Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia

International Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 157-178

  Lauber, Christoph ^a   Rössler, Wulf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PSYCHIATRY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Asia; Attitude; Discrimination; Mental illness; Review; Stigmatization

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; ASIA; ATTITUDE TO MENTAL ILLNESS; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FAMILY; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MENTAL PATIENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIGION; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; SOCIAL DISTANCE; STIGMA; URBAN AREA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE;

AGGRESSION; ASIA; CULTURE; DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FAMILY; HUMANS; MAGIC; MENTALLY ILL PERSONS; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL CONFORMITY; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL VALUES; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 34247554207     PISSN: 09540261     EISSN: 13691627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09540260701278903     Document Type: Article

References (239)

1. Abdel-Khalek, A., & Lester, D. (2006). Optimism and pessimism in Kuwaiti and American college students. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 110-126.
2. Ahmed, T. (1995). The population of persons with disabilities in Pakistan. Asia Pac Popul J, 10, 39-62.
3. Al Adawi, S., Dorvlo, A. S., Al Ismaily, S. S., Al Ghafry, D. A., Al Noobi, B. Z., Al Salmi, A. et al. (2002). Perception of and attitude towards mental illness in Oman. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 48, 305-317.
4. Al Krenawi, A. (2005a). Mental health practice in Arab countries. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 18, 560-564.
5. Al Krenawi, A. (2005b). Socio-political aspects of mental health practice with Arabs in the Israeli context. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 42, 126-136.
6. Al Krenawi, A., & Graham, J. R. (1999). Gender and biomedical/traditional mental health utilization among the Bedouin-Arabs of the Negev. Cult Med Psychiatry, 23, 219-243.
7. Al Krenawi, A., & Graham, J. R. (2006). A comparison of family functioning, life and marital satisfaction, and mental health of women in polygamous and monogamous marriages. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 5-17.
8. Al Krenawi, A., & Wiesel-Lev, R. (1999). Attitudes toward and perceived psychosocial impact of female circumcision as practiced among the Bedouin-Arabs of the Negev. Fam Process, 38, 431-443.
9. Al Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., & Kandah, J. (2000). Gendered utilization differences of mental health services in Jordan. Community Ment Health J, 36, 501-511.
10. Al Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Dean, Y. Z., & Eltaiba, N. (2004). Cross-national study of attitudes towards seeking professional help: Jordan, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Arabs in Israel. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 102-114.
11. Amowitz, L. L., Kim, G., Reis, C., Asher, J. L., & Iacopino, V. (2004). Human rights abuses and concerns about women's health and human rights in southern Iraq. JAMA, 291, 1471-1479.
12. Ang, R. P., Chia, B. H., & Fung, D. S. S. (2006). Gender differences in life stressors associated with child and adolescent suicides in Singapore from 1995 to 2003. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 561-570.
13. Arkar, H., & Eker, D. (1992). Influence of having a hospitalized mentally ill member in the family on attitudes toward mental patients in Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 27, 151-155.
14. Ashencaen, C. S. (2003). Asylum blues: Staff attitudes towards psychiatric nursing in Sarawak, East Malaysia. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 10, 713-721.
15. Asis, M. M. B. (2005). Recent trends in international migration in Asia and the Pacific. Asia-Pacific Pop J, 20, 15-38.
16. Ay, P., Save, D., & Fidanoglu, O. (2006). Does stigma concerning mental disorders differ through medical education? A survey among medical students in Istanbul. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 63-67.
17. Aydin, N., Yigit, A., Inandi, T., & Kirpinar, I. (2003). Attitudes of hospital staff toward mentally ill patients in a teaching hospital, Turkey. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 17-26.
18. Ayranci, U. (2005). AIDS knowledge and attitudes in a Turkish population: An epidemiological study. BMC Public Health, 5, 95.
19. Bender, K. G. (2001). Social problems in Pakistani psychiatric patients. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47, 32-41.
20. Bhugra, D. (1989). Attitudes towards mental illness. A review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 80, 1-12.
21. Bhugra, D. (2004a). Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 109, 243-258.
22. Bhugra, D. (2004b). Migration, distress and cultural identity. Br Med Bull, 69, 129-141.
23. Bhugra, D. (2005a). Cultural identities and cultural congruency: A new model for evaluating mental distress in immigrants. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 111, 84-93.
24. Bhugra, D. (2005b). Mad tales from Bollywood: The impact of social, political, and economic climate on the portrayal of mental illness in Hindi films. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 112, 250-256.
25. Bhugra, D. (2006). The Asian tsunami. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 197-198.
26. Bhugra, D., & Arya, P. (2005). Ethnic density, cultural congruity and mental illness in migrants. Int Rev Psychiatry, 17, 133-137.
27. Bhugra, D., Baldwin, D., & Desai, M. M. (1997). Focus groups: Implications for primary and cross-cultural psychiatry. Primary Care in Psychiatry, 3, 45-50.
28. Bhugra, D., Corridan, B., Rudge, S., Leff, J., & Mallett, R. (1999). Social factors and first onset schizophrenia among Asians and whites. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 45, 162-170.
29. Bhugra, D., & Mastrogianni, A. (2004). Globalisation and mental disorders. Overview with relation to depression. Br J Psychiatry, 184, 10-20.
30. Bhugra, D., & van Ommeren, M. (2006). Mental health, psychosocial support and the tsunami. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 213-216.
31. Bhui, K., Lawrence, A., Klineberg, E., Woodley-Jones, D., Taylor, S., Stansfeld, S. et al. (2005). Acculturation and health status among African-Caribbean, Bangladeshi and White British adolescents. Validation and findings from the RELACHS study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 259-266.
32. Boey, K. W. (1999). Help-seeking preference of college students in urban China after the implementation of the "open-door" policy. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 45, 104-116.
33. Botros, M. M., Atalla, S. F., & El Islam, M. F. (2006). Schneiderian first rank symptoms in a sample of schizophrenic patients in Egypt. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 424-431.
34. Campion, J., & Bhugra, D. (1997). Experiences of religious healing in psychiatric patients in south India. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 32, 215-221.
35. Carballo, M., Heal, B., & Horbaty, G. (2006). Impact of the tsunami on psychosocial health and well-being. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 217-223.
36. Cardozo, B. L., Bilukha, O. O., Crawford, C. A., Shaikh, I., Wolfe, M. I., Gerber, M. L., & Anderson, M. (2004). Mental health, social functioning, and disability in postwar Afghanistan. JAMA, 292, 575-584.
37. Chadda, R. K., Agarwal, V., Singh, M. C., & Raheja, D. (2001). Help seeking behaviour of psychiatric patients before seeking care at a mental hospital. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47, 71-78.
38. Chandra, V., Pandav, R., & Bhugra, D. (2006). Mental health and psychosocial support after the tsunami: Observations across affected nations. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 205-211.
39. Chaturvedi, S. K., & Desai, G. (2006). What's 'in the body' is actually 'in the mind'! Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 1-3.
40. Chaturvedi, S. K., Desai, G., & Shaligram, D. (2006). Somatoform disorders, somatization and abnormal illness behaviour. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 75-80.
41. Chaturvedi, S. K., Peter, M. G., & Somashekar, B. S. (2006). Somatization in cancer. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 49-54.
42. Chee, C. Y., Ng, T. P., & Kua, E. H. (2005). Comparing the stigma of mental illness in a general hospital with a state mental hospital: A Singapore study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 648-653.
43. Chiu, H. F., Yip, P. S., Chi, I., Chan, S., Tsoh, J., Kwan, C. W. et al. (2004). Elderly suicide in Hong Kong - a case-controlled psychological autopsy study. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 109, 299-305.
44. Chiu, M. Y., Wei, G. F., & Lee, S. (2006). Personal tragedy or system failure: A qualitative analysis of narratives of caregivers of people with severe mental illness in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 413-423.
45. Chong, S. A., Mythily, Lum, A., Chan, Y. H., & McGorry, P. (2005). Determinants of duration of untreated psychosis and the pathway to care in Singapore. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 55-62.
46. Chong, S. A., Mythily, S., & Verma, S. (2005). Reducing the duration of untreated psychosis and changing help-seeking behaviour in Singapore. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 619-621.
47. Chung, K. F., & Chan, J. H. (2004). Can a less pejorative Chinese translation for schizophrenia reduce stigma? A study of adolescents' attitudes toward people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 58, 507-515.
48. Chung, K. F., Chen, E. Y., Lam, L. C., Chen, R. Y., & Chan, C. K. (1997). How are psychotic symptoms perceived? A comparison between patients, relatives and the general public. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 31, 756-761.
49. Chung, K. F., Chen, E. Y., & Liu, C. S. (2001). University students' attitudes towards mental patients and psychiatric treatment. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47, 63-72.
50. Conde, B. (2004). Philippines mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 159-166.
51. Corin, E., Thara, R., & Padmavati, R. (2005). Shadows of culture in psychosis in south India: A methodological exploration and illustration. Int Rev Psychiatry, 17, 75-81.
52. Corrigan, P. W. (2004). Don't call me nuts: An international perspective on the stigma of mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 109, 403-404.
53. Davin, D. (1996). Migration and rural women in China: A look at the gendered impact of large-scale migration. J Int Dev, 8, 655-665.
54. de Silva, P. (2006). The tsunami and its aftermath in Sri Lanka: Explorations of a Buddhist perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 281-287.
55. Dekel, R., & Solomon, Z. (2006). Secondary traumatization among wives of Israeli POWs: The role of POWs' distress. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 27-33.
56. Desapriya, E. B., & Nobutada, I. (2002). Stigma of mental illness in Japan. Lancet, 359, 1866.
57. Deva, M. (2002). Mental health and mental health care in Asia. World Psychiatry, 1, 118-120.
58. Dols, M. W. (1987). Insanity and its treatment in Islamic society. Med Hist, 31, 1-14.
59. Dubois, V., Tonglet, R., Hoyois, P., Sunbaunat, K., Roussaux, J. P., & Hauff, E. (2004). Household survey of psychiatric morbidity in Cambodia. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 174-185.
60. Duddu, V., Isaac, M. K., & Chaturvedi, S. K. (2006). Somatization, somatosensory amplification, attribution styles and illness behaviour: A review. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 25-33.
61. Eapen, V., & Ghubash, R. (2004). Help-seeking for mental health problems of children: Preferences and attitudes in the United Arab Emirates. Psychol Rep, 94, 663-667.
62. Edman, J. L., & Koon, T. Y. (2000). Mental illness beliefs in Malaysia: Ethnic and intergenerational comparisons. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 46, 101-109.
63. Eker, D. (1989). Attitudes toward mental illness: Recognition, desired social distance, expected burden and negative influence on mental health among Turkish freshmen. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 24, 146-150.
64. Eker, D., & Arkar, H. (1991). Experienced Turkish nurses' attitudes towards mental illness and the predictor variables of their attitudes. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 37, 214-222.
65. el Hilu, S. M., Mousa, R., Abdulmalek, H., Kamel, N., Zohdi, M., & al Aamriti, M. (1990). Psychiatric morbidity among foreign housemaids in Kuwait. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 36, 291-299.
66. Eskin, M. (2004). The effects of religious versus secular education on suicide ideation and suicidal attitudes in adolescents in Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39, 536-542.
67. Fabrega Jr, H. (1991a). Psychiatric stigma in non-Western societies. Compr Psychiatry, 32, 534-551.
68. Fabrega Jr, H. (1991b). The culture and history of psychiatric stigma in early modern and modern Western societies: A review of recent literature. Compr Psychiatry, 32, 97-119.
69. Fabrega Jr, H. (2001a). Cultural psychiatry: International perspectives. Epilogue. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 24, 595-608.
70. Fabrega Jr, H. (2001b). Culture and history in psychiatric diagnosis and practice. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 24, 391-405.
71. Fido, A., & Zahid, M. A. (2004). Coping with infertility among Kuwaiti women: Cultural perspectives. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 294-300.
72. Furnham, A., & Chan, E. (2004). Lay theories of schizophrenia. A cross-cultural comparison of British and Hong Kong Chinese attitudes, attributions and beliefs. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39, 543-552.
73. Furnham, A., & Murao, M. (2000). A cross-cultural comparison of British and Japanese lay theories of schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 46, 4-20.
74. Furr, L. A. (2005). On the relationship between cultural values and preferences and affective health in Nepal. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 71-82.
75. Ganesan, M. (2006). Psychosocial response to disasters-some concerns. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 241-247.
76. Gaunekar, G., Patel, V., & Rane, A. (2005). The impact and patterns of hazardous drinking amongst male industrial workers in Goa, India. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 267-275.
77. Ghassemzadeh, H., Bolhari, J., Birashk, B., & Salavati, M. (2005). Responsibility attitude in a sample of Iranian obsessive-compulsive patients. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 13-22.
78. Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2006). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: ATQ-Persian. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 127-137.
79. Ghodse, H., & Galea, S. (2006). Tsunami: Understanding mental health consequences and the unprecedented response. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 289-297.
80. Giang, K. B., Allebeck, P., Kullgren, G., & Tuan, N. V. (2006). The Vietnamese version of the Self Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) in detecting mental disorders in rural Vietnam: A validation study. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 175-184.
81. Gupta, M. A. (2006). Somatization disorders in dermatology. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 41-47.
82. Hahm, B. J., & Cho, M. J. (2005). Prevalence of alcohol use disorder in a South Korean community - changes in the pattern of prevalence over the past 15 years. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 114-119.
83. Hall, P., Brockington, I. F., Levings, J., & Murphy, C. (1993). A comparison of responses to the mentally ill in two communities. Br J Psychiatry, 162, 99-108.
84. Hashemian, F., Khoshnood, K., Desai, M. M., Falahati, F., Kasl, S., & Southwick, S. (2006). Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress in Iranian survivors of chemical warfare. JAMA, 296, 560-566.
85. Healey, F., Tan, V. L., & Chong, S. A. (2006). Cross-cultural validation of expressed emotion in caregivers of Chinese patients with first episode psychosis in Singapore: A qualitative study. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 199-213.
86. Hishinuma, E. S., Johnson, R. C., Carlton, B. S., Andrade, N. N., Nishimura, S. T., Goebert, D. A. et al. (2004). Demographic and social variables associated with psychiatric and school-related indicators for Asian/Pacific-Islander adolescents. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 301-318.
87. Hishinuma, E. S., Johnson, R. C., Kim, S. P., Nishimura, S. T., Makini Jr, G. K., Andrade, N. N. et al. (2005). Prevalence and correlates of misconduct among ethnically diverse adolescents of Native Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian ancestry. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 242-258.
88. Hoffmann, C., McFarland, B. H., Kinzie, J. D., Bresler, L., Rakhlin, D., Wolf, S., & Kovas, A. E. (2006). Psychological distress among recent Russian immigrants in the United States. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 29-40.
89. Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med, 351, 13-22.
90. Hübner-Liebermann, B., Spiessl, H., Iwai, K., & Cording, C. (2005). Treatment of schizophrenia: Implications derived from an intercultural hospital comparison between Germany and Japan. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 83-96.
91. Ismayilov, N. V., & Fuad, I. (2002). Mental health of refugees: The case of Azerbaijan. World Psychiatry, 1, 121-122.
92. Jain, S., & Murthy, P. (2006). Madmen and specialists: The clientele and the staff of the Lunatic Asylum, Bangalore. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 345-354.
93. James, S., Chisholm, D., Murthy, R. S., Kumar, K. K., Sekar, K., Saeed, K., & Mubbashar, M. (2002). Demand for, access to and use of community mental health care: Lessons from a demonstration project in India and Pakistan. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 48, 163-176.
94. Janca, A., Isaac, M., & Ventouras, J. (2006). Towards better understanding and management of somatoform disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 5-12.
95. Jenkins, J. H., & Schumacher, J. G. (1999). Family burden of schizophrenia and depressive illness. Specifying the effects of ethnicity, gender and social ecology. Br J Psychiatry, 174, 31-38.
96. Jenkins, R., Gulbinat, W., Manderscheid, R., Baingana, F., Whiteford, H., Khandelwal, S. et al. (2004). The mental health country profile: Background, design and use of a systematic method of appraisal. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 31-47.
97. Jirapramukpitak, T., Prince, M., & Harpham, T. (2005). The experience of abuse and mental health in the young Thai population A preliminary survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 955-963.
98. Jobanputra, R., & Furnham, A. (2005). British Gujarati Indian immigrants' and British Caucasians' beliefs about health and illness. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 350-364.
99. Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. M. (2005). Public beliefs about causes and risk factors for mental disorders: Changes in Australia over 8 years. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 764-767.
100. Jorsh, M. S. (2006). Somatoform disorders: The role of consultation liaison psychiatry. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 61-65.
101. Kamer, A., Zohar, A. H., Youngmann, R., Diamond, G. W., Inbar, D., & Senecky, Y. (2004). A prevalence estimate of pervasive developmental disorder among immigrants to Israel and Israeli natives- a file review study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39, 141-145.
102. Karim, S., Saeed, K., Rana, M. H., Mubbashar, M. H., & Jenkins, R. (2004). Pakistan mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 83-92.
103. Khandelwal, S. K., Jhingan, H. P., Ramesh, S., Gupta, R. K., & Srivastava, V. K. (2004). India mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 126-141.
104. Kilic, C., Aydin, I., Taskintuna, N., Ozcurumez, G., Kurt, G., Eren, E. et al. (2006). Predictors of psychological distress in survivors of the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey: Effects of relocation after the disaster. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 114, 194-202.
105. Killgore, W. D., Stetz, M. C., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2006). The effects of prior combat experience on the expression of somatic and affective symptoms in deploying soldiers. J Psychosom Res, 60, 379-385.
106. Kim, M. D., Hong, S. C., Lee, S. Y., Kwak, Y. S., Lee, C. I., Hwang, S. W. et al. (2006). Suicide risk in relation to social class: A national register-based study of adult suicides in Korea, 1999-2001. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 138-151.
107. Kim, Y. (2002). Renaming the term schizophrenia in Japan. Lancet, 360, 879.
108. Kirmayer, L. J., Young, A., & Robbins, J. M. (1994). Symptom attribution in cultural perspective. Can J Psychiatry, 39, 584-595.
109. Kleinman, A. (1977a). Culture and illness: A question of models. Cult Med Psychiatry, 1, 229-231.
110. Kleinman, A. M. (1977b). Depression, somatization and the "new cross-cultural psychiatry". Soc Sci Med, 11, 3-10.
111. Kokai, M., Fujii, S., Shinfuku, N., & Edwards, G. (2004). Natural disaster and mental health in Asia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 58, 110-116.
112. Kumar, S., Tse, S., Fernando, A., & Wong, S. (2006). Epidemiological studies on mental health needs of Asian population in New Zealand. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 408-412.
113. Lauber, C., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Fritschi, N., Stulz, N., & Rössler, W. (2005a). Mental health literacy in an educational elite - an online survey among university students. BMC Public Health, 5, 44.
114. Lauber, C., Anthony, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V., & Rössler, W. (2004a). What about psychiatrists' attitude to mentally ill people? Eur Psychiatry, 19, 423-427.
115. Lauber, C., Eichenberger, A., Luginbuhl, P., Keller, C., & Rössler, W. (2003a). Determinants of burden in caregivers of patients with exacerbating schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry, 18, 285-289.
116. Lauber, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2000). Attitudes to compulsory admission in psychiatry. Lancet, 355, 2080.
117. Lauber, C., Keller, C., Eichenberger, A., & Rössler, W. (2005b). Family burden during exacerbation of schizophrenia: Quantification and determinants of additional costs. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 259-264.
118. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Braunschweig, C., & Rössler, W. (2006a). Do mental health professionals stigmatize their patients? Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl, 51-59.
119. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2000a). [Volunteering in psychiatry: Determining factors of attitude and actual commitment]. Psychiatr Prax, 27, 347-350.
120. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2001). Lay recommendations on how to treat mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 36, 553-556.
121. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2002a). Determinants of attitude to volunteering in psychiatry: Results of a public opinion survey in Switzerland. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 48, 209-219.
122. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2002b). Public attitude to compulsory admission of mentally ill people. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 105, 385-389.
123. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2003b). Do people recognise mental illness? Factors influencing mental health literacy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 253, 248-251.
124. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2004b). Factors influencing social distance toward people with mental illness. Community Ment Health J, 40, 265-274.
125. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2005c). Can a seizure help? The public's attitude toward electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Res, 134, 205-209.
126. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Haker, H., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2006b). Community psychiatry: Results of a public opinion survey. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 234-242.
127. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., & Rössler, W. (2003). Patients' attitudes toward antidepressants. Psychiatr Serv, 54, 746-747.
128. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., & Rössler, W. (2005a). Lay beliefs about treatments for people with mental illness and their implications for antistigma strategies. Can J Psychiatry, 50, 745-752.
129. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., & Rössler, W. (2005b). Recommendations of mental health professionals and the general population on how to treat mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 835-843.
130. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., & Rössler, W. (2006). Attitudes and mental illness: Consumers and the general public are on one side of the medal, mental health professionals on the other. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 114, 145-146.
131. Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Sartorius, N., Falcato, L., & Rössler, W. (2000b). Public acceptance of restrictions on mentally ill people. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl, 26-32.
132. Lay, B., Lauber, C., Nordt, C., & Rössler, W. (2006). Patterns of inpatient care for immigrants in Switzerland: A case control study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 199-207.
133. Lee, S., Chan, L. Y., Chau, A. M., Kwok, K. P., & Kleinman, A. (2005a). The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med, 61, 2038-2046.
134. Lee, S., Chiu, M. Y., Tsang, A., Chui, H., & Kleinman, A. (2006). Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Soc Sci Med, 62, 1685-1696.
135. Lee, S., Lee, M. T., Chiu, M. Y., & Kleinman, A. (2005b). Experience of social stigma by people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Br J Psychiatry, 186, 153-157.
136. Levav, I., Shemesh, A. A., Kohn, R., Baidani-Auerbach, A., Boni, O., Borenstein, Y. et al. (2005). What is in a name? Professionals and service users' opinions of the Hebrew terms used to name psychiatric disorders and disability. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 42, 242-247.
137. Levinson, D., Lachman, M., & Lerner, Y. (2006). The SES setting of psychiatric hospitalization in Israel. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 364-368.
138. Lin, K. M., Inui, T. S., Kleinman, A. M., & Womack, W. M. (1982). Sociocultural determinants of the help-seeking behavior of patients with mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis, 170, 78-85.
139. Liu, H., Li, X., Stanton, B., Liu, H., Liang, G., Chen, X. et al. (2005). Risk factors for sexually transmitted disease among rural-to-urban migrants in China: Implications for HIV/sexually transmitted disease prevention. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 19, 49-57.
140. Mahendran, R., Mythily, Chong, S. A., & Chan, Y. H. (2005). Brief communication: Factors affecting rehospitalisation in psychiatric patients in Singapore. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 101-105.
141. Mahendran, R., Subramaniam, M., Cai, Y., & Chan, Y. H. (2006). Survey of sleep problems amongst Singapore children in a psychiatric setting. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 669-673.
142. Mas, A., & Hatim, A. (2002). Stigma in mental illness: Attitudes of medical students towards mental illness. Med J Malaysia, 57, 433-444.
143. Mastrogianni, A., & Bhugra, D. (2003). Globalization, cultural psychiatry and mental distress. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 163-165.
144. Math, S. B., Girimaji, S. C., Benegal, V., Uday Kumar, G. S., Hamza, A., & Nagaraja, D. (2006). Tsunami: Psychosocial aspects of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Assessments and intervention in the early phase. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 233-239.
145. Mawar, N., Saha, S., Pandit, A., & Mahajan, U. (2005). The third phase of HIV pandemic: Social consequences of HIV/AIDS stigma & discrimination & future needs. Indian J Med Res, 122, 471-484.
146. Mehrotra, S., Rao, K., & Subbakrishna, D. K. (2000). Factor structure of the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale (MHPSS) among clinical psychologists in India. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 46, 142-150.
147. Mills, J. (2006). Modern psychiatry in India: The British role in establishing an Asian system, 1858-1947. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 333-343.
148. Minhas, F. A., & Nizami, A. T. (2006). Somatoform disorders: Perspectives from Pakistan. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 55-60.
149. Mohammadi, M. R., Ghanizadeh, A., Rahgozar, M., Noorbala, A. A., Davidian, H., Afzali, H. M. et al. (2004). Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iran. BMC Psychiatry, 4, 2-9.
150. Mubbashar, M. H., & Saeed, K. (2002). Developing models of balanced mental health care: The case of Pakistan. World Psychiatry, 1, 100-101.
151. Mueller, B., Nordt, C., Lauber, C., Rueesch, P., Meyer, P. C., & Rössler, W. (2006). Social support modifies perceived stigmatization in the first years of mental illness: A longitudinal approach. Soc Sci Med, 62, 39-49.
152. Mueser, K. T., Glynn, S. M., Corrigan, P. W., & Baber, W. (1996). A survey of preferred terms for users of mental health services. Psychiatr Serv, 47, 760-761.
153. Mullen, R., Gibbs, A., & Dawson, J. (2006). Family perspective on community treatment orders: A New Zealand study. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 469-478.
154. Mullick, M. S., & Goodman, R. (2005). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among 5-10 year olds in rural, urban and slum areas in Bangladesh: An exploratory study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 663-671.
155. Ng, B. Y., & Chee, K. T. (2006). A brief history of psychiatry in Singapore. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 355-361.
156. Ng, C. H. (1997). The stigma of mental illness in Asian cultures. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 31, 382-390.
157. Ng, P., & Chan, K. F. (2000). Sex differences in opinion towards mental illness of secondary school students in Hong Kong. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 46, 79-88.
158. Ng, P., & Chan, R. (1996). Youth opinions about the ex-mentally ill in Hong Kong. Asia-Pacific J Soc Work, 6, 16-29.
159. Nikapota, A. (2006). After the tsunami: A story from Sri Lanka. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 275-279.
160. Nomura, H., Inoue, S., Kamimura, N., Shimodera, S., Mino, Y., Gregg, L., & Tarrier, N. (2005). A cross-cultural study on expressed emotion in carers of people with dementia and schizophrenia: Japan and England. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 564-570.
161. Noorbala, A. A., Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Yasamy, M. T., & Mohammad, K. (2004). Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. Br J Psychiatry, 184, 70-73.
162. Nordt, C., Rössler, W., & Lauber, C. (2006). Attitudes of mental health professionals toward people with schizophrenia and major depression. Schizophr Bull, 32, 709-714.
163. Onder, E., Tural, U., Aker, T., Kilic, C., & Erdogan, S. (2006). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders three years after the 1999 earthquake in Turkey: Marmara Earthquake Survey (MES). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 868-874.
164. Ono, Y., Satsumi, Y., Kim, Y., Iwadate, T., Moriyama, K., Nakane, Y., & et aal. (1999). Schizophrenia: Is it time to replace the term? Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 53, 335-341.
165. Oshima, I., & Kuno, E. (2006). Living arrangements of individuals with schizophrenia in Japan: Impact of community-based mental health services. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 55-64.
166. Ozmen, E., Ogel, K., Aker, T., Sagduyu, A., Tamar, D., & Boratav, C. (2004). Public attitudes to depression in urban Turkey - the influence of perceptions and causal attributions on social distance towards individuals suffering from depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39, 1010-1016.
167. Ozmen, E., Ogel, K., Aker, T., Sagduyu, A., Tamar, D., & Boratav, C. (2005). Public opinions and beliefs about the treatment of depression in urban Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 869-876.
168. Padmavati, R. (2005). Community mental health care in India. Int Rev Psychiatry, 17, 103-107.
169. Padmavati, R., Thara, R., & Corin, E. (2005). A qualitative study of religious practices by chronic mentally ill and their caregivers in South India. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 139-149.
170. Page, A., Morrell, S., Taylor, R., Carter, G., & Dudley, M. (2006). Divergent trends in suicide by socio-economic status in Australia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 911-917.
171. Parameshvara, D. M. (2004). Malaysia mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 167-176.
172. Patel, V., Boardman, J., Prince, M., & Bhugra, D. (2006). Returning the debt: How rich countries can invest in mental health capacity in developing countries. World Psychiatry, 5, 67-70.
173. Phillips, M. R., Pearson, V., Li, F., Xu, M., & Yang, L. (2002). Stigma and expressed emotion: A study of people with schizophrenia and their family members in China. Br J Psychiatry, 181, 488-493.
174. Pols, H. (2006). The development of psychiatry in Indonesia: From colonial to modern times. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 363-370.
175. Pothen, M., Kuruvilla, A., Philip, K., Joseph, A., & Jacob, K. S. (2003). Common mental disorders among primary care attenders in Vellore, South India: Nature, prevalence and risk factors. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 119-125.
176. Prasad, J., Abraham, V. J., Minz, S., Abraham, S., Joseph, A., Muliyil, J. P., & et a. (2006). Rates and factors associated with suicide in Kaniyambadi Block, Tamil Nadu, South India, 2000-2002. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 65-71.
177. Prior, M., Virasinghe, S., & Smart, D. (2005). Behavioural problems in Sri Lankan schoolchildren: Associations with socio-economic status, age, gender, academic progress, ethnicity and religion. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 654-662.
178. Raguram, R., Raghu, T. M., Vounatsou, P., & Weiss, M. G. (2004). Schizophrenia and the cultural epidemiology of stigma in Bangalore, India. J Nerv Ment Dis, 192, 734-744.
179. Raguram, R., & Weiss, M. (2004). Stigma and somatisation. Br J Psychiatry, 185, 174-175.
180. Raguram, R., Weiss, M. G., Channabasavanna, S. M., & Devins, G. M. (1996). Stigma, depression, and somatization in South India. Am J Psychiatry, 153, 1043-1049.
181. Rajeswari, R., Muniyandi, M., Balasubramanian, R., & Narayanan, P. R. (2005). Perceptions of tuberculosis patients about their physical, mental and social well-being: A field report from south India. Soc Sci Med, 60, 1845-1853.
182. Redgrave, G. W., Swartz, K. L., & Romanoski, A. J. (2003). Alcohol misuse by women. Int Rev Psychiatry, 15, 256-268.
183. Regmi, S. K., Pokharel, A., Ojha, S. P., Pradhan, S. N., & Chapagain, G. (2004). Nepal mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 142-149.
184. Rosati, M. J. (2006). Effectively addressing the mid- and longterm needs of young people affected by the tsunami in Aceh: An on-site assessment. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 265-269.
185. Rössler, W., Salize, H. J., Trunk, V., & Voges, B. (1996). [The attitude of medical students to psychiatric patients]. Nervenarzt, 67, 757-764.
186. Rushing, R., Watts, C., & Rushing, S. (2005). Living the reality of forced sex work: Perspectives from young migrant women sex workers in northern Vietnam. J Midwifery Womens Health, 50, e41-e44.
187. Samuma, K. (1978). The Japanese family in relation to people's health. Soc Sci Med, 12, 469-478.
188. Sato, M. (2006). Renaming schizophrenia: A Japanese perspective. World Psychiatry, 5, 53-55.
189. Saxena, S., van Ommeren, M., & Saraceno, B. (2006). Mental health assistance to populations affected by disasters: World Health Organization's role. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 199-204.
190. Scholte, W. F., Olff, M., Ventevogel, P., de Vries, G. J., Jansveld, E., Cardozo, B. L., & Crawford, C. A. (4-8-2004). Mental health symptoms following war and repression in eastern Afghanistan. JAMA, 292, 585-593.
191. Sevigny, R. (2004). Social welfare policy: Social rehabilitation of psychiatric patients in urban China. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 241-261.
192. Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (2005). Imposition of virginity testing: A life-saver or a license to kill? Soc Sci Med, 60, 1187-1196.
193. Shankar, B. R., Saravanan, B., & Jacob, K. S. (2006). Explanatory models of common mental disorders among traditional healers and their patients in rural south India. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 221-233.
194. Sharashidze, M., Naneishvili, G., Silagadze, T., Begiashvili, A., Sulaberidze, B., & Beria, Z. (2004). Georgia mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 107-116.
195. Shima, S., & Satoh, E. (2006). Somatoform disorders in the workplace in Japan. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 35-40.
196. Siriwanarangsan, P., Liknapichitkul, D., & Khandelwal, S. K. (2004). Thailand mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry, 16, 150-158.
197. Slonim-Nevo, V., Sharaga, Y., Mirsky, J., Petrovsky, V., & Borodenko, M. (2006). Ethnicity versus migration: Two hypotheses about the psychosocial adjustment of immigrant adolescents. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 52, 41-53.
198. Sondergaard, H. P., Ekblad, S., & Theorell, T. (2003). Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees in Stockholm. Nord J Psychiatry, 57, 185-189.
199. Song, L. Y., Chang, L. Y., Shih, C. Y., Lin, C. Y., & Yang, M. J. (2005). Community attitudes towards the mentally ill: The results of a national survey of the Taiwanese population. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 162-176.
200. Star, S. (1955). The public's ideas about mental illness. Annual Meeting of the National Association for Mental Health; November 5, 1955; Indianapolis.
201. Steel, Z., Silove, D., Chey, T., Bauman, A., Phan, T., & Phan, T. (2005). Mental disorders, disability and health service use amongst Vietnamese refugees and the host Australian population. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 111, 300-309.
202. Sugiura, T., Sakamoto, S., Tanaka, E., Tomoda, A., & Kitamura, T. (2001). Labeling effect of Seishin-bunretsubyou, the Japanese translation for schizophrenia: An argument for relabeling. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47, 43-51.
203. Sumathipala, A., Siribaddana, S., & Perera, C. (2006). Management of dead bodies as a component of psychosocial interventions after the tsunami: A view from Sri Lanka. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 249-257.
204. Tang, W. K., Sun, F. C., Ungvari, G. S., & O'Donnell, D. (2004). Oral health of psychiatric in-patients in Hong Kong. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 186-191.
205. Taskin, E. O., Sen, F. S., Aydemir, O., Demet, M. M., Ozmen, E., & Icelli, I. (2003). Public attitudes to schizophrenia in rural Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 38, 586-592.
206. Tausig, M., Subedi, S., Broughton, C. L., Subedi, J., & Williams-Blangero, S. (2003). Measuring community mental health in developing societies: Evaluation of a checklist format in Nepal. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 269-286.
207. Tazaki, M., & Landlaw, K. (2006). Behavioural mechanisms and cognitive-behavioural interventions of somatoform disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 67-73.
208. Thanh, H. T., Jiang, G. X., Van, T. N., Minh, D. P., Rosling, H., & Wasserman, D. (2005). Attempted suicide in Hanoi, Vietnam. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 64-71.
209. Thapa, S. B., & Hauff, E. (2005). Psychological distress among displaced persons during an armed conflict in Nepal. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 672-679.
210. Thara, R., Kamath, S., & Kumar, S. (2003a). Women with schizophrenia and broken marriages-doubly disadvantaged? Part I: Patient perspective. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 225-232.
211. Thara, R., Kamath, S., & Kumar, S. (2003b). Women with schizophrenia and broken marriages-doubly disadvantaged? Part II: Family perspective. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 233-240.
212. Tsang, H. W., Tam, P. K., Chan, F., & Cheung, W. M. (2003). Sources of burdens on families of individuals with mental illness. Int J Rehabil Res, 26, 123-130.
213. Tsang, H. W., & Wong, A. (2005). Development and validation of the Chinese Version of Indiana Job Satisfaction Scale (CV-IJSS) for people with mental illness. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 177-191.
214. Tseng, W. S., Ebata, K., Kim, K. I., Krahl, W., Kua, E. H., Lu, Q. et al. (2001). Mental health in Asia: Social improvements and challenges. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47, 8-23.
215. Uçok, A., Polat, A., Sartorius, N., Erkoc, S., & Atakli, C. (2004). Attitudes of psychiatrists toward patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 58, 89-91.
216. Uçok, A., Soygur, H., Atakli, C., Kuscu, K., Sartorius, N., Duman, Z. C. et al. (2006). The impact of antistigma education on the attitudes of general practitioners regarding schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 60, 439-443.
217. Ungvari, G. S., & Chiu, H. F. (2004). The state of psychiatry in Hong Kong: A bird's eye view. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 5-9.
218. Verma, S., Poon, L. Y., Subramaniam, M., & Chong, S. A. (2005). Aggression in Asian patients with first-episode psychosis. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 365-371.
219. Vijayakumar, L. (2005). Suicide and mental disorders in Asia. Int Rev Psychiatry, 17, 109-114.
220. Vijaykumar, L., Thara, R., John, S., & Chellappa, S. (2006). Psychosocial interventions after tsunami in Tamil Nadu, India. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 225-231.
221. Vimala, D., Rajan, A. K., Siva, R., & Braganza, D. (2003). A study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of family members of clients with mental illness. Nurs J India, 94, 223-224.
222. Visanuyothin, T., Somchai Chakrabhand, M. L., & Bhugra, D. (2006). Tsunami and mental health in Thailand. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 271-273.
223. Waller, E., & Scheidt, C. E. (2006). Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: A development perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 13-24.
224. Wolff, G., Pathare, S., Craig, T., & Leff, J. (1996a). Community attitudes to mental illness. Br J Psychiatry, 168, 183-190.
225. Wolff, G., Pathare, S., Craig, T., & Leff, J. (1996b). Community knowledge of mental illness and reaction to mentally ill people. Br J Psychiatry, 168, 191-198.
226. Wong, D. F., Tsui, H. K., Pearson, V., Chen, E. Y., & Chiu, S. N. (2004). Family burdens, Chinese health beliefs, and the mental health of Chinese caregivers in Hong Kong. Transcult Psychiatry, 41, 497-513.
227. World Health Organisation (2001). Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. World Health Report.
228. World Health Organisation (2006). Report of the psychosocial support programme in tsunami-affected populations in India. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 299-308.
229. Xiong, W., Phillips, M. R., Hu, X., Wang, R., Dai, Q., Kleinman, J., & Kleinman, A. (1994). Family-based intervention for schizophrenic patients in China. A randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry, 165, 239-247.
230. Yang, H., Li, X., Stanton, B., Fang, X., Lin, D., Mao, R. et al. (2004). Willingness to participate in HIV/STD prevention activities among Chinese rural-to-urban migrants. AIDS Educ Prev, 16, 557-570.
231. Yeh, H. S., Luh, R. L., Liu, H. J., Lee, Y. C., & Slade, M. (2006). Reliability of the Camberwell assessment of need (Chinese version) for patients with schizophrenia at a daycare center of Taiwan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 41, 75-80.
232. Yip, K. S. (2003). Traditional Chinese religious beliefs and superstitions in delusions and hallucinations of Chinese schizophrenic patients. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 97-111.
233. Yip, K. S. (2004). Taoism and its impact on mental health of the Chinese communities. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 50, 25-42.
234. Yip, K. S. (2005). An historical review of the mental health services in the People's Republic of China. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 51, 106-118.
235. Yip, P. S., Liu, K. Y., Hu, J., & Song, X. M. (2005). Suicide rates in China during a decade of rapid social changes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40, 792-798.
236. Yule, W. (2006). Theory, training and timing: Psychosocial interventions in complex emergencies. Int Rev Psychiatry, 18, 259-264.
237. Zahid, M. A., Fido, A. A., Alowaish, R., Abd El-Motaal, M. M., & Abdul, R. M. (2003). Psychiatric morbidity among housemaids in Kuwait. III: Vulnerability factors. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 49, 87-96.
238. Zahid, M. A., Fido, A. A., Razik, M. A., Mohsen, M. A., & El Sayed, A. A. (2004). Psychiatric morbidity among housemaids in Kuwait. a. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the hospitalized group of housemaids. Med Princ Pract, 13, 249-254.
239. Zhang, J., Conwell, Y., Zhou, L., & Jiang, C. (2004). Culture, risk factors and suicide in rural China: A psychological autopsy case control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 110, 430-437.