Black carbon in snow in the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: Observations and modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative forcing

Cryosphere

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1685-1699

  Jacobi, H W ^a,b   Lim, S ^a,b   Menegoz M ^a,b,g   Ginot, P ^b,c   Laj, P ^a,b   Bonasoni, P ^d   Stocchi, P ^d   Marinoni, A ^d,e   Arnaud, Y ^a,f  

^a UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c OBSERVATOIRE DE GRENOBLE   (France)

^d INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE   (Italy)

^e CNR   (Italy)

^f LABORATOIRE DE GLACIOLOGIE ET GÉOPHYSIQUE DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^g Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement Univ Grenoble Alpes ^*  (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBEDO; ANNUAL CYCLE; BLACK CARBON; CLIMATE MODELING; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CRYOSPHERE; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; MELTING; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; RADIATIVE FORCING; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; REGIONAL METAMORPHISM; SNOW; SNOWPACK; TIME SERIES;

HIMALAYAS; KHUMBU VALLEY; NEPAL; SAGARMATHA [(ADS) NEPAL];

CROCUS;

EID: 84940029603     PISSN: 19940416     EISSN: 19940424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/tc-9-1685-2015     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Bonasoni, P., Laj, P., Marinoni, A., Sprenger, M., Angelini, F., Arduini, J., Bonafè, U., Calzolari, F., Colombo, T., Decesari, S., Di Biagio, C., di Sarra, A. G., Evangelisti, F., Duchi, R., Facchini, MC., Fuzzi, S., Gobbi, G. P., Maione, M., Panday, A., Roccato, F., Sellegri, K., Venzac, H., Verza, GP., Villani, P., Vuillermoz, E., and Cristofanelli, P.: Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7515-7531, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7515-2010, 2010.
2. Bond, T. C. and Bergstrom, R. W.: Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 27-67, 2006.
3. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1-173, 2013.
4. Brun, E., Martin, E., Simon, V., Gendre, C., and Coleou, C.: An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 35, 333-342, 1989.
5. Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M., and Brunot, G.: A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 38, 13-22, 1992.
6. Brun, E., Six, D., Picard, G., Vionnet, V., Arnaud, L., Bazile, E., Boone, A., Bouchard, A., Genthon, C., Guidard, V., Le Moigne, P., Rabier, F., and Seity, Y.: Snow/atmosphere coupled simulation at Dome C, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 52, 721-736, 2011.
7. Carrico, C. M., Bergin, M. H., Shrestha, A. B., Dibb, J. E., Gomes, L., and Harris, J. M.: The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2811-2824, 2003.
8. Doherty, S. J., Grenfell, T. C., Forsström, S., Hegg, D. L., Brandt, R. E., and Warren, S. G.: Observed vertical redistribution of black carbon and other insoluble light-absorbing particles in melting snow, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5553-5569, 2013.
9. Duchi, R., Cristofanelli, P., Marinoni, A., Bourcier, L., Laj, P., Calzolari, F., Adhikary, P., Verza, G.-P., Vuillermoz, E., and Bonasoni, P.: Synoptic-scale dust transport events in the southern Himalayas, Aeolian Res., 13, 51-57, 2014.
10. Etchevers, P., Martin, E., Brown, R., Fierz, C., Lejeune, Y., Bazile, E., Boone, A., Dai, Y.-J., Essery, R., Fernandez, A., Gusev, Y., Jordan, R., Koren, V., Kowalczyk, E., Nasonova, N. O., Pyles, R. D., Schlosser, A., Shmakin, A. B., Smirnova, T. G., Strasser, U., Verseghy, D., Yamazaki, T., and Yang, Z.-L.: Validation of the energy budget of an alpine snowpack simulated by several snow models (SnowMIP project), Ann. Glac., 38, 150-158, 2004.
11. Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T., and Rasch, P. J.: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, doi:10.1029/2006JD008003, 2007.
12. Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Hess, P. G., Mahowald, N. M., Painter, T. H., Ramanathan, V., and Rasch, P. J.: Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2481-2497, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2481-2009, 2009.
13. Flanner, M. G., Liu, X., Zhou, C., Penner, J. E., and Jiao, C.: Enhanced solar energy absorption by internally-mixed black carbon in snow grains, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4699-4721, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4699-2012, 2012.
14. Ginot, P., Dumont, M., Lim, S., Patris, N., Taupin, J.-D., Wagnon, P., Gilbert, A., Arnaud, Y., Marinoni, A., Bonasoni, P., and Laj, P.: A 10 year record of black carbon and dust from a Mera Peak ice core (Nepal): variability and potential impact on melting of Himalayan glaciers, The Cryosphere, 8, 1479-1496, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1479-2014, 2014.
15. Hansen, J. and Nazarenko, L.: Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 423-428, 2004.
16. Immerzeel, W. W., van Beek, L. P. H., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Climate change will affect the Asian Water Towers, Science, 328, 1382-1385, 2010.
17. Jacobi, H.-W., Domine, F., Simpson, W. R., Douglas, T. A., and Sturm, M.: Simulation of the specific surface area of snow using a one-dimensional physical snowpack model: implementation and evaluation for subarctic snow in Alaska, The Cryosphere, 4, 35-51, doi:10.5194/tc-4-35-2010, 2010.
18. Kääb, A., Berthier, E., Nuth, C., Gardelle, J., and Arnaud, Y.: Contrasting patterns of early 21st century glacier mass change in the Himalaya, Nature, 488, 495-498, 2012.
19. Kaspari, S. D., Schwikowski, M., Gysel, M., Flanner, M. G., Kang, S., Hou, S., and Mayewski, P. A.: Recent increase in black carbon concentrations from a Mt. Everest ice core spanning 1860-2000 AD, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04703, doi:10.1029/2010GL046096, 2011.
20. Kaspari, S., Painter, T. H., Gysel, M., Skiles, S. M., and Schwikowski, M.: Seasonal and elevational variations of black carbon and dust in snow and ice in the Solu-Khumbu, Nepal and estimated radiative forcings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8089-8103, doi:10.5194/acp-14-8089-2014, 2014.
21. Kopacz, M., Mauzerall, D. L., Wang, J., Leibensperger, E. M., Henze, D. K., and Singh, K.: Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2837-2852, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2837-2011, 2011.
22. Krinner, G., Boucher, O., and Balkanski, Y.: Ice-free glacial northern Asia due to dust deposition on snow, Clim. Dyn., 27, 613-625, 2006.
23. Lau, K.-M. and Kim, K.-M.: Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21810, doi:10.1029/2006GL027546, 2006.
24. Lejeune, Y., Bertrand, J.-M., Wagnon, P., and Morin, S.: A physically based model of the year-round surface energy and mass balance of debris-covered glaciers, J. Glaciol., 59, 327-344, 2013.
25. Lim, S., Faïn, X., Zanatta, M., Cozic, J., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Ginot, P., and Laj, P.: Refractory black carbon mass concentrations in snow and ice: method evaluation and inter-comparison with elemental carbon measurement, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3307-3324, doi:10.5194/amt-7-3307-2014, 2014.
26. Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Laj, P., Duchi, R., Calzolari, F., Decesari, S., Sellegri, K., Vuillermoz, E., Verza, G. P., Villani, P., and Bonasoni, P.: Aerosol mass and black carbon concentrations, a two year record at NCO-P (5079 m, Southern Himalayas), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8551-8562, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8551-2010, 2010.
27. Ménégoz, M., Gallée, H., and Jacobi, H. W.: Precipitation and snow cover in the Himalaya: from reanalysis to regional climate simulations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3921-3936, doi:10.5194/hess-17-3921-2013, 2013a.
28. Ménégoz, M., Krinner, G., Balkanski, Y., Cozic, A., Boucher, O., and Ciais, P.: Boreal and temperate snow cover variations induced by black carbon emissions in the middle of the 21st century, The Cryosphere, 7, 537-554, doi:10.5194/tc-7-537-2013, 2013b.
29. Ménégoz, M., Krinner, G., Balkanski, Y., Boucher, O., Cozic, A., Lim, S., Ginot, P., Laj, P., Gallée, H., Wagnon, P., Marinoni, A., and Jacobi, H. W.: Snow cover sensitivity to black carbon deposition in the Himalayas: from atmospheric and ice core measurements to regional climate simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4237-4249, doi:10.5194/acp-14-4237-2014, 2014.
30. Ming, J., Cachier, H., Xiao, C., Qin, D., Kang, S., Hou, S., and Xu, J.: Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1343-1352, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1343-2008, 2008.
31. Ming, J., Xiao, C., Cachier, H., Qin, D., Qin, X., Li, Z., and Pu, J.: Black Carbon (BC) in the snow of glaciers in west China and its potential effects on albedos, Atmos. Res., 92, 114-123, 2009.
32. Moteki, N. and Kondo, Y.: Effects of mixing state on black carbon measurements by laser-induced incandescence, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 398-417, 2007.
33. Moteki, N. and Kondo, Y.: Dependence of laser-induced incandescence on physical properties of black carbon aerosols: Measurements and theoretical interpretation, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44, 663-675, 2010.
34. Negi, H. S. and Kokhanovsky, A.: Retrieval of snow grain size and albedo of western Himalayan snow cover using satellite data, The Cryosphere, 5, 831-847, doi:10.5194/tc-5-831-2011, 2011.
35. Painter, T. H., Barrett, A. P., Landry, C. C., Neff, J. C., Cassidy, M. P., Lawrence, C. R., McBride, K. E., and Farmer, G. L.: Impact of disturbed desert soils on duration of mountain snow cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12502, doi:10.1029/2007GL030284, 2007.
36. Qian, Y., Flanner, M. G., Leung, L. R., and Wang, W.: Sensitivity studies on the impacts of Tibetan Plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrological cycle and monsoon climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1929-1948, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1929-2011, 2011.
37. Ramanathan, V., Li, F., Ramana, M. V., Praveen, P. S., Kim, D., Corrigan, C. E., Nguyen, H., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Carmichael, G. R., Adhikary, B., and Yoon, S. C.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Hemispherical and regional variations in long-range transport, absorption, and radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S21, doi:10.1029/2006JD008124, 2007.
38. Salerno, F., Guyennon, N., Thakuri, S., Viviano, G., Romano, E., Vuillermoz, E., Cristofanelli, P., Stocchi, P., Agrillo, G., Ma, Y., and Tartari, G.: Weak precipitation, warm winters and springs impact glaciers of south slopes of Mt. Everest (central Himalaya) in the last 2 decades (1994-2013), The Cryosphere, 9, 1229-1247, doi:10.5194/tc-9-1229-2015, 2015.
39. Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Fahey, D. W., Thomson, D. S., Watts, L. A., Wilson, J. C., Reeves, J. M., Darbeheshti, M., Baumgardner, D. G., Kok, G. L., Chung, S. H., Schulz, M., Hendricks, J., Lauer, A., Kärcher, B., Slowik, J. G., Rosenlof, K. H., Thompson, T. L., Langford, A. O., Loewenstein, M., and Aikin, K. C.: Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16207, doi:10.1029/2006jd007076, 2006.
40. Shrestha, M., Wang, L., Koike, T., Xue, Y., and Hirabayashi, Y.: Modeling the spatial distribution of snow cover in the Dudhkoshi region of the Nepal Himalayas, J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 204-222, 2012.
41. Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M. (Eds.): Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, 1535 pp., 2013.
42. Thompson, L. C., Yao, T., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M. E., Henderson, K. A., and Lin, P.-N.: A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian Monsoon from Himalayan ice cores, Science, 289, 1916-1929, 2000.
43. Tyagi, A. and Pai D. S. (Eds.): Monsoon Report 2011, IMD Met Monograph Synoptic Meteorology No. 01/2012, National Climate Centre, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India, 178 pp., 2012.
44. Tyagi, A., Mazumdar, A. B., and Pai D. S. (Eds.): Monsoon Report 2009, IMD Met Monograph Synoptic Meteorology No. 09/2010, National Climate Centre, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India, 159 pp., 2010.
45. Tyagi, A., Mazumdar, A. B., and Pai D. S. (Eds.): Monsoon Report 2010, IMD Met Monograph Synoptic Meteorology No. 10/2011, National Climate Centre, India Meteorological Department, Pune, India, 210 pp., 2011.
46. Vionnet, V., Brun, E., Morin, S., Boone, A., Faroux, S., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., and Willemet, J.-M.: The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 773-791, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-773-2012, 2012.
47. Wang, X., Doherty, S. J., and Huang, J.: Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow across Northern China, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1471-1492, 2013.
48. Warren, S. G. and Wiscombe, W. J.: A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2734-2745, 1980.
49. Wiscombe, W. J. and Warren, S. G.: A model for the spectral albedo of snow, I: Pure snow, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733, 1980.
50. Xu, B., Yao, T., Liu, X., and Wang, N.: Elemental and organic carbon measurements with a two-step heating-gas chromatography system in snow samples from the Tibetan Plateau, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 257-262, 2006.
51. Xu, B., Cao, J., Hansen, J., Yao, T., Joswia, D. R., Wang, N., Wu, G., Wang, M., Zhao, H., Yang, W., Liu, X., and He, J.: Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106, 22114-22118, 2009.
52. Yasunari, T. J., Tan, Q., Lau, K.-M., Bonasoni, P., Marinoni, A., Laj, P., Ménégoz, M., Takemura, T., and Chin, M., Estimated range of black carbon dry deposition and the related snow albedo reduction over Himalayan glaciers during dry pre-monsoon periods, Atmos. Environ., 78, 259-267, 2013.