Reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda

African Journal of Legal Studies

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 29-52

  Zorbas, Eugenia ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940025685     PISSN: 22109730     EISSN: 17087384     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/221097312X13397499735904     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Martha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 5.
2. Helena Cobban, "The Legacies of Collective Violence: The Rwandan genocide and the limits of the law" in Boston Review (Vol 27, No 2, April/May 2002), 16. Available online: (date accessed: 10 February 2004).
3. Victims Become Killers: Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 266.
4. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda at (date accessed: 4 May 2004).
5. The 115,000 figure is from Peter Uvin and Charles Mironko, "Western and Local Approaches to Justice in Rwanda", Global Governance, 9 (2003), 223.
6. Amnesty International 2002 Annual Report, chapter on Rwanda, available at (date accessed: 2 March 2004).
7. Alison DesForges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (Human Rights Watch, March 1999), 763.
8. (date accessed: 10 March 2004);
9. Human Rights Watch World Report 2001, online: (date accessed: 10 May 2004).
10. ICTR website, online: (date accessed: 10 May 2004).
11. A-E Gakusi and F Mouzer, De le Révolution Rwandaise à la Contre-révolution: Contraintes structurelles et gouvernance 1950-2003 (L'Harmattan, 2003) foofnote 7, p. 12
12. Amnesty International, "Rwanda - Gacaca: a question of justice", (AI, December 2002)
13. Allison Corey and Sandra F Joireman, "Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda", African Affairs (2004), add volume number 103, 73-89.
14. "Reconstruire une paix durable au Rwanda", 76.
15. Minow, 124.
16. Noah Weisbord, "The Law and Ethics of Gacaca" (Law/MSW Thesis, McGill University, Fall 2002), 49.
17. African Rights' report "Gacaca Justice: A Shared Responsibility", (African Rights, January 2003)
18. Mission d'Observation Electorale de l'Union Européenne Rwanda 2003, "Rapport final sur l'élection présidentielle et les élections législatives", 5.
19. Weisbord, 81.
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21. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998)
22. Filip Reyntjens, "Rwanda, ten years on: From genocide to dictatorship" in African Affairs (Vol. 103, No 411, April 2004).
23. IRDP, "Reconstruire une paix durable au Rwanda", 67.
24. Michael R Marrus, "Overview" in Dilemmas of Reconciliation: Cases and Concepts, ed. Carol A Prager and Trudy Covier, (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2003).
25. "Reconstruire une paix durable au Rwanda", 68
26. "Reconstruire une paix durable au Rwanda", 68.
27. See the Official Website of the Government of Rwanda, (date accessed: 6 November 2003)
28. Peter Uvin, "Reading the Rwandan Genocide", 78.
29. "Reconstruire une paix durable au Rwanda", 22.
30. Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (London: C. Hurst & Co, 1995), 367.
31. Prunier, "Rwanda: the Social, Political and Economic Situation", quoted in Gakusi and Mouzer, 66-67.
32. Rémy and Smith, "L'ancien président rwandais Pasteur Bizimungu est en prison", Le Monde, 21 May 2002 edition.
33. Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers, 267.
34. Uvin, "Reading the Rwandan Genocide", 99.
35. Chantal Laurent and Christian Bugnion, "External Evaluation of the UNHCR Shelter Programme in Rwanda, 1994-1999", UNHCR Reintegration and Local Settlement Section, 2000.
36. Human Rights Watch's Uprooting the Rural Poor in Rwanda, (HRW, May 2001).
37. "Reconstruire une paix durable au Rwanda", 90.
38. Greg Duly, "Creating a Violence-Free Society; The Case of Rwanda", Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, (10 July 2000) (date accessed: 10 November 2003).
39. Uvin, Aiding Violence, 2. Emphasis in original.
40. Human Rights Watch, "Human Rights Overview for Rwanda", 1 January 2004, online (date accessed: 16 February 2004).
41. Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed Books, 2001), 118.
42. Simon Gabisirege and Simon Babalola, "Perceptions About the Gacaca Law in Rwanda: Evidence from a Multi-Method Study", Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Centre for Communication Programs, Special Publication No. 19, Baltimore, April 2001
43. "The Economics of Civil Wars, Crime and Violence" policy papers and the work of Paul Collier in particular, online: (date accessed: 22 January 2004).
44. "Reconstruire une paix durable au Rwanda", 90.
45. Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis, 369.