메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 259-280

Environment learning using descriptions or navigation: The involvement of working memory in young and older adults

Author keywords

Age differences; Ageing; Spatial description; Virtual path exploration; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGED; AGING; COGNITION; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; SHORT TERM MEMORY; SPATIAL MEMORY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84940201982     PISSN: 00071269     EISSN: 20448295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12145     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (16)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0028012717 scopus 로고
    • Age differences in the interpretation of misaligned 'you-are-here' maps
    • Aubrey, J. B., Li, K. Z. H., & Dobbs, A. R. (1994). Age differences in the interpretation of misaligned 'you-are-here' maps. The Journal of Gerontology, 49, 29-31. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.1.P29
    • (1994) The Journal of Gerontology , vol.49 , pp. 29-31
    • Aubrey, J.B.1    Li, K.Z.H.2    Dobbs, A.R.3
  • 3
    • 0004030013 scopus 로고
    • Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • (1986) Working memory
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 4
    • 0034333066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?
    • Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417-423. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
    • (2000) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 417-423
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 5
    • 41949139976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and inhibition across the adult life-span
    • Borella, E., Carretti, B., & De Beni, R. (2008). Working memory and inhibition across the adult life-span. Acta Psychologica, 128, 33-44. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.09.008
    • (2008) Acta Psychologica , vol.128 , pp. 33-44
    • Borella, E.1    Carretti, B.2    De Beni, R.3
  • 7
    • 84942248498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Map learning and the alignment effect in young and older adults: How do they gain from having a map available while performing pointing tasks?
    • Borella, E., Meneghetti, C., Muffato, V., & De Beni, R. (2015). Map learning and the alignment effect in young and older adults: How do they gain from having a map available while performing pointing tasks? Psychological Research, 79, 104-119. doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0543-y
    • (2015) Psychological Research , vol.79 , pp. 104-119
    • Borella, E.1    Meneghetti, C.2    Muffato, V.3    De Beni, R.4
  • 9
    • 39749148375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory in developing and applying mental models from spatial descriptions
    • Brunyé, T. T., & Taylor, H. A. (2008). Working memory in developing and applying mental models from spatial descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 701-729. doi:10.1016/jmi.2007.08.003
    • (2008) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.58 , pp. 701-729
    • Brunyé, T.T.1    Taylor, H.A.2
  • 10
    • 34948894472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging and integrating spatial mental models
    • Copeland, D. E., & Radvansky, G. A. (2007). Aging and integrating spatial mental models. Psychology and Aging, 3, 569-579. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.569
    • (2007) Psychology and Aging , vol.3 , pp. 569-579
    • Copeland, D.E.1    Radvansky, G.A.2
  • 11
    • 0003518732 scopus 로고
    • Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain
    • Montreal, QC: McGill University.
    • Corsi, P. M. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Montreal, QC: McGill University.
    • (1972) Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
    • Corsi, P.M.1
  • 13
    • 0026726911 scopus 로고
    • Structural properties of visual images constructed from poorly or well-structured verbal descriptions
    • Denis, M., & Cocude, M. (1989). Structural properties of visual images constructed from poorly or well-structured verbal descriptions. Memory & Cognition, 20, 497-506. doi:10.3758/BF03199582
    • (1989) Memory & Cognition , vol.20 , pp. 497-506
    • Denis, M.1    Cocude, M.2
  • 14
    • 0016823810 scopus 로고
    • 'Mini-mental state': A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician
    • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). 'Mini-mental state': A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
    • (1975) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.12 , pp. 189-198
    • Folstein, M.F.1    Folstein, S.E.2    McHugh, P.R.3
  • 15
    • 84922698025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gardony map drawing analyzer: Software for quantitative analysis of sketch maps
    • Advance online publication.
    • Gardony, A. L., Taylor, H. A., & Brunyé, T. T. (2015). Gardony map drawing analyzer: Software for quantitative analysis of sketch maps. Behavior Research Methods. Advance online publication. doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0556-x
    • (2015) Behavior Research Methods
    • Gardony, A.L.1    Taylor, H.A.2    Brunyé, T.T.3
  • 16
    • 33947613500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory components and imagery instructions in the elaboration of a spatial mental model
    • Gyselinck, V., De Beni, R., Pazzaglia, F., Meneghetti, C., & Mondoloni, A. (2007). Working memory components and imagery instructions in the elaboration of a spatial mental model. Psychological Research, 71, 373-382. doi:10.1007/s00426-006-0091-1
    • (2007) Psychological Research , vol.71 , pp. 373-382
    • Gyselinck, V.1    De Beni, R.2    Pazzaglia, F.3    Meneghetti, C.4    Mondoloni, A.5
  • 17
    • 84874413721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of spatial working memory in understanding verbal descriptions: A window onto the interaction between verbal and spatial processing
    • In A. Vandienrendonck & A. Szmalec (Eds.), Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
    • Gyselinck, V., & Meneghetti, C. (2011). The role of spatial working memory in understanding verbal descriptions: A window onto the interaction between verbal and spatial processing. In A. Vandienrendonck & A. Szmalec (Eds.), Spatial working memory (pp. 159-180). Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
    • (2011) Spatial working memory , pp. 159-180
    • Gyselinck, V.1    Meneghetti, C.2
  • 19
    • 70350012718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of working memory in spatial text processing: What benefit of imagery strategy and visuospatial abilities?
    • Gyselinck, V., Meneghetti, C., Pazzaglia, F., & De Beni, R. (2009). The role of working memory in spatial text processing: What benefit of imagery strategy and visuospatial abilities? Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 12-20. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.08.002
    • (2009) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.19 , pp. 12-20
    • Gyselinck, V.1    Meneghetti, C.2    Pazzaglia, F.3    De Beni, R.4
  • 20
    • 33144487659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial abilities at different scales: Individual differences in aptitude-test performance and spatial-layout learning
    • Hegarty, M., Montello, D. R., Richardson, A. E., Ishikaw, T., & Lovelace, K. (2006). Spatial abilities at different scales: Individual differences in aptitude-test performance and spatial-layout learning. Intelligence, 34, 151-176. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.005
    • (2006) Intelligence , vol.34 , pp. 151-176
    • Hegarty, M.1    Montello, D.R.2    Richardson, A.E.3    Ishikaw, T.4    Lovelace, K.5
  • 22
    • 0011918392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age differences in adults' spatial abilities, learning environmental layout, and wayfinding behaviour
    • Kirasic, K. C. (2000). Age differences in adults' spatial abilities, learning environmental layout, and wayfinding behaviour. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2, 117-134. doi:10.1023/A:1011445624332
    • (2000) Spatial Cognition and Computation , vol.2 , pp. 117-134
    • Kirasic, K.C.1
  • 23
    • 0036860027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning directions of objects specified by vision, spatial audition, or auditory spatial language
    • Klatzky, R. L., Lippa, Y., Loomis, J. M., & Golledge, R. G. (2002). Learning directions of objects specified by vision, spatial audition, or auditory spatial language. Learning & Memory, 9, 364-367. doi:10.1101/lm.51702
    • (2002) Learning & Memory , vol.9 , pp. 364-367
    • Klatzky, R.L.1    Lippa, Y.2    Loomis, J.M.3    Golledge, R.G.4
  • 24
    • 27744593244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial versus object visualizers: A new characterization of visual cognitive style
    • Kozhevnikov, M., Kosslyn, S., & Shepard, J. (2005). Spatial versus object visualizers: A new characterization of visual cognitive style. Memory & Cognition, 33, 710-726. doi:10.3758/BF03195337
    • (2005) Memory & Cognition , vol.33 , pp. 710-726
    • Kozhevnikov, M.1    Kosslyn, S.2    Shepard, J.3
  • 25
    • 84890719457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What working memory subcomponents are needed in the acquisition of survey knowledge? Evidence from direction estimation and short cut tasks
    • Labate, E., Pazzaglia, F., & Hegarty, M. (2014). What working memory subcomponents are needed in the acquisition of survey knowledge? Evidence from direction estimation and short cut tasks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 37, 73-79. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.11.007
    • (2014) Journal of Environmental Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 73-79
    • Labate, E.1    Pazzaglia, F.2    Hegarty, M.3
  • 26
    • 77956719874 scopus 로고
    • Visuo-spatial working memory: Visual, spatial, or central executive?
    • Logie, R. H., & Marchetti, C. (1991). Visuo-spatial working memory: Visual, spatial, or central executive? Advances in Psychology, 80, 105-115. doi:10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60507-5
    • (1991) Advances in Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 105-115
    • Logie, R.H.1    Marchetti, C.2
  • 27
    • 45949094254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory in wayfinding - A dual task experiment in a virtual city
    • Meilinger, T., Knauff, M., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2008). Working memory in wayfinding - A dual task experiment in a virtual city. Cognitive Science, 32, 755-770. doi:10.1080/03640210802067004
    • (2008) Cognitive Science , vol.32 , pp. 755-770
    • Meilinger, T.1    Knauff, M.2    Bülthoff, H.H.3
  • 28
    • 84868300123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-differences in environment route learning: The role of input and recall-test modalities in young and older adults
    • Meneghetti, C., Borella, E., Gyselinck, V., & De Beni, R. (2012). Age-differences in environment route learning: The role of input and recall-test modalities in young and older adults. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 884-890. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.04.006
    • (2012) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.22 , pp. 884-890
    • Meneghetti, C.1    Borella, E.2    Gyselinck, V.3    De Beni, R.4
  • 29
    • 84905635275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of spatial abilities and self-assessments in cardinal point orientation across the lifespan
    • Meneghetti, C., Borella, E., Pastore, M., & De Beni, R. (2014). The role of spatial abilities and self-assessments in cardinal point orientation across the lifespan. Learning and Individual Differences, 35, 113-121. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.07.006
    • (2014) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.35 , pp. 113-121
    • Meneghetti, C.1    Borella, E.2    Pastore, M.3    De Beni, R.4
  • 30
    • 79960317136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory involvement in spatial text processing: What advantages are gained from extended learning and visuo-spatial strategies?
    • Meneghetti, C., De Beni, R., Gyselinck, V., & Pazzaglia, F. (2011). Working memory involvement in spatial text processing: What advantages are gained from extended learning and visuo-spatial strategies? British Journal of Psychology, 102, 499-518. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02007.x
    • (2011) British Journal of Psychology , vol.102 , pp. 499-518
    • Meneghetti, C.1    De Beni, R.2    Gyselinck, V.3    Pazzaglia, F.4
  • 31
    • 84875246042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The joint role of spatial ability and imagery strategy in sustaining the learning of spatial descriptions under spatial interference
    • Meneghetti, C., De Beni, R., Gyselinck, V., & Pazzaglia, F. (2013). The joint role of spatial ability and imagery strategy in sustaining the learning of spatial descriptions under spatial interference. Learning and Individual Differences, 24, 32-41. doi:10.1016/lindif.2012.12.021
    • (2013) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.24 , pp. 32-41
    • Meneghetti, C.1    De Beni, R.2    Gyselinck, V.3    Pazzaglia, F.4
  • 32
    • 82255193904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning a map of environment; the role of visuo-spatial abilities in young and older adults
    • Meneghetti, C., Fiore, F., Borella, E., & De Beni, R. (2011). Learning a map of environment; the role of visuo-spatial abilities in young and older adults. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 952-959. doi:10.1002/acp.1788
    • (2011) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 952-959
    • Meneghetti, C.1    Fiore, F.2    Borella, E.3    De Beni, R.4
  • 33
    • 70350004680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in spatial text processing: High spatial ability can compensate for spatial working memory interference
    • Meneghetti, C., Gyselinck, V., Pazzaglia, F., & De Beni, R. (2009). Individual differences in spatial text processing: High spatial ability can compensate for spatial working memory interference. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 577-589. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.07.007
    • (2009) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.19 , pp. 577-589
    • Meneghetti, C.1    Gyselinck, V.2    Pazzaglia, F.3    De Beni, R.4
  • 34
    • 84942258398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental representation derived from spatial descriptions: The influence of orientation specificity and visuospatial abilities
    • Meneghetti, C., Pazzaglia, F., & De Beni, R. (2015). Mental representation derived from spatial descriptions: The influence of orientation specificity and visuospatial abilities. Psychological Research, 79, 289-307. doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0560-x
    • (2015) Psychological Research , vol.79 , pp. 289-307
    • Meneghetti, C.1    Pazzaglia, F.2    De Beni, R.3
  • 35
    • 72049124293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging and spatial navigation: What do we know and where do we go?
    • Moffat, S. D. (2009). Aging and spatial navigation: What do we know and where do we go? Neuropsychology Review, 19, 478-489. doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9120-3
    • (2009) Neuropsychology Review , vol.19 , pp. 478-489
    • Moffat, S.D.1
  • 36
    • 84917331259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial memory of real environments, virtual environments and maps
    • In G. L. Allen (Ed.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • Montello, D. R., Waller, D., Hegarty, M., & Richardson, A. E. (2004). Spatial memory of real environments, virtual environments and maps. In G. L. Allen (Ed.), Human spatial memory: Remembering where (pp. 251-285). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2004) Human spatial memory: Remembering where , pp. 251-285
    • Montello, D.R.1    Waller, D.2    Hegarty, M.3    Richardson, A.E.4
  • 39
    • 33748993436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing distances in mental images constructed from visual experience or verbal description: The impact of survey versus route perspective
    • Péruch, P., Chabanne, V., Nesa, M. P., Thinus-Blanc, C., & Denis, M. (2006). Comparing distances in mental images constructed from visual experience or verbal description: The impact of survey versus route perspective. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1950-1967. doi:10.1080/17470210500539408
    • (2006) The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.59 , pp. 1950-1967
    • Péruch, P.1    Chabanne, V.2    Nesa, M.P.3    Thinus-Blanc, C.4    Denis, M.5
  • 40
    • 84876821167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial mental models: The interaction of presentation format, task requirements and availability of working memory components
    • Picucci, L., Gyselinck, V., Piolino, P., Nicolas, S., & Bosco, A. (2013). Spatial mental models: The interaction of presentation format, task requirements and availability of working memory components. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27, 314-327. doi:10.1002/acp.2909
    • (2013) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 314-327
    • Picucci, L.1    Gyselinck, V.2    Piolino, P.3    Nicolas, S.4    Bosco, A.5
  • 41
    • 77952918344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age effect on components of episodic memory and feature binding: A virtual reality study
    • Plancher, G., Gyselinck, V., Nicolas, S., & Piolino, P. (2010). Age effect on components of episodic memory and feature binding: A virtual reality study. Neuropsychology, 24, 379-390. doi:10.1037/a0018680
    • (2010) Neuropsychology , vol.24 , pp. 379-390
    • Plancher, G.1    Gyselinck, V.2    Nicolas, S.3    Piolino, P.4
  • 42
    • 0037335106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief report: Aging and functional spatial relations in comprehension and memory
    • Radvansky, G. A., Copeland, D. E., & Zwaan, R. A. (2003). Brief report: Aging and functional spatial relations in comprehension and memory. Psychology and Aging, 18, 161-165. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.161
    • (2003) Psychology and Aging , vol.18 , pp. 161-165
    • Radvansky, G.A.1    Copeland, D.E.2    Zwaan, R.A.3
  • 43
    • 38149076426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging and situation model processing
    • Radvansky, G. A., & Dijkstra, K. (2007). Aging and situation model processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 1027-1042. doi:10.3758/BF03193088
    • (2007) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.14 , pp. 1027-1042
    • Radvansky, G.A.1    Dijkstra, K.2
  • 44
    • 0032844122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial knowledge acquisition from maps and from navigation in real and virtual environments
    • Richardson, A. E., Montello, D. R., & Hegarty, M. (1999). Spatial knowledge acquisition from maps and from navigation in real and virtual environments. Memory & Cognition, 27, 741-750. doi:10.3758/BF03211566
    • (1999) Memory & Cognition , vol.27 , pp. 741-750
    • Richardson, A.E.1    Montello, D.R.2    Hegarty, M.3
  • 45
    • 0030194684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
    • Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.403
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 403-428
    • Salthouse, T.A.1
  • 47
    • 0016422735 scopus 로고
    • The development of spatial representation of large-scale environments
    • Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H. (1975). The development of spatial representation of large-scale environments. Advances in Child Development and Behaviour, 10, 9-55.
    • (1975) Advances in Child Development and Behaviour , vol.10 , pp. 9-55
    • Siegel, A.W.1    White, S.H.2
  • 49
    • 0000253910 scopus 로고
    • Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions
    • Taylor, H. A., & Tversky, B. (1992). Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 261292. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(92)90014-O
    • (1992) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.31 , pp. 261292
    • Taylor, H.A.1    Tversky, B.2
  • 50
    • 58149442669 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive maps in rats and men
    • Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55, 189-208. doi:10.1037/h0061626
    • (1948) Psychological Review , vol.55 , pp. 189-208
    • Tolman, E.C.1
  • 51
    • 84877677362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is navigation ability a problem in mild stroke patients? Insights from self-reported navigation measures
    • Van der Ham, I. J. M., Kant, N., Postma, A., & Visser-Meily, J. M. A. (2013). Is navigation ability a problem in mild stroke patients? Insights from self-reported navigation measures. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 45, 429-433. doi:10.2340/16501977-1139
    • (2013) Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , vol.45 , pp. 429-433
    • Van der Ham, I.J.M.1    Kant, N.2    Postma, A.3    Visser-Meily, J.M.A.4
  • 52
    • 84907069786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateralization of route continuation and route order
    • In C. Freksa, B. Nedel, M. Hegarty & T. Barkowsky (Eds.), LNAI 8684 Zurich, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
    • Van der Ham, I. J. M., & Van den Hoven, J. (2014). Lateralization of route continuation and route order. In C. Freksa, B. Nedel, M. Hegarty & T. Barkowsky (Eds.), Spatial cognition (LNAI 8684, pp. 137-146). Zurich, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
    • (2014) Spatial cognition , pp. 137-146
    • Van der Ham, I.J.M.1    Van den Hoven, J.2
  • 53
    • 79960702779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory in spatial knowledge acquisition: Differences in encoding processes and sense of direction
    • Wen, W., Ishikawa, T., & Sato, T. (2011). Working memory in spatial knowledge acquisition: Differences in encoding processes and sense of direction. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 654-662. doi:10.1002/acp.1737
    • (2011) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 654-662
    • Wen, W.1    Ishikawa, T.2    Sato, T.3
  • 54
    • 84872520384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in the encoding processes of egocentric and allocentric survey knowledge
    • Wen, W., Ishikawa, T., & Sato, T. (2013). Individual differences in the encoding processes of egocentric and allocentric survey knowledge. Cognitive Science, 37, 176-192. doi:10.1111/cogs.12005
    • (2013) Cognitive Science , vol.37 , pp. 176-192
    • Wen, W.1    Ishikawa, T.2    Sato, T.3
  • 55
    • 1842326807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related differences in an ecologically based study of route learning
    • Wilkniss, S. M., Jones, M. G., Korol, D. L., Gold, P. E., & Manning, C. A. (1997). Age-related differences in an ecologically based study of route learning. Psychology and Aging, 12, 372-375. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.2.375
    • (1997) Psychology and Aging , vol.12 , pp. 372-375
    • Wilkniss, S.M.1    Jones, M.G.2    Korol, D.L.3    Gold, P.E.4    Manning, C.A.5
  • 56
    • 76749116524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What determines our navigational abilities?
    • Wolbers, T., & Hegarty, M. (2010). What determines our navigational abilities? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.001
    • (2010) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.14 , pp. 138-146
    • Wolbers, T.1    Hegarty, M.2
  • 57
    • 84865092781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of aging on spatial learning through exploratory navigation and map reading
    • Yamamoto, N., & DeGirolamo, G. J. (2012). Differential effects of aging on spatial learning through exploratory navigation and map reading. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 4, 14. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2012.00014
    • (2012) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , vol.4 , pp. 14
    • Yamamoto, N.1    DeGirolamo, G.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.