Conversations between self and self as Sigmund Freud - A virtual body ownership paradigm for self counselling

Scientific Reports

Volumn 5, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Osimo, Sofia Adelaide ^a   Pizarro, Rodrigo ^a   Spanlang, Bernhard ^a   Slater, Mel ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA DE RECERCA I ESTUDIS AVANÇATS ICREA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COUNSELING; FEMALE; FREUDIAN THEORY; HUMAN; MALE; SELF PSYCHOLOGY;

COUNSELING; FEMALE; FREUDIAN THEORY; HUMANS; MALE; SELF PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 84941330276     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep13899     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Morin, A. Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. J Consciousness Stud. 12, 115-134 (2005).
2. Morin, A. & Michaud, J. Self-awareness and the left inferior frontal gyrus: inner speech use during self-related processing. Brain Res. Bull. 74, 387-396, doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.013 (2007).
3. Bruhl, A. B., Rufer, M., Kaffenberger, T., Baur, V. & Herwig, U. Neural circuits associated with positive and negative self-appraisal. Neuroscience 265, 48-59, doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.053 (2014).
4. Filik, R. & Barber, E. Inner speech during silent reading reflects the readers regional accent. PLoS One 6, e25782, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025782 (2011).
5. Botvinick, M. & Cohen, J. Rubber hands feel touch that eyes see. Nature 391, 756-756, doi: 10.1038/35784 (1998).
6. Lloyd, D. Spatial limits on referred touch to an alien limb may reflect boundaries of visuo-tactile peripersonal space surrounding the hand. Brain and Cognition 64, 104-109 (2007).
7. Armel, K. C. & Ramachandran, V. S. Projecting sensations to external objects: evidence from skin conductance response. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 1499-1506, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2364 (2003).
8. Ehrsson, H. H., Wiech, K., Weiskopf, N., Dolan, R. J. & Passingham, R. E. Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. PNAS 104, 9828-9833, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610011104 (2007).
9. Ehrsson, H. H. The Experimental Induction of Out-of-Body Experiences. Science 317, 1048, doi: 10.1126/science.1142175 (2007).
10. Lenggenhager, B., Tadi, T., Metzinger, T. & Blanke, O. Video ergo sum: Manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science 317, 1096-1099, doi: 10.1126/science.1143439 (2007).
11. Petkova, V. I. & Ehrsson, H. H. If I Were You : Perceptual Illusion of Body Swapping. PLoS One 3, e3832, doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0003832 (2008).
12. Slater, M., Perez-Marcos, D., Ehrsson, H. H. & Sanchez-Vives, M. Towards a digital body: The virtual arm illusion. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2, doi: 10.3389/neuro.09.006.2008 (2008).
13. Slater, M., Spanlang, B., Sanchez-Vives, M. V. & Blanke, O. First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality. PLoS One 5, e10564-e10564, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010564 (2010).
14. Gonzalez-Franco, M., Peck, T. C., Rodriguez-Fornells, A. & Slater, M. A threat to a virtual hand elicits motor cortex activation. Exp. Brain Res. 232, 875-887, doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3800-1 (2013).
15. Kokkinara, E. & Slater, M. Measuring the effects through time of the influence of visuomotor and visuotactile synchronous stimulation on a virtual body ownership illusion. Perception 43, 43-58, doi: 10.1068/p7545 (2014).
16. Banakou, D., Groten, R. & Slater, M. Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes. PNAS 110, 12846-12851, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1306779110 (2013).
17. Banakou, D. & Slater, M. Body Ownership Causes Illusory Self-Attribution of Speaking and Influences Subsequent Real Speaking. PNAS 111, 17678-17683, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414936111 (2014).
18. Maister, L., Slater, M., Sanchez-Vives, M. V. & Tsakiris, M. Changing bodies changes minds: owning another body affects social cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 6-12, doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.11.001 (2015).
19. Slater, M. & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. Transcending the Self in Immersive Virtual Reality. Computer 47, 24-30, doi: 10.1109/MC.2014.198 (2014).
20. Peck, T. C., Seinfeld, S., Aglioti, S. M. & Slater, M. Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias. Conscious. Cogn. 22, 779-787, doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.016 (2013).
21. Maister, L., Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G. & Tsakiris, M. Experiencing ownership over a dark-skinned body reduces implicit racial bias. Cognition 128, 170-178, doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.002 (2013).
22. Maister, L., Banissy, M. J. & Tsakiris, M. Mirror-touch synaesthesia changes representations of self-identity. Neuropsychologia 51, 802-808, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.01.020 (2013).
23. Fini, C., Cardini, F., Tajadura-Jimenez, A., Serino, A. & Tsakiris, M. Embodying an outgroup: the role of racial bias and the effect of multisensory processing in somatosensory remapping. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 7, doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00165 (2013).
24. Kilteni, K., Bergstrom, I. & Slater, M. Drumming in immersive virtual reality: the body shapes the way we play. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 19, 597-605, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.29 (2013).
25. Tsakiris, M. Looking for myself: Current multisensory input alters self-face recognition. PLoS One 3, doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00165 (2008).
26. Olsson, U. Maximum likelihood estimation of the polychoric correlation coefficient. Psychometrika 44, 443-460, doi: 10.1007/BF02296207 (1979).
27. McNair, D. M., Droppleman, L. F. & Lorr, M. Edits manual for the profile of mood states: POMS. (Edits, 1992).
28. McAuley, K., et al. Long-term effects of popular dietary approaches on weight loss and features of insulin resistance. Int. J. Obes. 30, 342-349, doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803075 (2005).
29. Linden, D. E., et al. Real-time self-regulation of emotion networks in patients with depression. PLoS One 7, e38115, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038115 (2012).
30. Bergman, J. & Laviana, A. Quality-of-life assessment tools for men with prostate cancer. Nature Reviews Urology, doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.101 (2014).
31. Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 25, 49-59, doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9 (1994).
32. Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J. & Montague, P. R. Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 2655-2666, doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.103 (2009).
33. Friederich, H., et al. Cardiac parasympathetic regulation in obese women with binge eating disorder. Int. J. Obes. 30, 534-542, doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803181 (2005).
34. Valenza, G., Citi, L., Lanat? A., Scilingo, E. P. & Barbieri, R. Revealing Real-Time Emotional Responses: a Personalized Assessment based on Heartbeat Dynamics. Sci. Rep. 4, doi: 10.1038/srep04998 (2014).
35. Batson, C. D., Early, S. & Salvarani, G. Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imaging how you would feel. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 23, 751-758, doi: 10.1177/0146167297237008 (1997).
36. Neff, K. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity 2, 85-101, doi: 10.1080/15298860309032 (2003).
37. Perls, F., Hefferline, G. & Goodman, P. Gestalt therapy. New York (1951).
38. Paivio, S. C. & Greenberg, L. S. Resolving "unfinished business": efficacy of experiential therapy using empty-chair dialogue. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 63, 419, doi: dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.63.3.419 (1995).
39. Falconer, C. J., et al. Embodying Compassion: A Virtual Reality Paradigm for Overcoming Excessive Self-Criticism. PLoS One 9, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111933 (2014).
40. Gilbert, P. Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 15, 199-208, doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264 (2009).
41. DArgembeau, A., et al. Distinct regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with self-referential processing and perspective taking. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 935-944, doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.935 (2007).
42. Ochsner, K., et al. Reflecting upon feelings: an fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 1746-1772, doi: 10.1162/0898929042947829 (2004).
43. Jacques, P. L. S., Conway, M. A., Lowder, M. W. & Cabeza, R. Watching my mind unfold versus yours: An fMRI study using a novel camera technology to examine neural differences in self-projection of self versus other perspectives. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 1275-1284, doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21518 (2011).
44. Ochsner, K. N., et al. The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge. Neuroimage 28, 797-814, doi: 10.1016/j. neuroimage.2005.06.069 (2005).
45. Vogeley, K. & Fink, G. R. Neural correlates of the first-person-perspective. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 38-42, doi: 10.1016/S1364- 6613(02)00003-7 (2003).
46. Vogeley, K., et al. Neural correlates of first-person perspective as one constituent of human self-consciousness. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 817-827, doi: 10.1162/089892904970799 (2004).
47. Collins, P. Y., et al. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature 475, 27-30, doi: 10.1038/475027a (2011).
48. Anderson, P., Jane-Llopis, E. & Hosman, C. Reducing the silent burden of impaired mental health. Health Promot. Int. 26, i4-i9, doi: 10.1093/heapro/dar051 (2011).
49. McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T., Bebbington, P. & Jenkins, R. (ed NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care) (2009).
50. The economic and social costs of mental health problems in 2009/10, http://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/pdfs/Economic- and-social-costs-2010.pdf (2010) (Access Date: 14/03/2015).
51. An urgent need: We Need to Talks manifesto for better talking therapies for all, http://www.mind.org.uk/media/1178860/weneed- to-talk-briefing-september-2014.pdf (2014) (Access Date: 14/03/2015).
52. Gilbert, P. & Procter, S. Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 13, 353-379, doi: 10.1002/cpp.507 (2006).
53. Rizzo, A. & Kim, G. J. A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14, 119-146 (2005).
54. Rizzo, A., et al. in Healing War Trauma A Handbook of Creative Approaches. (ed C. Figley) Ch. 16, 238-250 (Routledge, 2013).
55. Llobera, J., Sanchez-Vives, M. V. & Slater, M. The relationship between virtual body ownership and temperature sensitivity. J. R. Soc. Interface 10, 1742-5662, doi: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0300 (2013).
56. Petkova, V. I., Khoshnevis, M. & Ehrsson, H. H. The perspective matters! Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership. Front. Psychol. 2, Article 35, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00035 (2011).
57. Maselli, A. & Slater, M. Sliding Perspectives: dissociating ownership from self-location during full body illusions in virtual reality. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:693, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00693 (2014).
58. Maselli, A. & Slater, M. The building blocks of the full body ownership illusion. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00083 (2013).
59. Friedman, D., Pizarro, R., Or-Berkers, K., Neyret, S., Pan, X. & Slater, M. A method for generating an illusion of backwards time travel using immersive virtual reality-an exploratory study. Front. Psychol. 5:943. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00943 (2014).