A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices I. Environmental analysis

TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 71, Issue , 2015, Pages 224-235

  Souza Silva, Érica A ^a   Jiang, Ruifen ^b   Rodríguez Lafuente, Angel ^c   Gionfriddo, Emanuela ^a   Pawliszyn, Janusz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c Maxxam Analytics ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

Cold fiber; Complex matrix; Environmental; High throughput; Pollutant; Soil; Solid phase microextraction; SPME; Thin film microextraction; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY; SOILS; THIN FILMS; WASTEWATER;

COMPLEX MATRICES; ENVIRONMENTAL; HIGH THROUGHPUT; POLLUTANT; SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; SPME; THIN FILM MICROEXTRACTION;

EXTRACTION;

EFFLUENT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ESTUARY; FIBER; FILM; HOSPITAL WASTE; LANDFILL; LANDFILL LEACHATE; LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SEDIMENT; SLUDGE TREATMENT; SOIL ANALYSIS; SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION; WASTE WATER; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; WATER SAMPLING;

EID: 84941260402     PISSN: 01659936     EISSN: 18793142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.016     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Arthur C.L., Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers. Anal. Chem 1990, 62:2145-2148.
2. Pawliszyn J. Handbook of Solid Phase Microextraction 2009, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing.
3. Ai J. Solid phase microextraction for quantitative analysis in nonequilibrium situations. Anal. Chem 1997, 69:1230-1236.
4. Arthur C.L., Killam L.M., Buchholz K.D., Pawliszyn J., Berg J.R. Automation and optimization of solid-phase microextraction. Anal. Chem 1992, 64:1960-1966.
5. Pawliszyn J. Solid Phase Microextraction: Theory and Practice 1997, Wiley-VCH, New York, USA.
6. Pawliszyn J. Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction 1999, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
7. Ai J. Headspace solid phase microextraction. Dynamics and quantitative analysis before reaching a partition equilibrium. Anal. Chem 1997, 69:3260-3266.
8. Górecki T., Yu X., Pawliszyn J. Theory of analyte extraction by selected porous polymer SPME fibres†. Analyst 1999, 124:643-649.
9. Gionfriddo E., Souza-Silva É.A., Pawliszyn J. Headspace versus direct immersion solid phase microex-traction in complex matrices: investigation of analyte behav-ior in multicomponent mixtures-Manuscript in preparation 2015.
10. Risticevic S., Niri V.H., Vuckovic D., Pawliszyn J. Recent developments in solid-phase microextraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2009, 393:781-795.
11. Kataoka H. Automated sample preparation using in-tube solid-phase microextraction and its application - a review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2002, 373:31-45.
12. Abdulra'uf L.B., Hammed W.A., Tan G.H. SPME fibers for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: a review. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem 2012, 42:152-161.
13. Bojko B., Cudjoe E., Gomez-Rios G.A., Gorynski K., Jiang R., Reyes-Garces N., et al. SPME - Quo vadis?. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 750:132-151.
14. Souza Silva E.A., Risticevic S., Pawliszyn J. Recent trends in SPME concerning sorbent materials, configurations and in vivo applications. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 2013, 43:24-36.
15. Ouyang G., Jiang R., Pawliszyn J. Thin-film microextraction offers another geometry for solid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 2012, 39:245-253.
16. Mirnaghi F.S., Hein D., Pawliszyn J. Thin-film microextraction coupled with mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2013, 76:1215-1223.
17. Spietelun A., Marcinkowski Ł., de la Guardia M., Namieśnik J. Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1321:1-13.
18. Spietelun A., Kloskowski A., Chrzanowski W., Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem. Rev 2013, 113:1667-1685.
19. Zhu F., Xu J., Ke Y., Huang S., Zeng F., Luan T., et al. Applications of in vivo and in vitro solid-phase microextraction techniques in plant analysis: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 794:1-14.
20. Ouyang G., Pawliszyn J. A critical review in calibration methods for solid-phase microextraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 627:184-197.
21. Ouyang G., Pawliszyn J. SPME in environmental analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2006, 386:1059-1073.
22. Bagheri H., Piri-Moghadam H., Naderi M. Towards greater mechanical, thermal and chemical stability in solid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 2012, 34:126-139.
23. Bojko B., Vuckovic D., Cudjoe E., Hoque M.E., Mirnaghi F., Wasowicz M., et al. Determination of tranexamic acid concentration by solid phase microextraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: first step to in vivo analysis. J. Chromatogr. B 2011, 879:3781-3787.
24. Yu H., Ho T.D., Anderson J.L. Ionic liquid and polymeric ionic liquid coatings in solid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 2013, 45:219-232.
25. Xu J., Zheng J., Tian J., Zhu F., Zeng F., Su C., et al. New materials in solid-phase microextraction. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 2013, 47:68-83.
26. Fang H., Chu X., Wang X., Pang G., Yu Y. Using matrix solid-phase microextraction (matrix-SPME) to estimate bioavailability of DDTs in soil to both earthworm and vegetables. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 2010, 58:62-70.
27. Ouyang G., Oakes K.D., Bragg L., Wang S., Liu H., Cui S., et al. Sampling-rate calibration for rapid and nonlethal monitoring of organic contaminants in fish muscle by solid-phase microextraction. Environ. Sci. Technol 2011, 45:7792-7798.
28. Liu J., Wang H., Manicke N.E., Lin J.-M., Cooks R.G., Ouyang Z. Development, characterization, and application of paper spray ionization. Anal. Chem 2010, 82:2463-2471.
29. Conder J.M., La Point T.W. Solid-phase microextraction for predicting the bioavailability of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its primary transformation products in sediment and water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 2005, 24:1059-1066.
30. Drescher S.R., Brown S.D. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of nitrous oxide evolution to measure denitrification in estuarine soils and sediments. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1133:300-304.
31. Jonker M.T.O., Van der Heijden S.A., Kreitinger J.P., Hawthorne S.B. Predicting PAH bioaccumulation and toxicity in earthworms exposed to manufactured gas plant soils with solid-phase microextraction. Environ. Sci. Technol 2007, 41:7472-7478.
32. Styrishave B., Mortensen M., Krogh P.H., Andersen O., Jensen J. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) as a tool to predict the bioavailability and toxicity of pyrene to the springtail, Folsomia candida, under various soil conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol 2008, 42:1332-1336.
33. Liu H.-C., Hwu C.-S., Chu K.-C., Lu C.-J. Estimation of bioavailability and potential risks of naphthalene in soils with solid phase microextraction. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol 2010, 26:1311-1316.
34. Bergknut M., Sehlin E., Lundstedt S., Andersson P.L., Haglund P., Tysklind M. Comparison of techniques for estimating PAH bioavailability: uptake in Eisenia fetida, passive samplers and leaching using various solvents and additives. Environ. Pollut 2007, 145:154-160.
35. Monteil-Rivera F., Beaulieu C., Hawari J. Use of solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-electron capture detection for the determination of energetic chemicals in marine samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1066:177-187. 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.049.
36. Pino V., Ayala J.H., Afonso A.M., González V. Micellar microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a certified marine sediment. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 477:81-91.
37. Guerra-Abreu L., Pino V., Anderson J.L., Afonso A.M. Coupling the extraction efficiency of imidazolium-based ionic liquid aggregates with solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a certified reference sediment. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1214:23-29.
38. Wang Y., Zhang J., Ding Y., Zhou J., Ni L., Sun C. Quantitative determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples using solid-phase microextraction. J. Sep. Sci 2009, 32:3951-3957.
39. urović R.D., ordević T.M. Effects of soil composition on solid phase microextraction determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 2012, 47:851-857.
40. Orzechowska G., Kidd R. Analysis of Mars analogue soil samples using solid-phase microextraction, organic solvent extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Int. J. Astrobiology 2011, 10:209-219.
41. Rearden P., Harrington P.B. Rapid screening of precursor and degradation products of chemical warfare agents in soil by solid-phase microextraction ion mobility spectrometry (SPME-IMS). Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 545:13-20.
42. Ezquerro Ó., Ortiz G., Pons B., Tena M.T. Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in soils by multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1035:17-22.
43. Ghiasvand A.R., Hosseinzadeh S., Pawliszyn J. New cold-fiber headspace solid-phase microextraction device for quantitative extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1124:35-42.
44. Salgado-Petinal C., Garcia-Chao M., Llompart M., Garcia-Jares C., Cela R. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental solid samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2006, 385:637-644.
45. Banar M., Ozkan A., Vardar C. Characterization of an urban landfill soil by using physicochemical analysis and solid phase microextraction (SPME)-GC/MS. Environ. Monit. Assess 2007, 127:337-351.
46. Chang S.-M., Doong R.-A. Concentration and fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediments using headspace solid-phase microextraction. Chemosphere 2006, 62:1869-1878.
47. Zhu F., Ruan W., He M., Zeng F., Luan T., Tong Y., et al. Application of solid-phase microextraction for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in textiles by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 650:202-206.
48. Zygmunt B., Namiesnik J. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic determination of volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem 2001, 370:1096-1099.
49. Wu S.-F., Ding W.-H. Fast determination of synthetic polycyclic musks in sewage sludge and sediments by microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217:2776-2781.
50. Carvalho P.N., Rodrigues P.N.R., Alves F., Evangelista R., Basto M.C.P., Vasconcelos M.T.S.D. An expeditious method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides residues in estuarine sediments using microwave assisted pre-extraction and automated headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2008, 76:1124-1129.
51. Herbert P., Silva A.L., João M.J., Santos L., Alves A. Determination of semi-volatile priority pollutants in landfill leachates and sediments using microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2006, 386:324-331.
52. Wei M., Jen J. Determination of chlorophenols in soil samples by microwave- assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography - electron-capture detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 111-118. 1012.
53. Mohammadi A., Ameli A., Alizadeh N. Headspace solid-phase microextraction using a dodecylsulfate-doped polypyrrole film coupled to ion mobility spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of atrazine and ametryn in soil and water samples. Talanta 2009, 78:1107-1114.
54. Santos B., Simonet B.M., Ríos A., Valcárcel M. On-line coupling of solid-phase microextraction to commercial CE-MS equipment. Electrophoresis 2007, 28:1312-1318.
55. Zuliani T., Lespes G., Milacic R., Scancar J., Potin-Gautier M. Influence of the soil matrices on the analytical performance of headspace solid-phase microextraction for organotin analysis by gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1132:234-240.
56. Li X., Zeng Z., Xu Y. A solid-phase microextraction fiber coated with diglycidyloxycalix[4]arene yields very high extraction selectivity and sensitivity during the analysis of chlorobenzenes in soil. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2006, 384:1428-1437.
57. Liu M., Zeng Z., Fang H. Preparation and application of the sol-gel-derived acrylate/silicone co-polymer coatings for headspace solid-phase microextraction of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide in soil. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1076:16-26.
58. Zhao R., Wang X., Yuan J., Jiang T., Fu S., Xu X. A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the exact determination of organochlorine pesticides in environmental soil samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2006, 384:1584-1589.
59. Liu H.-C., Hwu C.-S., Lu C.-J. Effect of surfactant on the estimation by solid phase microextraction of bioavailable pyrene in soil samples. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol 2010, 27:1071-1076.
60. Pino V., Ayala J.H., González V., Afonso A.M. Determination of the alkyl- and methoxy-phenolic content in wood extractives by micellar solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2007, 73:505-513.
61. de Souza Silveira C.D., Martendal E., Soldi V., Carasek E. Application of solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of chlorophenols in leather. J. Sep. Sci 2012, 35:602-607.
62. Zhang Z., Pawliszyn J. Quantitative Extraction Using an Internally Cooled Solid Phase Microextraction Device. Anal. Chem 1995, 67:34-43.
63. Lee H.K., Pawliszyn J., Jiang R., Carasek E., Risticevic S., Cudjoe E., et al. Evaluation of a completely automated cold fiber device using compounds with varying volatility and polarity. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 742:22-29.
64. Psillakis E., Mousouraki A., Yiantzi E., Kalogerakis N. Effect of Henry ' s law constant and operating parameters on vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1244:55-60.
65. Psillakis E., Yiantzi E., Sanchez-prado L., Kalogerakis N. Analytica Chimica Acta Vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction: improved extraction of semivolatiles by non-equilibrium headspace sampling under reduced pressure conditions. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 742:30-36. 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.019.
66. Psillakis E., Yiantzi E., Kalogerakis N. Downsizing vacuum-assisted headspace solid phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1300:119-126.
67. Brunton N.P., Cronin D.A., Monahan F.J. The effects of temperature and pressure on the performance of Carboxen/PDMS fibres during solid phase microextraction (SPME) of headspace volatiles from cooked and raw turkey breast. Flavour Fragrance J 2001, 16:294-302.
68. Jahnke A., Mayer P. Do complex matrices modify the sorptive properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for non-polar organic chemicals?. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217:4765-4770.
69. van der Wal L., Jager T., Fleuren R.H.L.J., Barendregt A., Sinnige T.L., Van Gestel C.A.M., et al. Solid-phase microextraction to predict bioavailability and accumulation of organic micropollutants in terrestrial organisms after exposure to a field-contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol 2004, 38:4842-4848.
70. Leslie H.A., Ter Laak T.L., Busser F.J.M., Kraak M.H.S., Hermens J.L.M. Bioconcentration of organic chemicals: is a solid-phase microextraction fiber a good surrogate for biota?. Environ. Sci. Technol 2002, 36:5399-5404.
71. Golding C.J., Gobas F.A.P.C., Birch G.E. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability in estuarine sediments using thin-film extraction. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 2007, 26:829-836.
72. Meloche L.M., DeBruyn A.M.H., Otton S.V., Ikonomou M.G., Gobas F.A.P.C. Assessing exposure of sediment biota to organic contaminants by thin-film solid phase extraction. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 2009, 28:247-253.
73. Llorca-Pórcel J., Martínez-Parreño M., Martínez-Soriano E., Valor I. Analysis of chlorophenols, bisphenol-A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenols in soil by means of ultrasonic solvent extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatisation. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216:5955-5961.
74. Rodil R., Popp P. Development of pressurized subcritical water extraction combined with stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides and chlorobenzenes in soils. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1124:82-90.
75. Nollet L.M.L., De Gelder L.S.P. Handbook of Water Analysis 2007, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
76. Radjenović J., Petrović M., Barceló D. Advanced mass spectrometric methods applied to the study of fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem 2007, 26:1132-1144.
77. Cudjoe E., Vuckovic D., Hein D., Pawliszyn J. Investigation of the effect of the extraction phase geometry on the performance of automated solid-phase microextraction. Anal. Chem 2009, 4226-4232. 81.
78. Strittmatter N., Düring R.-A., Takáts Z. Analysis of wastewater samples by direct combination of thin-film microextraction and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2012, 137:4037-4044.
79. Togunde O.P., Cudjoe E., Oakes K.D., Mirnaghi F.S., Servos M.R., Pawliszyn J. Determination of selected pharmaceutical residues in wastewater using an automated open bed solid phase microextraction system. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1262:34-42.
80. Zhang X., Oakes K.D., Luong D., Metcalfe C.D., Pawliszyn J., Servos M.R. Kinetically-calibrated solid-phase microextraction using label-free standards and its application for pharmaceutical analysis. Anal. Chem 2011, 83:2371-2377.
81. García M.D.G., Cañada F.C., Culzoni M.J., Vera-Candioti L., Siano G.G., Goicoechea H.C., et al. Chemometric tools improving the determination of anti-inflammatory and antiepileptic drugs in river and wastewater by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography diode array detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216:5489-5496.
82. Hashemi P., Shamizadeh M., Badiei A., Poor P.Z., Ghiasvand A.R., Yarahmadi A. Amino ethyl-functionalized nanoporous silica as a novel fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 646:1-5.
83. Gao Z., Li W., Liu B., Liang F., He H., Yang S., et al. Nano-structured polyaniline-ionic liquid composite film coated steel wire for headspace solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in water. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:6285-6291.
84. Ho T.-T., Chen C.-Y., Li Z.-G., Yang T.C.-C., Lee M.-R. Determination of chlorophenols in landfill leachate using headspace sampling with ionic liquid-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 712:72-77.
85. Li M.K.-Y., Lei N.-Y., Gong C., Yu Y., Lam K.-H., Lam M.H.-W., et al. An organically modified silicate molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction device for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 633:197-203.
86. Huang J., Hu Y., Hu Y., Li G. Development of metal complex imprinted solid-phase microextraction fiber for 2,2'-dipyridine recognition in aqueous medium. Talanta 2011, 83:1721-1729.
87. Xu S., Zhang X., Sun Y., Yu D. Microwave-assisted preparation of monolithic molecularly imprinted polymeric fibers for solid phase microextraction. Analyst 2013, 138:2982-2987.
88. Sarafraz-Yazdi A., Dizavandi Z.R., Amiri A. Determination of phenolic compounds in water and urine samples using solid-phase microextraction based on sol-gel technique prior to GC-FID. Anal. Methods 2012, 4:4316. 10.1039/c2ay25970b.
89. Es'haghi Z., Rezaeifar Z., Rounaghi G.-H., Nezhadi Z.A., Golsefidi M.A. Synthesis and application of a novel solid-phase microextraction adsorbent: hollow fiber supported carbon nanotube reinforced sol-gel for determination of phenobarbital. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 689:122-128.
90. Li Q., Ma X., Yuan D., Chen J. Evaluation of the solid-phase microextraction fiber coated with single walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes in aqueous samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217:2191-2196.
91. Liu H., Li J., Liu X., Jiang S. A novel multiwalled carbon nanotubes bonded fused-silica fiber for solid phase microextraction-gas chromatographic analysis of phenols in water samples. Talanta 2009, 78:929-935.
92. Zhang W., Sun Y., Wu C., Xing J., Li J. Polymer-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as a novel sol-gel solid-phase micro-extraction coated fiber for determination of poly-brominated diphenyl ethers in water samples with gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Anal. Chem 2009, 81:2912-2920.
93. Farhadi K., Tahmasebi R., Maleki R. Preparation and application of the titania sol-gel coated anodized aluminum fibers for headspace solid phase microextraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples. Talanta 2009, 77:1285-1289.
94. Suchara E.A., Budziak D., Martendal E., Costa L.L.F., Carasek E. A combination of statistical and analytical evaluation methods as a new optimization strategy for the quantification of pharmaceutical residues in sewage effluent. Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 613:169-176.
95. Unceta N., Sampedro M.C., Bakar N.K.A., Gómez-Caballero A., Goicolea M.A., Barrio R.J. Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewaters by dual solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217:3392-3399.
96. Wang Y.-C., Ding W.-H. Determination of synthetic polycyclic musks in water by microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216:6858-6863.
97. Tsao Y.-C., Wang Y.-C., Wu S.-F., Ding W.-H. Microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction for the rapid determination of organophosphate esters in aqueous samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011, 84:406-410.
98. Valls-Cantenys C., Villaverde-de-Sáa E., Rodil R., Quintana J.B., Iglesias M., Salvadó V., et al. Application of polydimethylsiloxane rod extraction to the determination of sixteen halogenated flame retardants in water samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 770:85-93.
99. Neale P.A., Escher B.I., Schäfer A.I. Quantification of solute-solute interactions using negligible-depletion solid-phase microextraction: measuring the affinity of estradiol to bulk organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol 2008, 42:2886-2892.
100. Gomes R.B., Nogueira R., Oliveira J.M., Peixoto J., Brito A.G. Determination of total and available fractions of PAHs by SPME in oily wastewaters: overcoming interference from NAPL and NOM. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int 2009, 16:671-678.
101. Zhou S.N., Oakes K.D., Servos M.R., Pawliszyn J. Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction for In Vivo Laboratory and Field Sampling of Pharmaceuticals in Fish. Environ. Sci. Technol 2008, 42:6073-6079.
102. Wang S., Oakes K.D., Bragg L.M., Pawliszyn J., Dixon G., Servos M.R. Validation and use of in vivo solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) for the detection of emerging contaminants in fish. Chemosphere 2011, 85:1472-1480.
103. Liu M., Zhou X., Chen Y., Liu H., Feng X., Qiu G., et al. Innovative chemically bonded ionic liquids-based sol-gel coatings as highly porous, stable and selective stationary phases for solid phase microextraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 2010, 683:96-106.
104. EPA Method 8272 Parent and Alkyl Polyclic Aromatics in Sediment Pore Water by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry in Selected Ion Monitoring Mode 1994, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
105. Pörschmann J., Kopinke F.-D., Pawliszyn J. Solid-phase microextraction for determining the binding state of organic pollutants in contaminated water rich in humic organic matter. J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 816:159-167.
106. Urrestarazu Ramos E., Meijer S.N., Vaes W.H.J., Verhaar H.J.M., Hermens J.L.M. Using Solid-Phase Microextraction To Determine Partition Coefficients to Humic Acids and Bioavailable Concentrations of Hydrophobic Chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol 1998, 32:3430-3435.
107. Górecki T. Effect of Sample Volume on Quantitative Analysis by Solid-phase MicroextractionPart 1. Theoretical Considerations. Analyst 1997, 122:1079-1086.