Nanoparticles as potential new generation broad spectrum antimicrobial agents

DARU, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Yah, Clarence S ^a,b   Simate, Geoffrey S ^c  

^a NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; CARBON NANOTUBE; DISINFECTANT AGENT; GOLD NANOPARTICLE; MICROBICIDE; MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE; NANOPARTICLE; SILICA NANOPARTICLE; SILVER NANOPARTICLE; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE; ZIRCONIUM OXIDE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; VECTOR CONTROL; WOUND HEALING; ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 84940556628     PISSN: 15608115     EISSN: 20082231     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s40199-015-0125-6     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Galdiero S, Falanga A, Vitiello M, Cantisani M, Marra V, Galdiero M. Silver nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents. Molecules. 2011;16:8894-918.
2. Tanwar J, Das S, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Multidrug resistance: an emerging crisis. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2014;2014:541340. 7 pages.
3. Sharma RK, Ghose R. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by homogeneous precipitation method and its application in antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Ceram Int. 2015;l41:967-75.
4. McCoy ME, Golden HE, Doll TA, Yang Y, Kaba SA, Zou X, et al. Mechanisms of protective immune responses induced by the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-based, self-assembling protein nanoparticle vaccine. Malar J. 2013;22:2-136.
5. Ngoy JM, Iyuke SE, Neuse WE, Yah CS. Covalent functionalization for multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) -folic acid bound bioconjugate. J Appl Sci. 2011;11(15):2700-11.
6. Gilbertson LM, Goodwin DG, Taylor AD, Pfefferle L, Zimmerman JB. Toward tailored functional design of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs): electrochemical and antimicrobial activity enhancement via oxidation and selective reduction. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48:5938-45.
7. Parise A, Thakor H, Zhang X. Activity inhibition on municipal activated sludge by single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Nanoparticle Res. 2014;16:2159.
8. Qi X, Gunawan P, Xu R, Chang MW. Cefalexin-immobilized multi-walled carbon nanotubes show strong antimicrobial and anti-adhesion properties. Chem Eng Sci. 2015;84:552-6.
9. Venkatesan J, Jayakumar R, Mohandas A, Bhatnagar I, Kim SK. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan-carbon nanotube hydrogels. Materials. 2014;7:3946-55.
10. Adeli M, Hosainzadegan H, Pakzad I, Zabihi F, Alizadeh M, Karimi F. Preparation of the silver nanoparticle containing starch foods and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2013;6(4):e5075.
11. Subbiah R, Veerapandian M, Sadhasivam S, Yun K. Triad CNT-NPs/Polymer nanocomposites: fabrication, characterization, and preliminary antimicrobial study. Synth React Inorg Met-Org Nano-Met Chem. 2011;41:345-55.
12. Addae E, Dong X, McCoy E, Yang C, Chen W, Yang L. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of photothermal therapeutic gold/copper sulphide core/shell nanoparticles to bacterial spores and cells. J Biol Eng. 2014;8:11.
13. Sui M, Zhang L, Sheng L, Huang S, She L. Synthesis of ZnO coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes and their antibacterial activities. Sci Total Environ. 2013;452-453:148-54.
14. Sunitha A, Rimal IRS, Sweetly G, Sornalekshmi S, Arsula R, Praseetha PK. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized iron and silver Nanoparticles using the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Actinomycetes sp. on human pathogens. Nano Biomed Eng. 2013;5(1):39-45.
15. Hoffmann H-H, Kunz A, Simon VA, Palese P, Shawa ML. Broad-spectrum antiviral that interferes with de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(14):5777-82.
16. Kollef MH. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial infections: Getting It Right Up Front. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(Supplement 1):S3-13.
17. Kwon DS, Mylonakis E. Posaconazole: a new broad-spectrum antifungal agent. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8(8):1167-78.
18. Navarrete-Vazquez G, Chávez-Silva F, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Mdel C, Chan-Bacab MJ, Cedillo-Rivera R, et al. Synthesis of benzologues of Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide: a comparative study of their in vitro broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011;21(10):3168-71.
19. Rupp R, Rosenthal SL, Stanberry LR. VivaGel™ (SPL7013 Gel): A candidate dendrimer -microbicide for the prevention of HIV and HSV infection. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2(4):561-6.
20. Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EMV. A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanoparticle Res. 2010;12:1531-51.
21. San CY, Don MM. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Schizophyllum Communeand in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity studies. J Phys Sci. 2013;24(2):83-96.
22. Kathiravan V, Ravi S, Ashokkumar S, Velmurugan S, Elumalai K, Khatiwada CP. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Croton sparsiflorus morong leaf extract and their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2015;139:200-5.
23. Gaikwad S, Ingle A, Gade N, Rai M, Falanga A, Incoronato N, et al. Antiviral activity of mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles against herpes simplex virus and human parainfluenza virus type 3. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8:4303-14.
24. Elmi T, Gholami S, Fakhar M, Azizi F. A review on the use of nanoparticles in the treatment of parasitic infections. J Mazand Uni Med Sci. 2013;23:127-34.
25. Fayaz AM, Ao Z, Girilal M, Chen L, Xiao X, Kalaichelvan P, et al. Inactivation of microbial infectiousness by silver nanoparticles-coated condom: a new approach to inhibit HIV- and HSV-transmitted infection. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:5007-18.
26. Tank C, Raman S, Karan S, Gosavi S, Lalla NP, Sathe V, et al. Antimicrobial activity of silica coated silicon nano-tubes (SCSNT) and silica coated silicon nano-particles (SCSNP) synthesized by gas phase condensation. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2013;24(6):1483-90.
27. Zhou J, Qi X. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes epilson-polylysine nanocomposite with enhanced antibacterial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2010;52:76-83.
28. Aslan S, Deneufchatel M, Hashmi S, Li N, Pfefferle LD, Elimelech M, et al. Carbon nanotube-based antimicrobial biomaterials formed via layer-by-layer assembly with polypeptides. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;388(1):268-73.
29. Amiri A, Zardini HZ, Shanbedi M, Maghrebi M, Baniadam M, Tolueinia BB. Efficient method for functionalization of carbon nanotubes by lysine and improved antimicrobial activity and water-dispersion. Mater Lett. 2012;72:153-6.
30. Barbinta-Patrascu ME, Ungureanu C, Iordache SM, Iordache AM, Bunghez IR, Ghiurea M, et al. Eco-designed biohybrids based on liposomes, mint-nanosilver and carbon nanotubes for antioxidant and antimicrobial coating. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2014;39:177-85.
31. Neelgund GM, Oki A, Luo Z. Antimicrobial activity of CdS and Ag2S quantum dots immobilized on poly(amidoamine) grafted carbon nanotubes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2012;100:215-21.
32. Geraldo DA, Arancibia-Miranda N, Villagra NA, Mora GC, Arratia-Perez R. Synthesis of CdTe QDs/single-walled aluminosilicate nanotubes hybrid compound and their antimicrobial activity on bacteria. J Nanoparticle Res. 2012;14:1286.
33. Booshehri AY, Wang R, Xu R. The effect of re-generable silver nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes coating on the antibacterial performance of hollow fibermembrane. Chem Eng J. 2013;230:251-9.
34. Ahmed F, Santos CM, Mangadlao J, Advincula R, Rodrigues DF. Antimicrobial PVK:SWNT nanocomposite coated membrane for water purification: Performance and toxicity testing. Water Res. 2013;47:3966-75.
35. Santos-Magalhães NS, Mosqueira VC. Nanotechnology applied to the treatment of malaria. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62(4-5):560-75.
36. Said DE, ElSamad LM, Gohar YM. Validity of silver, chitosan, and curcumin nanoparticles as anti-Giardia agents. Parasitol Res. 2012;111(2):545-54.
37. Allahverdiyev AM, Abamor ES, Bagirova M, Ustundag CB, Kaya C, Kaya F, et al. Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antiparasitic activity under ultraviolet light. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:2705-14.
38. Das S, Bhattacharya A, Debnath N, Datta A, Goswami A. Nanoparticle-induced morphological transition of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus: a novel method to treat silkworm grasserie disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;97(13):6019-30.
39. Veerakumar K, Govindarajan M, Hoti SL. Evaluation of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles against vector mosquitoes. Parasitol Res. 2014;113:4567-77.
40. Poopathi S, De Britto LJ, Praba VL, Mani C, Praveen M. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica - a most effective method for mosquito control. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015;22:2956-63.
41. Soni N, Prakash S. Efficacy of fungus mediated silver and gold nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti larvae. Parasitol Res. 2012;110:175-84.
42. Kramer MF, Cook WJ, Roth FP, Zhu J, Holman H, Knipe DM, et al. Latent herpes simplex virus infection of sensory neurons alters neuronal gene expression. J Virol. 2003;77(17):9533-41.
43. Sharman D. Moist wound healing: a review of evidence, application and outcome - Review. Diabet Foot J. 2003;6(3):112-20.
44. Yah SC, EnabuleleI O, Eghafona NO, Udemezue OO. Prevalence of Pseudomonas in burn wounds at the University of Benin teaching Hospital. Benin City, Nigeria. J Exp Clin Anat (JECA). 2004;3(1):12-5.
45. Hiro ME, Pierpont YN, Ko F, Wright TE, Robson MC, Payne WG. Comparative evaluation of silver containing antimicrobial dressing on the In-vitro and In vivo processing of wound healing. ePlasty. 2012;12:409-19.
46. Yah SC, Yusuf EO, Haruna T. Patterns of antibiotics susceptibility of isolates and plasmid analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from Postoperative Wound Infections. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2009;3(4):810-8.
47. Jones V, Grey JE, Harding KG. Wound dressings. BMJ. 2006;332:777-80.
48. Stashak TS, Farstvedt E, Othica A. Update on wound dressings: Indications and best use. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2004;3:148-63.
49. Kwan KH, Liu X, Yeung KW. Silver nanoparticles improve wound healing. Nanomedicine. 2011;6(4):595-6.
50. Caló E, Khutoryanskiy VV. Biomedical applications of hydrogels: a review of patents and commercial products. Eur Polym J. 2015;65:252-67.
51. Guidelli EJ, Kinoshita A, Ramos AP, Baffa O. Silver nanoparticles delivery system based on natural rubber latex membranes. J Nanoparticle Res. 2013;15:1536.
52. Rigo C, Ferroni L, Tocco L, Roman M, Munivrana I, Gardin C, et al. Carlo Barbante 4 and Barbara ZavanActive silver nanoparticles for wound healing. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:4817-40.
53. Tian J, Wong KK, Ho CM, Lok CN, Yu WY, Che CM, et al. Topical delivery of silver nanoparticles promotes wound healing. Chem Med Chem. 2007;2:129-36.
54. John JS, Moro DG. Hydrogel wound dressing and biomaterials formed in situ and their uses. Patent US7910135 B2. 2011.
55. Leu JG, Chen SA, Chen HM, Wu WM, Hung CF, Yao YD, et al. The effects of gold nanoparticles in wound healing with antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate and α-lipoic acid. Nanomedicine. 2012;8(5):767-75.
56. Krausz AE, Adler BL, Cabral V, Navati M, Doerner J, Charafeddine RA, et al. Curcumin-encapsulated nanoparticles as innovative antimicrobial and wound healing agent. Nanomedicine. 2015;11(1):195-206.
57. Madhumathi K, Kumar PTS, Abhilash S, Sreeja V, Tamura H, Manzoor K, et al. Development of novel chitin/nanosilver composite scaffolds for wound dressing applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010;21920:807-13.
58. Ziv-Polat O, Topaz M, Brosh T, Margel S. Enhancement of incisional wound healing by thrombin conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2010;31(4):741-7.
59. Mihu MR, Sandkovsky U, Han G, Friedman JM, Nosanchuk JD, Martinez LR. The use of nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles as a treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in wound infections. Virulence. 2010;1(2):62-7.
60. Chonco L, Pion M, Vacas E, Rasines B, Maly M, Serramía MJ, et al. Carbosilane dendrimer nanotechnology outlines of the broad HIV blocker profile. J Control Release. 2012;161(3):949-58.
61. Fields S, Song B, Rasoul B, Fong J, Works MG, Shew K, et al. New candidate biomarkers in the female genital tract to evaluate microbicide toxicity. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):e110980.
62. Gary AB, Nuttall J, Romano J. The future of HIV microbicides: challenges and opportunities. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2009;19:143-50.
63. Galea JT. Preparing for rectal microbicides: sociocultural factors affecting product uptake among potential South American users. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(6):e113-20.
64. Morris GC, Wiggins RC, Woodhall SC, Bland JM, Taylor CR, Jespers V, et al. MABGEL 1: first phase 1 trial of the anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 as a vaginal microbicide. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e116153.
65. Harper CC, Holt K, Nhemachena T, Chipato T, Ramjee G, Stratton L, et al. Willingness of clinicians to integrate microbicides into HIV prevention practices in southern Africa. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(7):1821-9.
66. McCarthy TD, Karellas P, Henderson SA, Giannis M, O'Keefe D F, Heery G, et al. Dendrimers as drugs: discovery and preclinical and clinical development of dendrimer-based microbicides for HIV and STI prevention. Mol Pharm. 2005;2:312-8.
67. Gong E, Matthews B, McCarthy T, Chu J, Holan G, Raff J, et al. Evaluation of dendrimer SPL7013, a lead microbicide candidate against herpes simplex viruses. Antivir Res. 2005;68:139-46.
68. Donalisio M, Rusnati M, Cagno V, Civra A, Bugatti A, Giuliani A, et al. Inhibition of human respiratory syncytial virus infectivity by a dendrimeric heparan sulfate-binding peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(10):5278-88.
69. Price CF, Tyssen D, Sonza S, Davie A, Evans S, Lewis G R, et al. SPL7013 Gel (VivaGel®) retains potent HIV-1 and HSV-2 inhibitory activity following vaginal administration in humans. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(9):e24095.
70. Imbuluzqueta E, Gamazo C, Ariza I, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Drug delivery systems for potential treatment of intracellular bacterial infections. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2010;15:397-417.
71. Alizadeh H, Salouti M, Shapouri M. Bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles on intramacrophage brucella abortus 544. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014;7:e9039.
72. Xie S, Tao Y, Pan Y, Qu W, Cheng G, Huang L, et al. Biodegradable nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents. J Control Release. 2014;187:101-17.
73. Upadhyay RK. Drug delivery systems, CNS protection, and the blood brain barrier. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:869269. 37 pages.
74. Zhang L, Pornpattananangkul D, Hu CMJ, Huang CM. Development of nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug delivery. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17:585-94.
75. Yah CS, Iyuke SE, Simate GS. Nanoparticles toxicity and their routes of exposures. Pak J Pham Sci. 2012;25(2):477-91.
76. Simate GS, Yah CS. The use of carbon nanotubes in medical applications - is it a success story? Occup Med Health Aff. 2014;2(1):147.
77. Welin A. Survival strategies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inside the human macrophage. Linköping University Medical Dissertations. Sweden Linköping University: Division of Medical Microbiology Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University SE-58185 Linköping; 2011.
78. Kumar KR, Nattuthurai N, Gopinath P, Mariappan T. Synthesis of eco-friendly silver nanoparticles from Morinda tinctoria leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:411-7.
79. Malone FD, Athanassiou A, Nores LA, Dalton ME. Poor perinatal outcome associated with maternal Brucella abortus infection. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90(4 Pt 2):674-6.
80. Dong X, Tang Y, Wu M, Vlahovic B, Yang L. Dual effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with near-infrared radiation on Bacillus anthracis spores: inactivates spores and stimulates the germination of surviving spores. J Biol Eng. 2013;7:19.
81. Martinez-Gutierrez F, Thi EP, Silverman JM, de Oliveira CC, Svensson SL, Vanden Hoek A, et al. Antibacterial activity, inflammatory response, coagulation and cytotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine. 2012;8(3):328-36.
82. Briones E, Colino CI, Lanao IM. Delivery systems to increase the selectivity of antibiotics in phagocytic cells. J Control Release. 2008;125:210-27.
83. Masserini M. Nanoparticles for brain drug delivery. ISRN Biochemistry. 2013;2013:238428. 18 pages.
84. Gandhi M, Bohra H, Daniel V, Gupta A. Nanotechnology in blood brain barrier. Int J Pharm Biol Arch. 2010;1(1):37-43.
85. Haque S, Md S, Alam MI, Sahni JK, AliN J, Baboota S. Nanostructure-based drug delivery systems for brain targeting. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2012;38(4):387-411.
86. Khuller GK, Pandey R. Oral nanoparticle-based antituberculosis drug delivery to the brain in an experimental model. J Antimicrob Chem. 2006;57:1146-52.
87. Lilly M, Dong X, McCoy E, Yang L. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores by single-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with oxidizing antimicrobial chemicals. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(24):13417-24.
88. McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(1):147-79.
89. Gutiérrez LG. Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide nanomaterial modified with functional groups and with citric extracts adsorbed on the surface, for the removal of a wide range of microorganisms. Patent. WO/2014/204290. 2010.
90. Vetten MV, Yah CS, Singh T, Gullumian M. Challenges facing sterilization and depyrogenation of nanoparticles: effects on structural stability and biomedical applications. Nanomedicine. 2014;10(7):1391-9.
91. Bouchard M, Bouchard J-M. Disinfectant cleaner. Patent no. US20110195131A1. 2011.
92. Turos E, Shim JY, Wang Y, Greenhalgh K, Reddy GS, Dickey S, et al. Antibiotic-conjugated polyacrylate nanoparticles: new opportunities for development of anti-MRSA agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007;17(1):53-6.
93. Ismail S, Perni S, Pratten J, Parkin I, Wilson M. Efficacy of a novel light-activated antimicrobial coating for disinfecting hospital surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(11):1130-2.
94. Li Y, Leungb P, Yaoa L, Songa QW, Newtona E. Antimicrobial effect of surgical masks coated with nanoparticles. J Hosp Infect. 2006;62(1):58-63.
95. Reiche T, Lisby G, Jorgensen S, Christensen A B, Nordling J. A prospective, controlled, randomized study of the effect of a slow-release silver device on the frequency of urinary tract infection in newly catheterized patients. BJU Int. 2000;85:54-9.
96. Troncarelli MZ, Brandão HM, Gern JC, Guimarães AS, Langoni H. Nanotechnology and antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. Badajoz, Spain: FORMATEX; 2013.
97. Dias MV, Soares Nde F, Borges SV, de Sousa MM, Nunes CA, de Oliveira IR, et al. Use of allyl isothiocyanate and carbon nanotubes in an antimicrobial film to package shredded, cooked chicken meat. Food Chem. 2013;141(3):3160-6.
98. Ajitha B, Reddy YAK, Reddy PS. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract and its antimicrobial activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2014;128:257-62.
99. Sun RW, Chen R, Chung NP, Ho CM, Lin CL, Che CM. Silver nanoparticles fabricated in Hepes buffer exhibit cytoprotective activities toward HIV-1 infected cells. Chem Commun (Camb). 2005;40:5059-61.
100. Lara HH, Nilda V, Ayala-Nuñez NV, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Rodriguez-Padilla C. Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1. J Nanobiotechnol. 2010;8:1.
101. Baram-Pinto D, Shukla S, Perkas N, Gedanken A, Sarid R. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by silver nanoparticles capped with mercaptoethane sulfonate. Bioconjug Chem. 2009;20:1497-502.
102. Sun L, Singh AK, Vig K, Pillai S, Shreekumar R, Singh SR. Silver nanoparticles inhibit replication of respiratory sincitial virus. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2008;4:149-58.
103. Rogers JV, Parkinson CV, Choi YW, Speshock JL, Hussain SM. A preliminary assessment of silver nanoparticles inhibition of monkeypox virus plaque formation. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2008;3:129-33.
104. Liu X, Yu L, Liu F, Sheng L, An K, Chen H, et al. Preparation of Ag-Fe-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes by arc discharge and their antibacterial effect. J Mater Sci. 2012;47:6086-94.
105. Speshock JL, Murdock RC, Braydich-Stolle LK, Schrand AM, Hussain SM. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with Tacaribe virus. J Nanobiotechnol. 2010;8:19-27.
106. Banu AN, Balasubramanian C, Vinayaga MP. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res. 2014;113:311-6.
107. Papp I, Sieben C, Ludwig K, Roskamp M, Böttcher C, Schlecht S, et al. Inhibition of influenza virus infection by multivalent sialic-acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Small. 2010;6:2900-6.
108. Marimuthu S, Rahuman AA, Kirthi AV, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C, Rajakumar G. Eco-friendly microbial route to synthesize cobalt nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis against malaria and dengue vectors. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(12):4105-12.
109. Mohapatra SC, Tiwari HK, Singla M, Rathi B, Sharma A, Mahiya K, et al. Antimalarial evaluation of copper(II) nanohybrid solids: inhibition of plasmepsin II, a hemoglobin-degrading malarial aspartic protease from Plasmodium falciparum. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2010;15(3):373-85.
110. Kirthi AV, Rahuman A, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C, et al. Acaricidal, pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using wet chemical route against blood feeding parasites. Parasitol Res. 2011;109:461-72.
111. Gowri S, Gandhi RR, Sundrarajan M. Structural, optical, antibacterial and antifungal properties of zirconia nanoparticles by biobased protocol. J Mater Sci Technol. 2014;30(8):782e790.
112. Lu L, Sun RW, Chen R, Hui CK, Ho CM, Luk JM, et al. Silver nanoparticles inhibit hepatitis B virus replication. Antivir Ther. 2008;13:253-62.
113. Pelczar M, Reid R, Chan ECS. Microbiologia. São Paulo: McGraw-Hill; 1980. p. 2008.
114. Senior K, Müller S, Schacht VJ, Bunge M. Antimicrobial precious-metal nanoparticles and their use in novel materials. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric. 2012;4(3):200-9.
115. Yah CS. The toxicity of gold nanoparticles in relation to their physiochemical properties. Biomed Res. 2013;24(3):400-13.
116. Gatoo MA, Naseem S, Arfat MY, Dar AM, Qasim K, Zubair S. Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials: implication in associated toxic manifestations. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:498420.
117. Dorotkiewicz-Jach A, Augustyniak D, Olszak T, Drulis-Kawa Z. Modern therapeutic approaches against pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Curr Med Chem. 2015;22(14):1642-64.
118. Chatterjee AK, Chakraborty R, Basu T. Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2014;25(13):135101.
119. Dong Q, Dong A, Morigen. Evaluation of novel antibacterial N-halamine nanoparticles prodrugs towards susceptibility of escherichia coli induced by DksA protein. Molecules. 2015;20(4):7292-308.
120. Li H, Chen Q, Zhao J, Urmila K. Enhancing the antimicrobial activity of natural extraction using the synthetic ultrasmall metal nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11033.
121. Xie Y, He Y, Irwin PL, Jin T, Shi X. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(7):2325-31.
122. Bawskar M, Deshmukh S, Bansod S, Gade A, Rai M. Comparative analysis of biosynthesised and chemosynthesised silver nanoparticles with special reference to their antibacterial activity against pathogens. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2015;9(3):107-13.
123. Piras AM, Maisetta G, Sandreschi S, Gazzarri M, Bartoli C, Grassi L, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the antimicrobial peptide temporin B exert a long-term antibacterial activity in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:372.
124. Mogharabi M, Abdolahi M, Faramarzi MM. Toxicity of nanomaterials. Daru. 2014;22:9.
125. Nuñez-Anita RE, Acosta-Torres LS, Vilar-Pineda J, Martínez-Espinosa JC, de la Fuente-Hernández J, Castaño VM. Toxicology of antimicrobial nanoparticles for prosthetic devices. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014;9:3999-4006.
126. Cooper RJ, Spitzer N. Silver nanoparticles at sublethal concentrations disrupt cytoskeleton and neurite dynamics in cultured adult neural stem cells. Neurotoxicology. 2015;48:231-8.
127. Uhm SH, Lee SB, Song DH, Kwon JS, Han JG, Kim KN. Fabrication of bioactive, antibacterial TiO2 nanotube surfaces, coated with magnetron sputtered Ag nanostructures for dental applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014;14(10):7847-54.