Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: An evidence-based update of immunosuppressive treatment in children

Archives of Disease in Childhood

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 404-408

  Larkins, Nicholas ^a   Kim, Siah ^a,b   Craig, Jonathan ^a,c   Hodson, Elisabeth ^a,c  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT WESTMEAD   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID;

CHILD; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; REVIEW; STEROID SENSITIVE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; TREATMENT DURATION; ADOLESCENT; FEMALE; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RECURRENT DISEASE;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; MALE; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RECURRENCE;

EID: 84940171974     PISSN: 00039888     EISSN: 14682044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308924     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. El Bakkali L, Rodrigues Pereira R, Kuik DJ, et al. Nephrotic syndrome in the Netherlands: a population-based cohort study and a review of the literature. Pediatr Nephrol 2011;26:1241-6.
2. McKinney PA, Feltbower RG, Brocklebank JT, et al. Time trends and ethnic patterns of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Yorkshire, UK. Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:1040-4.
3. Wong W. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in New Zealand children, demographic, clinical features, initial management and outcome after twelve-month follow-up: results of a three-year national surveillance study. J Paediatr Child Health 2007;43:337-41.
4. Schlesinger ER, Sultz HA, Mosher WE, et al. The nephrotic syndrome. Its incidence and implications for the community. Am J Dis Child 1968;116:623-32.
5. Chang JW, Tsai HL, Yang LY, et al. Epidemiology and predictors of end-stage renal disease in Taiwanese children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. J Epidemiol 2012;22:517-22.
6. Arneil GC. The nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 1971;18:547-59.
7. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD001533.
8. Trompeter RS, Lloyd BW, Hicks J, et al. Long-term outcome for children with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Lancet 1985;1:368-70.
9. Eddy AA, Symons JM. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet 2003;362:629-40.
10. Hodson EM, Alexander SI. Evaluation and management of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008;20:145-50.
11. Abramowicz M, Barnett HL, Edelmann CM, et al. Controlled trial of azathioprine in children with nephrotic syndrome. Lancet 1970;295:959-61.
12. Gbadegesin R, Smoyer WE. Nephrotic syndrome. In: Geary DF, Schaefer F, eds. Comprehensive pediatric nephrology. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier, 2008:205-18.
13. [No authors listed]. Effect of cytotoxic drugs in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome with and without steroid dependence. A report of the "Arbetsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Nephrologie". N Engl J Med 1982;306:451-4.
14. Lombel RM, Gipson DS, Hodson EM. Treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: new guidelines from KDIGO. Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28:415-26.
15. Gipson DS, Trachtman H, Kaskel FJ, et al. Clinical trial of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children and young adults. Kidney Int 2011;80:868-78.
16. ISKDC. The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. J Pediatr 1981;98:561-4.
17. Tarshish P, Tobin J, Bernstein J, et al. Prognostic significance of the early course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome: report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997;8:769-76.
18. Sureshkumar P, Hodson EM, Willis NS, et al. Predictors of remission and relapse in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Nephrol 2014;29:1039-46.
19. [No authors listed]. Alternate-day versus intermittent prednisone in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. A report of "Arbetsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Nephrologie". Lancet 1979;1:401-3.
20. Hodson EM, Knight JF, Willis NS, et al. Corticosteroid therapy in nephrotic syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:45-51.
21. Teeninga N, Kist-van Holthe JE, van Rijswijk N, et al. Extending prednisolone treatment does not reduce relapses in childhood nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;24:149-59.
22. Hoyer PF. New lessons from randomized trials in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: clear evidence against long steroid therapy. Kidney Int 2015;87:17-19.
23. Sinha A, Saha A, Kumar M, et al. Extending initial prednisolone treatment in a randomized control trial from 3 to 6 months did not significantly influence the course of illness in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2015;87:217-24.
24. Yoshikawa N, Nakanishi K, Sako M, et al. A multicenter randomized trial indicates initial prednisolone treatment for childhood nephrotic syndrome for two months is not inferior to six-month treatment. Kidney Int 2015;87:225-32.
25. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, et al. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273:408-12.
26. Hahn D, Hodson EM, Willis NS, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;3:CD001533.
27. Hodson EM, Hahn D, Craig JC. Corticosteroids for the initial episode of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:1043-6.
28. Mattoo TK, Mahmoud MA. Increased maintenance corticosteroids during upper respiratory infection decrease the risk of relapse in nephrotic syndrome. Nephron 2000;85:343-5.
29. Abeyagunawardena AS, Thalgahagoda S, Illangasekera Y, et al. G376(P) Short course of daily prednisolone during upper respiratory tract infection reduces the risk of relapse in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 2014;99(Suppl 1):A155-6.
30. Abeyagunawardena AS, Trompeter RS. Increasing the dose of prednisolone during viral infections reduces the risk of relapse in nephrotic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2008;93:226-8.
31. Gulati A, Sinha A, Sreenivas V, et al. Daily corticosteroids reduce infection-associated relapses in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:63-9.
32. Webb NJa, Frew E, Brettell Ea, et al. Short course daily prednisolone therapy during an upper respiratory tract infection in children with relapsing steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (PREDNOS 2): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:147-7.
33. Kyrieleis HAC, Levtchenko EN, Wetzels JFM. Long-term outcome after cyclophosphamide treatment in children with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49:592-7.
34. Pravitsitthikul N, Willis NS, Hodson EM, et al. Non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;10:CD002290.
35. Ponticelli C, Edefonti A, Ghio L, et al. Cyclosporin versus cyclophosphamide for patients with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993;8:1326-32.
36. Wang W, Xia Y, Mao J, et al. Treatment of tacrolimus or cyclosporine A in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2012;27:2073-9.
37. Choudhry S, Bagga A, Hari P, et al. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53:760-9.
38. Gellermann J, Weber L, Pape L, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporin A in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;24:1689-97.
39. Dorresteijn EM, Kist-van Holthe JE, Levtchenko EN, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine for remission maintenance in nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:2013-20.
40. Perez-Aytes A, Ledo A, Boso V, et al. In utero exposure to mycophenolate mofetil: a characteristic phenotype? Am J Med Genet A 2008;146A:1-7.
41. Hodson EM, Craig JC. Rituximab for childhood-onset nephrotic syndrome. Lancet 2014;384:1242-3.
42. Ruggenenti P, Ruggiero B, Cravedi P, et al. Rituximab in steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;25:850-63.
43. Ravani P, Rossi R, Bonanni A, et al. Rituximab in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: a multicenter, open-label, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015. Published ahead of print January 15, 2015, doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014080799
44. Sellier-Leclerc A-L, Baudouin V, Kwon T, et al. Rituximab in steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood-follow-up after CD19 recovery. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:1083-9.
45. Sinha A, Bhatia D, Gulati A, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in children with difficult-to-treat nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015;30:96-106.
46. Tellier S, Brochard K, Garnier A, et al. Long-term outcome of children treated with rituximab for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28:911-18.
47. Iijima K, Sako M, Nozu K, et al. Rituximab for childhood-onset, complicated, frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014;6736:1-9.
48. Chaumais MC, Garnier A, Chalard F, et al. Fatal pulmonary fibrosis after rituximab administration. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:1753-5.
49. Czarniak P, Zaluska-Lesniewska I, Zagozdzon I, et al. Difficulties in diagnosing severe Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after rituximab therapy for steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28:987-8.
50. Sellier-Leclerc AL, Belli E, Guerin V, et al. Fulminant viral myocarditis after rituximab therapy in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28:1875-9.
51. Clifford DB, Ances B, Costello C, et al. Rituximab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Neurol 2011;68:1156-64.
52. Schmedt N, Andersohn F, Garbe E. Signals of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy for immunosuppressants: a disproportionality analysis of spontaneous reports within the US Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012;21:1216-20.
53. Davin JC, Merkus MP. Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome of childhood: the lost paradise? Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20:10-14.
54. Mariken G, Bouts A, Niaudet P, et al. The levamisole study in steroid sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SSINS): inclusion completed. 45th Annual meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology (ESPN 2012); 2012.
55. Yoshioka K, Ohashi Y, Sakai T, et al. A multicenter trial of mizoribine compared with placebo in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2000;58:317-24.