The crime of aggression

Legal Aspects of International Organization

Volumn 48, Issue , 2009, Pages 709-723

  Clark, Roger S ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84940671252     PISSN: 09244883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 5(1), U. N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9 (1998) ("Rome Statute").
2. R. S. Clark, 'Aggression and the International Criminal Court', at ;
3. A. Reisinger Coracini, 'Amended most serious crimes: a new category of core crimes within the jurisdiction but out of the reach of the International Criminal Court?', (2008) 21 Leiden Journal of International Law 699.
4. Final Act of the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Annex I, Resolution F, para. 7, U. N. Doc. A/CONF.183/10(1998), at 8-9.
5. M. Politi & G. Nesi (eds.), The International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression (2004).
6. S. A. Fernandez de Gurmendi, 'The Working Group on Aggression at the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court', (2002) 25 Fordham I LJ 589;
7. de Gurmendi, 'An Insider's View', in Politi & Nesi (eds.), supra note 5 at 175.
8. N. Strapatsas, 'Rethinking General Assembly resolution 3314 (1974) as a basis for the definition of the crime of aggression under the Rome Statute of the ICC', in O. Olusanya (ed.), Rethinking International Criminal Law: The Substantive Part (2006).
9. R. Lee et al., (eds.), The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Evidence and Procedure (2001);
10. R. S. Clark, 'The Mental Element in International Criminal Law: The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Elements of Offenses', (2001) 12 Criminal Law Forum 291.
11. Art. 30 is headed "Mental element" and reads:
12. Most recently, in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DR Congo v. Uganda), 2005 ICJ, Judgment of 19 December, 2005.
13. K. J. Heller, 'Retreat from Nuremberg: The Leadership Requirement in the Crime of Aggression', (2007) 18 European Journal of International Law 477.
14. See 2004 SWGCA Intersessional Report, supra note 8 at 349 ("no particular difficulty posed by [the] application [of art. 31] to the crime of aggression").
15. P. Sands, Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules (2005), 189. Should the Chief of the Defence Staff have sought more advice? Can he rely on the Attorney-General? Should he have followed the academic debate reported in the press? What of the responsibility of the Attorney-General himself (especially since he apparently had earlier doubts which he expressed in a lengthy opinion to the then Prime Minister on 7 March 2003 at . What of the Prime Minister (himself legally trained) ? Article 32 is a necessary safeguard for the "innocent" but is hardly a carte blanche to rely on disingenuous advice.
16. See R. S. Clark, 'Nuremberg and the Crime against Peace', (2007), 6 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 527, 536-8.
17. according to A. Cassese, International Criminal Law (2003), 112.
18. See 2006 SWGCA Intersessional Report, supra note 10 at 15.
19. 2007 Draft report of SWGCA, supra note 17, Annex, at 9.
20. The essence of the debate is captured in this para. from the 2005 SWGCA Intersessional Report, supra note 9 at 15:
21. See 1991 Draft Code supra note 37, art. 16. A case can certainly made for criminalization in such cases, but there does not seem to be any significant support for making such threats an ICC offence.
22. Either the "leadership" words in the ILC's and the Coordinator's formulations, or the proposed additions to Article 25 (3) in the 2005 SWGCA Intersessional Report, supra, text at note 39.
23. See 2005 Special Working Group Report, supra note 9 at 10.
24. R. J. Pritchard ed., with S. M. Zaide, The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: The Complete Transcripts of the Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (22 vols., 1981).
25. For paragraph 2, see supra note 45.
26. 2005 SWGCA Intersessional Report, supra note 11 at 10.
27. See Clark, supra note 26; O. Solera, Defining the Crime of Aggression (2007).
28. G. P. Fletcher and J. D. Ohlin, Defending Humanity: When Force is Justified and Why (2008);
29. O. Olusanya, Identifying the Aggressor Under International Law: A Principles Approach (2006).