Rishaug U, Hanssen KF, Vaaler S. NIDDM: a rapid progressive disease Results from a long-term, randomised, comparative study of Insulin or sulphonylurea treatment. Diabetologia 1996; 39(12): 1629-33.
23. Chan JC, Scott R, Arjona JC, Sheng D, Gonzalez E, Davises MJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10(7): 545-55.
24. Charpentier G, Fleury F, Kabir M, Vaur L, Halimi S. Improved glycaemic control by addition of glimepiride to metformin monotherapy in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine 2001; 18(10): 828-34.
25. Chen LL, Liao YF, Zeng TS, Yu F, Li HQ, Feng Y. Effects of metformin plus gliclazide compared with metformin alone on circulating endothelial progenitor cell in type 2 diabetic patients. Endocrine 2010; 38(2): 266-75.
26. Chou HS, Palmer JP, Jones AR, Waterhouse B, Ferreira-Cornwell C, Krebs J, et al. Initial treatment with fixed-dose combination rosiglitazone/glimepiride in patients with previously untreated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2008; 10(8): 626-37.
27. Derosa G, Mugellini A, Ciccarelli L, Crescenzi G, Fogari R. Comparison between repaglinide and glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a one-year, randomized, double-blind assessment of metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Clinical Therapeutics 2003; 25(2): 472-84.
28. Derosa G, Gaddi AV, Piccinni MN, Salvadeo S, Ciccarelli L, Fogari E, et al. Differential effect of glimepiride and rosiglitazone on metabolic control of type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2006; 8(2): 197-205.
29. Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Fogari E, Salvadeo S, Gravina A, Ferrari I, et al. Nateglinide and glibenclamide metabolic effects in naïve type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2009; 34(1): 13-23.
30. Ebeling P, Teppo AM, Koistinen HA, Koivisto VA. Concentration of the complement activation product, acylation-stimulating protein, is related to C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2001; 50(3): 283-7.
31. Esposito K, Giugliano D, Nappo F, Marfella R, Campanian Postprandial Hyperglycemia Study Group. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2004; 110(2): 214-9.
32. Gallwitz B, Rosenstock J, Rauch T, Bhattacharya S, Patel S, vonEynatten M, et al. 2-year efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012; 380(9840): 475-83.
33. Garber A, Klein E, Bruce S, Sankoh S, Mohideen P. Metformin-glibenclamide versus metformin plus rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2006; 8(2): 156-63.
34. Gerstein HC, Ratner RE, Cannon CP, Serruys PW, Garcia-Garcia HM, vanEs GA, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: the assessment on the prevention of progression by rosiglitazone on atherosclerosis in diabetes patients with cardiovascular history trial. Circulation 2010; 121(10): 1176-87.
35. Goldstein BJ, Pans M, Rubin CJ. Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group assessment of simultaneous glipizide/metformin as second-line pharmacologic treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusthat is inadequately controlled by a sulfonylurea. Clinical Therapeutics 2003; 25(3): 890-903.
36. Hamann A, Garcia-Puig J, Paul G, Donaldson J, Stewart M. Comparison of fixed-dose rosiglitazone/metformin combination therapy with sulphonylurea plus metformin in overweight individuals with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 2008; 116(1): 6-13.
37. Hanefeld M, Patwardhan R, Jones NP, Rosiglitazone Clinical Trials Study G. A one-year study comparing the efficacy and safety of rosiglitazone and glibenclamide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2007; 17(1): 13-23.
38. Hasegawa G, Kajiyama S, Tanaka T, Imai S, Kozai H, Fujinami A, et al. The α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose reduces the net electronegative charge of low-density lipoprotein in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Clinica Chimica Acta 2008; 390(1-2): 110-4.
39. Hong J, Zhang Y, Lai S, Lv A, Su Q, Dong Y, et al. Effects of metformin versus glipizide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 2013; 36(5): 1304-11.
40. Horton ES, Whitehouse F, Ghazzi MN, Venable TC, Whitcomb RW. Troglitazone in combination with sulfonylurea restores glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Troglitazone Study Group. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(9): 1462-9.
41. Inayat UR, Salman AM, Bashir M, Rooh UK, Idrees M. Monotherapy with metformin or glimepiride and changes in serum sialic acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 2011; 11(3): 137-40.
42. Khanolkar MP, Morris RH, Thomas AW, Bolusani H, Roberts AW, Geen J, et al. Rosiglitazone produces a greater reduction in circulating platelet activity compared with gliclazide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-an effect probably mediated by direct platelet PPARgamma activation. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197(2): 718-24.
43. Lawrence JM, Reid J, Taylor GJ, Stirling C, Reckless JP. Favorable effects of pioglitazone and metformin compared with gliclazide on lipoprotein subfractions in overweight patients with early type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(1): 41-6.
44. Lin SD, Wang JS, Hsu SR, Sheu WH, Tu ST, Lee IT, et al. The beneficial effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on glucose variability compared with sulfonylurea in Taiwanese type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled with metformin: preliminary data. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 2011; 25(5): 332-8.
45. Madsbad S, Kilhovd B, Lager I, Mustajoki P, Dejgaard A. Comparison between repaglinide and glipizide in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year multicentre study. Diabetic Medicine 2001; 18(5): 395-401.
46. Marre M, Howlett H, Lehert P, Allavoine T. Improved glycaemic control with metformin-glibenclamide combined tablet therapy (Glucovance) in Type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled on metformin. Diabetic Medicine 2002; 19(8): 673-80.
47. McCluskey D, Touger MS, Melis R, Schleusener DS, McCluskey D. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study administering glimepiride to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with rosiglitazone monotherapy. Clinical Therapeutics 2004; 26(11): 1783-90.
48. Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Kawagoe Y, Ueda Y, Koide H. Effect of pioglitazone on urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein concentrations in diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2006; 22(5): 385-9.
49. Nathan DM, Roussell A, Godine JE. Glyburide or insulin for metabolic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a andomized, double-blind study. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998; 108(3): 334-340.
50. Papathanassiou K, Naka KK, Kazakos N, Kanioglou C, Makriyiannis D, Pappas K, et al. Pioglitazone vs glimepiride: differential effects on vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205(1): 221-6.
51. Pasmantier R, Chaiken RL, Hirsch SR, Lebovitz HE. Metabolic effects of combination glipizide and human proinsulin treatment in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1990; Suppl 3:42-6.
52. Petrica L, Petrica M, Vlad A, Dragos Jianu C, Gluhovschi G, Ianculescu C, et al. Nephro- and neuroprotective effects of rosiglitazone versus glimepiride in normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2009; 121(23-24): 765-75.
53. Petrica L, Vlad A, Petrica M, Jianu CD, Gluhovschi G, Gadalean F, et al. Pioglitazone delays proximal tubule dysfunction and improves cerebral vessel endothelial dysfunction in normoalbuminuric people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2011; 94(1): 22-32.
54. Pfutzner A, Marx N, Lubben G, Langenfeld M, Walcher D, Konrad T, et al. Improvement of cardiovascular risk markers by pioglitazone is independent from glycemic control: results from the pioneer study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005; 45(12): 1925-31.
55. Pfutzner A, Schondorf T, Tschope D, Lobmann R, Merke J, Muller J, et al. PIOfix-study: effects of pioglitazone/metformin fixed combination in comparison with a combination of metformin with glimepiride on diabetic dyslipidemia. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2011; 13(6): 637-43.
56. Pop-Busui R, Oral E, Raffel D, Byun J, Bajirovic V, Vivekanandan-Giri A, et al. Impact of rosiglitazone and glyburide on nitrosative stress and myocardial blood flow regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2009; 58(7): 989-94.
57. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Salini J, Vijay V. Use of glimepiride and insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes-a study in Indians. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2004; 52: 459-63.
58. Riddle MC, Schneider J. Beginning insulin treatment of obese patients with evening 70/30 insulin plus glimepiride versus insulin alone. Glimepiride Combination Group. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(7): 1052-7.
59. Roberts VL, Stewart J, Issa M, Lake B, Melis R. Triple therapy with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by metformin and a thiazolidinedione: results of a 30-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clinical Therapeutics 2005; 27(10): 1535-47.
60. Shank ML, Del Prato S, DeFronzo RA. Bedtime insulin/daytime glipizide. Effective therapy for sulfonylurea failures in NIDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44(2): 165-72.
61. Shihara N, Kitaoka M, Inagaki N, Kadowaki T, Koumoto S, Satoh J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of single-agent glimepiride and pioglitazone in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a comparative study. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 2011; 2(5): 391-8.
62. Teramoto T, Yamada N, Shirai K, Saito Y. Effects of pioglitazone hydrochloride on Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 2007; 14(2): 86-93.
63. Tessier D, Maheux P, Khalil A, Fülöp T. Effects of gliclazide versus metformin on the clinical profile and lipid peroxidation markers in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 1999; 48(7): 897-903.
64. Wang JS, Lin SD, Lee WJ, Su SL, Lee IT, Tu ST, et al. Effects of acarbose versus glibenclamide on glycemic excursion and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled by metformin: a 24-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison. Clinical Therapeutics 2011; 33(12): 1932-42.
65. Watanabe I, Tani S, Anazawa T, Kushiro T, Kanmatsuse K. Effect of pioglitazone on arteriosclerosis in comparison with that of glibenclamide. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2005; 68(2): 104-10.
66. Wolffenbuttel BH, Nijst L, Sels JP, Menheere PP, Müller PG, Kruseman AC. Effects of a new oral hypoglycaemic agent, repaglinide, on metabolic control in sulphonylurea-treated patients with NIDDM. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993; 45(2): 113-6.
67. Wolffenbuttel BH, Landgraf R. A 1-year multicenter randomized double-blind comparison of repaglinide and glyburide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Dutch and German Repaglinide Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22(3): 463-7.
68. Xing Y, Ye S, Hu Y, Chen Y. Podocyte as a potential target of inflammation: role of pioglitazone hydrochloride in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine Practice 2012; 18(4): 493-8.
69. Yamanouchi T, Sakai T, Igarashi K, Ichiyanagi K, Watanabe H, Kawasaki T. Comparison of metabolic effects of pioglitazone, metformin, and glimepiride over 1 year in Japanese patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2005; 22(8): 980-5.
70. Arechavaleta R, Seck T, Chen Y, Krobot KJ, O'Neill EA, Duran L, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with sitagliptin or glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2011; 13(2): 160-8.
71. Cefalu WT, Leiter LA, Yoon K-H, Arias P, Niskanen L, Xie J, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2013; 382(9896): 941-50.
72. Ferreira JCA, Marre M, Barzilai N, Guo H, Golm GT, Sisk CM, et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin versus glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care 2013; 36(5): 1067-73.
73. Karlander SG, Gutniak MK, Efendic S. Effects of combination therapy with glyburide and insulin on serum lipid levels in NIDDM patients with secondary sulfonylurea failure. Diabetes Care 1991; 14(11): 963-7.
74. Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, Thomsen AB, During M, Shah N, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo, all in combination with metformin in type 2 diabetes: 2-year results from the LEAD-2 study. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2013; 15(3): 204-12.
75. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, Nesto R, Kupfer S, Perez A, et al. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299(13): 1561-73.
76. Rosenstock J, Wilson C, Fleck P. Alogliptin versus glipizide monotherapy in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with mild hyperglycaemia: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, 1-year study. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2013; 15(10): 906-914.
77. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2012. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(Suppl 1): S11-S63.
78. Scott NA, Jennings PE, Brown J, Belch JJ. Gliclazide: a general free radical scavenger. European Journal of Pharmacology 1991; 208(2): 175-7.
79. Miki T, Nagashima K, Seino S. The structure and function of the ATP-sensitive K1 channel in insulin-secreting pancreatic b-cells. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 1999; 22(2): 113-23.
80. Szewczyk A, Pikula S. Lipid metabolism as a target for potassium channel effectors. Biochemical Pharmacology 2000; 60(5): 607-14.
81. Muller G, Geisen K. Characterization of the molecular mode of action of the sulfonylurea, glimepiride, at adipocytes. Hormone and Metabolic Research 1996; 28(9): 469-87.
82. O'Brien RC, Luo M, Balazs N, Mercuri J. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of gliclazide. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 2000; 14(4): 201-6.
83. Del Guerra S, Grupillo M, Masini M, Lupi R, Bugliani M, Torri S, et al. Gliclazide protects human islet beta-cells from apoptosis induced by intermittent high glucose. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2007; 23(3): 234-8.
84. Aguilar-Bryan L, Nichols CG, Wechsler SW, Clement JPt, Boyd AE, 3rd, Gonzalez G, et al. Cloning of the beta cell high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor: a regulator of insulin secretion. Science 1995; 268(5209): 423-6.
85. Efanova IB, Zaitsev SV, Zhivotovsky B, Kohler M, Efendic S, Orrenius S, et al. Glucose and tolbutamide induce apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells. A process dependent on intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998; 273(50): 33501-7.
86. Monami M, Vitale V, Ambrosio ML, Bartoli N, Toffanello G, Ragghianti B, et al. Effects on lipid profile of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, pioglitazone, acarbose, and sulfonylureas: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Advances in Therapy 2012; 29(9): 736-46.
87. Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA, Buse JB, Zagar AJ, Pinaire JA, et al. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(7): 1547-54.
88. Ginsberg H, Plutzky J, Sobel BE. A review of metabolic and cardiovascular effects of oral antidiabetic agents: beyond glucose-level lowering. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 1999; 6(5): 337-46.
89. Sarafidis PA. Thiazolidinedione derivatives in diabetes and cardiovascular disease: an update. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 2008; 22(3): 247-64.
90. Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, Wilson L, Yeh HC, Marinopoulos S, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007; 147(6): 386-99.
91. Seshiah V, Venkataraman S, Suresh K. Gliclazide in the treatment of obese non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 1993; 41(6): 367-8.