Stigma and discrimination related to mental illness in low- and middle-income countries

Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 382-394

  Semrau, M ^a   Evans Lacko, S ^a   Koschorke, M ^a   Ashenafi, L ^a   Thornicroft, G ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Discrimination; evidence based psychiatry; health service research; mental illness stigma

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENGLISHMAN; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FOLLOW UP; FRENCHMAN; HIGH INCOME COUNTRY; HUMAN; LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY; MENTAL DISEASE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RUSSIAN (CITIZEN); SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL STIGMA; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPANIARD;

EID: 84941182581     PISSN: 20457960     EISSN: 20457979     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S2045796015000359     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alonso J, Buron A, Bruffaert R, He Y, Posada-Villa J, Lepine JP, Angermeyer MC, Levinson D, De GG, Tachimori H, Mneimneh ZN, Medina-Mora ME, Ormel J, Scott KM, Gureje O, Haro JM, Gluzman S, Lee S, Vilagut G, Kessler RC, Von KM (2008). Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118, 305-314.
2. Alonso J, Buron A, Rojas-Farreras S, De GR, Haro JM, De GG, Bruffaerts R, Kovess V, Matschinger H, Vilagut G (2009). Perceived stigma among individuals with common mental disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 118, 180-186.
3. Askenasy A (1974). Attitudes Towards Mental Patients: A Study Across Cultures. Mouton: Hague.
4. Barke A, Nyarko S, Klecha D (2011). The stigma of mental illness in Southern Ghana: attitudes of the urban population and patients' views. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 46, 1191-1202.
5. Bayar MR, Poyraz BC, Aksoy-Poyraz C, Arikan MK (2009). Reducing mental illness stigma in mental health professionals using a web-based approach. Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences 46, 226-230.
6. Botha UA, Koen L, Niehaus DJ (2006). Perceptions of a South African schizophrenia population with regards to community attitudes towards their illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, 619-623.
7. Chung KF, Wong MC (2004). Experiences of stigma among Chinese mental health patients in Hong Kong. Psychiatric Bulletin 28, 451-454.
8. Cohen J, Struening EL (1962). Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 64, 349-360.
9. Cooper J, Sartorius N (1977). Cultural and temporal variations in schizophrenia: a speculation on the importance of industrialization. British Journal of Psychiatry 130, 50-55.
10. Corrigan PW, Morris SB, Michaels PJ, Rafacz JD, Rüsch N (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services 63, 963-973.
11. Da Silva Cais CF, Da Silveir IU, Stefanello S, Botega NJ (2011). Suicide prevention training for professionals in the public health network in a large Brazilian city. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research 15, 384-389.
12. Drew N, Funk M, Tang S, Lamichhane J, Chavez E, Katontoka S, Pathare S, Lewis O, Gostin L, Saraceno B (2011). Human rights violations of people with mental and psychosocial disabilities: an unresolved global crisis. Lancet 378, 1664-1675.
13. El-Islam EF (1979). A better outlook for schizophrenics living in extended families. British Journal of Psychiatry 135, 343-347.
14. Evans-Lacko S, Knapp M, Mccrone P, Thornicroft G, Mojtabai R (2013). The mental health consequences of the recession: economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in 27 European countries. PLoS ONE 8, e69792.
15. Evans-Lacko SCE, Fiorillo A, Knapp M, Luciano M, Park A, Brunn M, Byford S, Chevreul K, Forsman AK, Gulacsi L, Haro JM, Kennelly B, Knappe S, Lai T, Lasalvia A, Miret M, O'sullivan C, Obradors-Tarragó C, Rüsch N, Sartorius N, Švab V, Van Weeghel J, Van Audenhove C, Wahlbeck K, Zlati A, Also on Behalf of the Roamer Consortium, Mcdaid D∗, Thornicroft G (2014). The state of the art in European research on reducing social exclusion and stigma related to mental health: a systematic mapping of the literature. European Psychiatry 29, 381-389.
16. Goffmann E (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
17. Griffiths KM, Carron-Arthur B, Parsons A, Reid R (2014). Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association 13, 161-175.
18. Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Siegel C, Wanderling J, Dube KC, Ganev K, Giel R, An Der HW, Holmberg SK, Janca A, Lee PW, Leon CA, Malhotr S, Marsella AJ, Nakane Y, Sartorius N, Shen Y, Skoda C, Thara R, Tsirkin SJ, Varma VK, Walsh D, Wiersma D (2001). Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 178, 506-517.
19. Henderson C, Noblett J, Parke H, Clement S, Caffrey A, Gale-Grant O, Schulze B, Druss B, Thornicroft G (2014a). Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings. Lancet Psychiatry 1, 467-482.
20. Henderson RC, Corker E, Hamilton S, Williams P, Pinfold V, Rose D, Webber M, Evans-Lacko S, Thornicroft G (2014b). Viewpoint survey of mental health service users' experiences of discrimination in England 2008-2012. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49, 1599-1608.
21. Hopper K, Harrison G, Janca A, Sartorius N (2007). Recovery from Schizophrenia: An International Perspective. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
22. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, Day R, Bertelse A (1992). Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement 20, 1-97.
23. Kakuma R, Kleintje S, Lund C, Drew N, Green A, Flisher A (2010). Mental health stigma: what is being done to raise awareness and reduce stigma in South Africa? African Journal of Psychiatry 13, 116-124.
24. Khairy N, Hamdi E, Sidrak A, Sabry N, Nasreldin M, Khoweiled A, Loza N (2012). Impact of the first national campaign against the stigma of mental illness. Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry 33, 35-39.
25. Knaak S, Modgill G, Patten SB (2014). Key ingredients of anti-stigma programs for health care providers: a data synthesis of evaluative studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 59, S19-S26.
26. Koschorke M, Padmavati R, Kumar S, Cohen A, Weiss HA, Chatterjee S, Pereira J, Naik S, John S, Dabholkar H, Balaji M, Chavan A, Varghese M, Thara R, Thornicroft G, Patel V (2014). Experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with schizophrenia in India. Social Science & Medicine 123C, 149-159.
27. Lasalvia A, Zoppei S, Van Bortel T, Bonetto C, Cristofalo D, Wahlbeck K, Bacle SV, Van Audenhove C, Van Weeghel J, Reneses B, Germanavicius A, Economou M, Lanfredi M, Ando S, Sartorius N, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Thornicroft G, Grp A. I. S. (2013). Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 381,55-62.
28. Lauber C, Rossler W (2007). Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry 19, 157-178.
29. Lee S, Chiu MY, Tsang A, Chui H, Kleinman A (2006). Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Social Science and Medicine 62, 1685-1696.
30. Lee S, Lee MTY, Chiu MYL, Kleinman A (2005). Experience of social stigma by people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 153-157.
31. Link BG, Yang LH, Phelan JC, Collins PY (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30, 511-541.
32. Littlewood R (1998). Cultural variation in the stigmatisation of mental illness. Lancet 352, 1056-1057.
33. Livingston JD, Boyd JE (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine 71, 2150-2161.
34. Lund C, De Silva M, Plagerson S, Cooper S, Chisholm D, Das J, Knapp M, Patel V (2011). Poverty and mental disorders: breaking the cycle in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 378, 1502-1514.
35. Murthy RS (2002). Stigma is universal but experiences are local. World Psychiatry 1, 28.
36. Murthy RS (2005). Stigma of mental illness in the third World. In Perspectives on the Stigma of Mental Illness (ed. A Okasha and CN Stefanis). Cairo: World Psychiatric Association, p. 28.
37. Phillips MR, Pearson V, Li F, Xu M, Yang L (2002). Stigma and expressed emotion: a study of people with schizophrenia and their family members in China. British Journal of Psychiatry 181, 488-493.
38. Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M (2003). Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Research 121, 31-49.
39. Ritsher JB, Phelan JC (2004). Internalized stigma predicts erosion of morale among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Research 129, 257-265.
40. Rong Y, Glozier N, Luscombe GM, Davenport TA, Huang Y, Hickie IB (2011). Improving knowledge and attitudes towards depression: a controlled trial among Chinese medical students. BMC Psychiatry 11, 36.
41. Rose D, Willis R, Brohan E, Sartorius N, Villares C, Wahlbeck K, Thornicroft G (2011). Reported stigma and discrimination by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 20, 193-204.
42. Rosen A (2003). What developed countries can learn from developing countries in challenging psychiatric stigma. Australasian Psychiatry 11, S89-S95.
43. Sartorius N, Schulze H (2005). Reducing the Stigma of Mental Illness: A Report from a Global Association. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
44. Sorsdahl KR, Kakuma R, Wilson Z, Stein DJ (2012). The internalized stigma experienced by members of a mental health advocacy group in South Africa. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 58, 55-61.
45. Switaj P, Wciorka J, Smolarska-Switaj J, Grygiel P (2009). Extent and predictors of stigma experienced by patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry 24, 513-520.
46. Taylor SM, Dear MJ (1981). Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin 7, 225-240.
47. Thara R, Kamath S, Kumar S (2003). Women with schizophrenia and broken marriages - doubly disadvantaged? Part II: family perspective. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 49, 233-240.
48. Thara R, Srinivasan TN (2000). How stigmatising is schizophrenia in India?. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 46, 135-141.
49. Thornicroft G (2006). Shunned: Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
50. Thornicroft G, Brohan E, Rose D, Sartorius N, Leese M, Group IS (2009). Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 373, 408-415.
51. Thornicroft G, Mehta N, Clement S, Evans-Lacko S, Doherty M, Rose D, Koschorke M, Shidhaye R, O'Reilly C, Henderson C (2015). Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental health related stigma and discrimination: narrative review. Lancet. In Press.
52. Thornicroft G, Rose D, Kassam A (2007). Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 192-193.
53. Ucok A, Brohan E, Rose D, Sartorius N, Leese M, Yoon CK, Plooy A, Ertekin BA, Mile R, Thornicroft G (2012). Anticipated discrimination among people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 125, 77-83.
54. United Nations (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. United Nations: New York.
55. Villares CC, Sartorius N (2003). Challenging the stigma of schizophrenia. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria 25, 1-2.
56. Wasserman C, Hoven CW, Wasserman D, Carli V, Sarchiapone M, Al-Halabi S, Apter A, Balazs J, Bobe J, Cosman D, Farkas L, Feldman D, Fischer G, Graber N, Haring C, Herta DC, Iosue M, Kahn JP, Keeley H, Klug K, Mccarthy J, Tubiana-Potiez A, Varnik A, Varnik P, Ziberna J, Postuvan V (2012). Suicide prevention for youth - a mental health awareness program: lessons learned from the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) intervention study. BMC Public Health 12, 776.
57. Waxler NE (1979). Is outcome for schizophrenia better in nonindustrial societies? The case of Sri Lanka. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 167, 144-158.
58. Weiss MG, Jadhav S, Raguram R, Vounatsou P, Littlewood R (2001). Psychiatric stigma across cultures: local validation in Bangalore and London. Anthropology & Medicine 8, 71-87.
59. WHO (1979). Schizophrenia: An International Follow-up Study. John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK.
60. Yang L, Kleinman A, Link BG, Phelan J, Lee S, Good B (2007). Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science & Medicine 64, 1524-1535.
61. Yang LH, Thornicroft G, Alvarado R, Vega E, Link BG (2014). Recent advances in cross-cultural measurement in psychiatric epidemiology: utilizing 'what matters most' to identify culture-specific aspects of stigma. International Journal of Epidemiology 43, 494-510.
62. Yang LH, Valencia E, Alvarado R, Link B, Huynh N, Nguyen K, Morita K, Saavedra M, Wong C, Galea S, Susser E (2013). A theoretical and empirical framework for constructing culture-specific stigma instruments for Chile. Cadernos Saúde Coletiva 21, 71-79.