Phytotherapy as an alternative for treating fish disease

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 417-428

  Valladao G M R ^a   Gallani, S U ^a   Pilarski, F ^a  

^a SÃO PAULO STATE UNIVERSITY UNESP   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLICIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ARTEMISIA ANNUA EXTRACT; BRUCEINE D; BUPLEURUM ROOT EXTRACT; CARICA PAPAYA EXTRACT; CHELERYTHRINE; CHELIDONINE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CINNAMOMUM CASSIA EXTRACT; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DISINFECTANT AGENT; ENROFLOXACIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; ERYTHROMYCIN; ESSENTIAL OIL; EUCALYPTUS EXTRACT; FLORFENICOL; GARLIC EXTRACT; GLUCOSE PENTAGALLATE; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; HERBACEOUS AGENT; ISOPIMPINELLIN; MAGNOLIA OFFICINALIS EXTRACT; OSTHOLE; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PESTICIDE; PIPERINE; SANGUINARINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; AQUACULTURE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CARCINOGENICITY; DRUG EFFICACY; ECOTOXICITY; FISH DISEASE; HERBAL MEDICINE; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PHYTOTHERAPY; PHYTOTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ANIMAL; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; FISH; FISH DISEASES; MICROBIOLOGY; MYCOSES; PROCEDURES; VETERINARY;

ANIMALS; AQUACULTURE; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; FISH DISEASES; FISHES; HERBAL MEDICINE; MYCOSES; PHYTOTHERAPY;

EID: 84940597344     PISSN: 01407783     EISSN: 13652885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12202     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Abd El-Galil, M.A. & Aboelhadid, S.M. (2012) Trials for the control of trichodinosis and gyrodactylosis in hatchery reared Oreochromis niloticus fries by using garlic. Veterinary Parasitology, 185, 57-63.
2. Abutbul, S., Golan-Goldhirsh, A., Barazani, O. & Zilberg, D. (2004) Use of Rosmarinus officinalisas a treatment against Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquaculture, 238, 97-105.
3. Akoll, P., Konecny, R., Mwanja, W.W. & Schiemer, F. (2012) Risk assessment of parasitic helminths on cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.). Aquaculture, 356, 123-127.
4. Albert, V. & Ransangan, J. (2013) Antibacterial potential of plant crude extracts against Gram negative fish bacterial pathogens. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences, 3, 21-27.
5. Al-Yaqout, A. & Azad, I.S. (2010) Antiparasitic effects of some essential oils on the scuticociliate Uronema Sp. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 20-25.
6. Athanassopoulou, F., Karagouni, E., Dotsika, E., Ragias, V., Tavla, J., Christofilloyanis, P. & Vatsos, I. (2004) Efficacy and toxicity of orally administrated anti-coccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Myxobolus sp. infection in Puntazzo puntazzo. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 62, 217-226.
7. Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. & Idaomar, M. (2008) Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 446-475.
8. Brazil. (2011) Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Formulário de Fitoterápicos da Farmacopéia Brasileira / Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, pp. 126. Anvisa, Brasília. [in portuguese].
9. Burka, J.F., Hammell, K.L., Horsberg, T.E., Johnson, G.R., Rainnie, D.J. & Speare, D.J. (1997) Drugs in salmonid aquaculture - A review. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 20, 333-349.
10. Burridge, L., Weis, J.S., Cabello, F., Pizarro, J. & Bostick, K. (2010) Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: a review of current practices and possible environmental effects. Aquaculture, 306, 7-23.
11. Cabello, F.C. (2006) Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environmental Microbiology, 8, 1137-1144.
12. Cao, H., Ou, R., Li, G., Yang, X., Zheng, W. & Lu, L. (2013) Saprolegnia australis RF Elliott 1968 infection in Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) eggs and its control with herb extracts. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30, 145-150.
13. Chitmanat, C., Tongdonmuan, K. & Nunsong, W. (2005) The use of crude extracts from traditional medicinal plants to eliminate Trichodina sp. in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 27, 359-364.
14. Conti, B., Flamini, G., Cioni, P.L., Ceccarini, L., Macchia, M. & Benelli, G. (2014) Mosquitocidal essential oils: are they safe against non-target aquatic organisms? Parasitology Research, 113, 251-259.
15. Dal-Pozzo, M., Viégas, J., Santurio, D.F., Rossatto, L., Soares, I.H., Alves, S.H. & Costa, M.M.D. (2011) Antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from spices against Staphylococcus spp isolated from goat mastitis. Ciência Rural, 41, 667-672.
16. Earth Policy Institute. (2013) Farmed Fish Production Overtakes Beef. Available at: http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update114. Accessed 6 September 2014.
17. Ekanem, A.P. & Brisibe, E.A. (2010) Effects of ethanol extract of Artemisia annua L. against monogenean parasites of Heterobranchus longifilis. Parasitology Research, 106, 1135-1139.
18. Ekanem, A.P., Obiekezie, A., Kloas, W. & Knopf, K. (2004a) Effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) and Carica papaya (Caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 92, 361-366.
19. Ekanem, A.P., Wang, M., Simon, J.E., Obiekezie, A.I. & Morah, F. (2004b) In vivo and in vitro activities of the seed extract of Piper guineense Schum. and Thonn. against skin and gill monogenean parasites of goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus). Phytotherapy Research, 18, 793-797.
20. El-Deen, A.E.N. (2010) Green tea extract role in removing the Trichodina sp. on Oreochromis niloticus fry in the Egyptian fish hatcheries. Report and Opinion, 2, 77-81.
21. Evans, J.J., Klesius, P.H., Pasnik, D.J. & Shoemaker, C.A. (2007) Influence of natural Trichodina sp. parasitism on experimental Streptococcus iniae or Streptococcus agalactiae infection and survival of young channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Aquaculture Research, 38, 664-667.
22. Evenhuis, J.P., LaPatra, S.E. & Marancik, D. (2014) Early life stage rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) mortalities due to Flavobacterium columnare in Idaho, USA. Aquaculture, 418, 126-131.
23. Fu, Y., Zhang, Q., Xu, D.H., Xia, H., Cai, X., Wang, B. & Liang, J. (2014) Parasiticidal effects of Morus alba root bark extracts against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infecting grass carp. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 108, 129-136.
24. Garcia, F., Romera, D.M., Gozi, K.S., Onaka, E.M., Fonseca, F.S., Schalch, S.H., Candeira, P.G., Guerra, L.O.M., Carmo, F.J., Carneiro, D.J., Martins, M.I.E.G. & Portella, M.C. (2013) Stocking density of Nile tilapia in cages placed in a hydroelectric reservoir. Aquaculture, 410, 51-56.
25. Gieseker, C.M., Serfling, S.G. & Reimschuessel, R. (2006) Formalin treatment to reduce mortality associated with Saprolegnia parasi-tica in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 253, 120-129.
26. Griffin, M.J., Goodwin, A.E., Merry, G.E., Liles, M.R., Williams, M.A., Ware, C. & Waldbieser, G.C. (2013) Rapid quantitative detection of Aeromonas hydrophila strains associated with disease outbreaks in catfish aquaculture. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25, 473-481.
27. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C. & Bhuvaneswari, R. (2005) Restorative effect of Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract dip treatment on haematological parameter changes in Cyprinus carpio (L.) experimentally infected with Aphanomyces invadans fungus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 21, 410-413.
28. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C. & Heo, M.S. (2009) Effect of chemotherapy, vaccines and immunostimulants on innate immunity of goldfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 88, 45-54.
29. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C. & Heo, M.S. (2010a) Potential use of probiotic- and triherbal extract-enriched diets to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in carp. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 92, 41-49.
30. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C. & Heo, M.S. (2010b) Supplementation diet containing probiotics, herbal and azadirachtin on hematological and biochemical changes in Cirrhina mrigala against Aphanomyces invadans. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 4, 1-11.
31. Harikrishnan, R., Moon, Y.G., Kim, M.C., Kim, J.S., Heo, M.S., Balasundaram, C. & Dharaneedharan, S. (2010c) Phytotherapy of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected Goldfish, Carassius auratus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41, 391-401.
32. Hawke, J.P., Kent, M., Rogge, M., Baumgartner, W., Wiles, J., Shelley, J., Savolainen, L.C., Wagner, R., Murray, L. & Peterson, T.S. (2013) Edwardsiellosis Caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri in Laboratory Populations of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 25, 171-183.
33. Heinecke, R.D. & Buchmann, K. (2009) Control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis using a combination of water filtration and sodium percarbonate: dose-response studies. Aquaculture, 288, 32-35.
34. Henderson, A.L., Schmitt, T.C., Heinze, T.M. & Cerniglia, C.E. (1997) Reduction of malachite green to leucomalachite green by intestinal bacteria. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 63, 4099-4101.
35. Heuer, O.E., Kruse, H., Grave, K., Collignon, P., Karunasagar, I. & Angulo, F.J. (2009) Human health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture. Food Safety, 29, 1248-1253.
36. Ji, J., Lu, C., Kang, Y., Wang, G.X. & Chen, P. (2012) Screening of 42 medicinal plants for in vivo anthelmintic activity against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research, 111, 97-104.
37. Karagouni, E., Athanassopoulou, F., Lytra, A., Komis, C. & Dotsika, E. (2005) Antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effect of innovative treatments against Myxobolus sp. infection in Diplodus puntazzo. Veterinary Parasitology, 134, 215-228.
38. Khan, R.A. (2009) Parasites causing disease in wild and cultured fish in Newfoundland. Icelandic Agricultural Sciences, 22, 29-35.
39. Kugel, B., Hoffman, R.W. & Fries, A. (1990) Effect of low pH on the chorion of rainbow trout and Brown trout. Journal of Fish Biology, 37, 301-310.
40. Kulkarni, R.R., Pawar, P.V., Joseph, M.P., Akulwad, A.K., Sen, A. & Joshi, S.P. (2013) Lavandula gibsoni and Plectranthus mollis essential oils: chemical analysis and insect control activities against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sfttephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Pest Science, 86, 713-718.
41. Kumar, A., Raman, R.P., Kumar, K., Pandey, P.K., Kumar, V., Mohanty, S. & Kumar, S. (2012) Antiparasitic efficacy of piperine against Argulus spp. on Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758): in vitro and in vivo study. Parasitology Research, 111, 2071-2076.
42. Li, X.L., Yao, J.Y., Zhou, Z.M., Shen, J.Y., Ru, H.S. & Liu, X.L. (2011) Activity of the chelerythrine, a quaternary benzo [c] phenanthridine alkaloid from Chelidonium majus L. on Dactylogyrus intermedius. Parasitology Research, 109, 247-252.
43. Ling, F., Wang, J.G., Lu, C., Wang, G.X., Lui, Y.H. & Gong, X.N. (2012) Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology Research, 111, 841-848.
44. Liu, Y.T., Wang, F., Wang, G.X., Han, J., Wang, Y. & Wang, Y.H. (2010) In vivo anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of Radix angelicae pubescentis, Fructus bruceae, Caulis spatholobi, Semen aesculi, and Semen pharbitidis against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monoge-nea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research, 106, 1233-1239.
45. Longo, S.B., Clark, B. & York, R. (2013) The globalization of ecologically intensive aquaculture (1984-2008). Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 3, 297-305.
46. Love, D.C., Rodman, S., Neff, R.A. & Nachman, K.E. (2011) Veterinary drug residues in seafood inspected by the European Union, United States, Canada, and Japan from 2000 to 2009. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 7232-7240.
47. Lu, C., Zhang, H.Y., Ji, J. & Wang, G.X. (2012) In vivo anthelmintic activity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Kochia scoparia, and Polygala tenuifolia against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research, 110, 1085-1090.
48. Militz, T.A., Southgate, P.C., Carton, A.G. & Hutson, K.S. (2014) Efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) extract applied as a therapeutic immersion treatment for Neobenedenia sp. management in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases, 37, 451-461.
49. Müller, M.I., Adriano, E.A., Ceccarelli, P.S., Silva, M.R.M., Maia, A.A.M. & Ueta, M.T. (2013) Prevalence, intensity, and phylogenetic analysis of Henneguya piaractus and Myxobolus cf. colossomatis from farmed Piaractus mesopotamicus in Brazil. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 107, 129-139.
50. Muniruzzaman, M. & Chowdhury, M.B.R. (2008) Evaluation of medicinal plants through fish feed against bacterial fish disease. Progressive Agriculture, 19, 151-159.
51. Najafi, M. & Zamini, A.A. (2013) Comparative analysis of antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss, Eucalyptus spp Essence and Malachite Green on Eggs of Kutum (Rutilus frisii Kutum). Advances in Biological Research, 7, 163-168.
52. Noga, E.J. (2010) Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, pp. 536. Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa.
53. Ostrand, S.L., Glenn, R.A., Gannam, A.L. & Hanson, K.C. (2012) Inhibitory effects of rosemary oil on the in vitro growth of six common finfish pathogens. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 74, 230-234.
54. Pahor-Filho, E., Miranda-Filho, K.C. & Pereira-Júnior, J. (2012) Parasitology of juvenile mullet (Mugil liza) and effect of formaldehyde on parasites and host. Aquaculture, 354, 111-116.
55. Park, S.B., Aoki, T. & Jung, T.S. (2012) Pathogenesis of and strategies for preventing Edwardsiella tarda infection in fish. Veterinary Research, 43, 1-11.
56. Pekmezci, G.Z., Yardimci, B., Bolukbas, C.S., Beyhan, Y.E. & Umur, S. (2011) Mortality due to heavy infestation of Argulus foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Branchiura) in pond-reared carp, Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 (Pisces). Crustaceana, 84, 5-6.
57. Picón-Camacho, S.M., Marcos-Lopez, M., Bron, J.E. & Shinn, A.P. (2012) An assessment of the use of drug and non-drug interventions in the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, a protozoan parasite of freshwater fish. Parasitology, 139, 149-190.
58. Pridgeon, J.W. & Klesius, P.H. (2013) Development of live attenuated Streptococcus agalactiae as potential vaccines by selecting for resistance to sparfloxacin. Vaccine, 31, 2705-2712.
59. Raissy, M., Sohrabi, H.R., Rashedi, M. & Ansari, M. (2013) Investigation of a parasitic outbreak of Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus (Crustacea: Copepoda) in Cyprinid fish from Choghakhor lagoon. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12, 680-688.
60. Rajendiran, A., Natarjan, E. & Subramanian, P. (2008) Control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in spotted snakehead Channa punctatus, by Solanum nigrum L., a medicinal plant. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 39, 375-383.
61. Rattanachaikunsopon, P. & Phumkhachorn, P. (2010) Use of Asiatic pennywort Centella asiatica aqueous extract as a bath treatment to control columnaris in Nile tilapia. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 22, 14-20.
62. Rico, A. & Van den Brink, P.J. (2014) Probabilistic risk assessment of veterinary medicines applied to four major aquaculture species produced in Asia. Science of the Total Environment, 468, 630-641.
63. Rico, A., Satapornvanit, K., Haque, M.M., Min, J., Nguyen, P.T., Telfer, T.C. & Van den Brink, P.J. (2012) Use of chemicals and biological products in Asian aquaculture and their potential environmental risks: a critical review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 4, 75-93.
64. Rico, A., Phu, T.M., Satapornvanit, K., Min, J., Shahabuddin, A.M., Henriksson, P.J., Murray, F.J., Little, D.C., Dalsgaard, A. & Van den Brink, P.J. (2013) Use of veterinary medicines, feed additives and probiotics in four major internationally traded aquaculture species farmed in Asia. Aquaculture, 412, 231-243.
65. Samad, A.P.A., Santoso, U., Lee, M.C. & Nan, F.H. (2014) Effects of dietary katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.) on growth, non-specific immune and diseases resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus infection in grouper Epinephelus coioides. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 36, 582-589.
66. Sapkota, A., Sapkota, A.R., Kucharski, M., Burke, J., McKenzie, S., Walker, P. & Lawrence, R. (2008) Aquaculture practices and potential human health risks: current knowledge and future priorities. Environment International, 34, 1215-1226.
67. Schelkle, B., Snellgrove, D. & Cable, J. (2013) In vitro and in vivo efficacy of garlic compounds against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infecting the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Veterinary Parasitology, 198, 96-101.
68. Sebastião, F.A., Pilarski, F. & Lemos, M.V.F. (2013) Composition of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) produced by Flavobacterium columnare isolated from tropical fish in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 861-864.
69. Shan, X.F., Kang, Y.H., Bian, Y., Gao, Y.H., Wang, W.L. & Qian, A.D. (2014) Isolation of active compounds from methanol extracts of Toddalia asiatica against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Veterinary Parasitology, 199, 250-254.
70. Silva, N.C.C. & Fernandes-Júnior, A. (2010) Biological properties of medicinal plants: a review of their antimicrobial activity. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 16, 402-413.
71. Skalli, A., Castillo, M., Andree, K.B., Tort, L., Furones, D. & Gisbert, E. (2013) The LPS derived from the cell walls of the Gram-negative bacteria Pantoea agglomerans stimulates growth and immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Aquaculture, 416, 272-279.
72. Soto, E., McGovern-Hopkins, K., Klinger-Bowen, R., Fox, B.K., Brock, J., Antonio, N., Waal, Z., Rushton, S., Mill, A. & Tamaru, C.S. (2013) Prevalence of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis in Cultured Tilapia on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 25, 104-109.
73. Srivastava, S., Sinha, R. & Roy, D. (2004) Toxicological effects of malachite green. Aquatic Toxicology, 66, 319-329.
74. Steverding, D., Morgan, E., Tkaczynski, P., Walder, F. & Tinsley, R. (2005) Effect of Australian tea tree oil on Gyrodactylus spp. infection of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 66, 29-32.
75. Sudova, E., Machova, J., Svobodova, Z. & Vesely, T. (2007) Negative effects of malachite green and possibilities of its replacement in the treatment of fish eggs and fish: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 52, 527-539.
76. Suzuki, K., Misaka, N. & Sakai, D.K. (2006) Efficacy of green tea extract on removal of the ectoparasitic flagellate Ichthyobodo necator from chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, and masu salmon, O. masou. Aquaculture, 259, 17-27.
77. Tavechio, W.L.G., Guidelli, G. & Portz, L. (2009) Alternativas para a prevenção e o controle de patógenos em piscicultura. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 35, 335-341.
78. Tieman, D.M. & Goodwin, A.E. (2001) Treatments of ich infestations in channel catfish evaluated under static and flow-through water conditions. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 63, 293-299.
79. US Food and Drug Administration. (2012) Letter to Aquaculture Professionals. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ProductSafetyInformation/ucm324048.htm. Accessed 6 September 2014.
80. Ushimaru, P.I., Barbosa, L.N., Fernandes, A.A.H., Di Stasi, L.C. & Júnior, A.F. (2012) In vitro antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against Escherichia coli strains from human clinical specimens and interactions with antimicrobial drugs. Natural Product Research, 26, 1553-1557.
81. Valladão, G.M.R., Gallani, S.U., Pádua, S.B., Martins, M.L. & Pilarski, F. (2014b) Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora) infestation on Prochilodus lineatus larvae: a host-parasite relationship study. Parasitology, 141, 662-669.
82. Valladão, G.M.R., Gallani, S.U., Ikefuti, C.V., Cruz, C., Levy-Pereira, N., Rodrigues, M.V.N. & Pilarski, F. (2015) Phytotherapy against White Spot Disease: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Under publication process.
83. Vaseeharan, B. & Thaya, R. (2014) Medicinal plant derivatives as immunostimulants: an alternative to chemotherapeutics and antibiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 22, 1079-1091.
84. Wang, G.X., Zhou, Z., Cheng, C., Yao, J. & Yang, Z. (2008) Osthol and isopimpinellin from Fructus cnidii for the control of Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus. Veterinary Parasitology, 158, 144-151.
85. Wang, G.X., Jiang, D.X., Zhou, Z., Zhao, Y.K. & Shen, Y.H. (2009) In vivo assessment of anthelmintic efficacy of ginkgolic acids (C13: 0, C15: 1) on removal of Pseudodactylogyrus in European eel. Aquaculture, 297, 38-43.
86. Wang, G.X., Han, J., Zhao, L.W., Jiang, D.X., Liu, Y.T. & Liu, X.L. (2010a) Anthelmintic activity of steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla. Phytomedicine, 17, 1102-1105.
87. Wang, G.X., Jiang, D.X., Li, J., Han, J., Liu, Y.T. & Liu, X.L. (2010b) Anthelmintic activity of steroidal saponins from Dioscorea zingiberensis CH Wright against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research, 107, 1365-1371.
88. Wang, G.X., Zhou, Z., Jiang, D.X., Han, J., Wang, J.F., Zhao, L.W. & Li, J. (2010c) In vivo anthelmintic activity of five alkaloids from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus. Veterinary Parasitology, 171, 305-313.
89. Wang, K.Y., Yao, L., Du, Y.H., Xie, J.B., Huang, J.L. & Yin, Z.Q. (2011a) Anthelmintic activity of the crude extracts, fractions, and osthole from Radix angelicae pubescentis against Dactylogyrus intermedius in goldfish (Carassius auratus) in vivo. Parasitology Research, 108, 195-200.
90. Wang, Y., Wu, Z.F., Wang, G.X., Wang, F., Liu, Y.T., Li, F.Y. & Han, J. (2011b) In vivo anthelmintic activity of bruceine A and bruceine D from Brucea javanica against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monoge-nea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Veterinary Parasitology, 177, 127-133.
91. Wei, J.Z., Li, H. & Yu, H. (2013) Ichthyophthiriasis: emphases on the epizootiology. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 57, 91-101.
92. Wu, Z.F., Zhu, B., Wang, Y., Lu, C. & Wang, G.X. (2011) In vivo evaluation of anthelmintic potential of medicinal plant extracts against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research, 108, 1557-1563.
93. Xu, D.H., Pridgeon, J.W., Klesius, P.H. & Shoemaker, C.A. (2012a) Parasitism by protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis enhanced invasion of Aeromonas hydrophila in tissues of channel catfish. Veterinary Parasitology, 184, 101-107.
94. Xu, D.H., Shoemaker, C.A., Martins, M.L., Pridgeon, J.W. & Klesius, P.H. (2012b) Enhanced susceptibility of channel catfish to the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri after parasitism by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Veterinary Microbiology, 158, 216-219.
95. Xue-Gang, H., Lei, L., Cheng, C., Kun, H., Xian-Le, Y. & Gao-Xue, W. (2013) In vitro screening of Chinese medicinal plants for antifungal activity against Saprolegnia sp. and Achlya klebsiana. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 75, 468-473.
96. Yao, J.Y., Shen, J.Y., Li, X.L., Xu, Y., Hao, G.J., Pan, X.Y., Wang, G.X. & Yin, W.L. (2010) Effect of sanguinarine from the leaves of Macleaya cordata against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Parasitology Research, 107, 1035-1042.
97. Yao, J., Zhou, Z., Li, X., Yin, W., Ru, H., Pan, X., Hao, G., Xu, Y. & Shen, J. (2011a) Antiparasitic efficacy of dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine from Macleaya microcarpa against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in richadsin (Squaliobarbus curriculus). Veterinary Parasitology, 183, 8-13.
98. Yao, J.Y., Li, X.L., Shen, J.Y., Pan, X.Y., Hao, G.J., Xu, Y., Ying, W.L., Ru, H.S. & Liu, X.L. (2011b) Isolation of bioactive components from Chelidonium majus L. with activity against Trichodina sp. Aquaculture, 318, 235-238.
99. Yi, Y., Lu, C., Hu, X., Ling, F. & Wang, G. (2012) Antiprotozoal activity of medicinal plants against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research, 111, 1771-1778.
100. Zhang, D., Li, A., Guo, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, X. & Gong, X. (2013a) Molecular characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae in diseased farmed tilapia in China. Aquaculture, 412, 64-69.
101. Zhang, Q., Xu, D.H. & Klesius, P.H. (2013b) Evaluation of an antiparasitic compound extracted from Galla chinensis against fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Veterinary Parasitology, 198, 45-53.
102. Zilberg, D., Tal, A., Froyman, N., Abutbul, S., Dudai, N. & Golan-Goldhirsh, A. (2010) Dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment for streptococcosis in tilapia. Journal of Fish Diseases, 33, 361-369.