The effect of HIV infection on the incidence and severity of circular external fixator pin track sepsis: a retrospective comparative study of 229 patients

Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 111-115

  Ferreira, Nando ^a,b   Marais, Leonard Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b GREY'S HOSPITAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Circular external fixator; Complication; HIV; Ilizarov; Pin track sepsis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939898182     PISSN: 18288936     EISSN: 18288928     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11751-014-0194-y     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Bone L, Stegemann P, McNamara K, Seibel R (1993) External fixation of severely comminuted and open tibial pilon fractures. Clin Orthop 292:101–107
2. Chin TYP, Bardana D, Bailey M, Williamson OD, Miller R, Edwards ER, Esser MP (2005) Functional outcome of tibial plateau fractures treated with the fine-wire fixator. Injury 36:1467–1475
3. Dendrinos GK, Kontos S, Katsenis D, Dalas A (1996) Treatment of high-energy tibial plateau fractures by the Ilizarov circular fixator. J Bone Joint Surg Br 78-B:710–717
4. Ferreira N, Marais LC (2012) Pin tract sepsis: incidence with the use of circular fixators in a limb reconstruction unit. SA Orthop J 11(1):10–18
5. Kapoor SK, Kataria H, Patra SR, Boruah T (2010) Capsuloligamentotaxis and definitive fixation by an ankle-spanning Ilizarov fixator in high-energy pilon fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 92-B:1100–1106
6. Kataria H, Sharma N, Kanojia RK (2007) Small wire external fixation for high-energy tibial plateau fractures. J Orthop Surg 15(2):137–143
7. Bibbo C, Brueggeman J (2010) Prevention and management of complications arising from external fixation pin sites. J Foot Ankle Surg 49:87–92
8. Davies R, Holt N, Nayagam S (2005) The care of pin sites with external fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87-B:716–719
9. DeJong ES, DeBerardino TM, Brooks DE, Nelson BJ, Campbell AA, Bottoni CR, Pusateri AE, Walton RS, Guymon CH, McManus AT (2001) Antimicrobial efficacy of external fixator pins coated with a lipid stabilized hydroxyapatite/chlorhexidine complex to prevent pin tract infection in a goat model. J Trauma 50:1008–1014
10. Cavusoglu AT, Er MS, Inal S, Ozsoy MH, Dincel MS, Sakaogullari A (2009) Pin site care during circular external fixation using two different protocols. J Orthop Trauma 23:724–730
11. Mostafavi HR, Tornetta P III (1997) Open fractures of the humerus treated with external fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 337:187–197
12. Parameswaran AD, Roberts CS, Seligson D, Voor M (2003) Pin tract infection with contemporary external fixation: how much of a problem? J Orthop Trauma 17:503–507
13. Patterson MM (2005) Multicentre pin care study. Orthop Nurs 24(5):349–360
14. Piza G, Caja VL, Gonzalez-Veijo MZ, Navarro A (2004) Hydroxyapatite-coated external-fixation pins. The effect on pin loosening and pin-tract infection in leg lengthening for short stature. J Bone Joint Surg Br 86-B:892–897
15. Rogers LC, Bevilacqua NJ, Frykberg RG, Armstrong DG (2007) Predictors of postoperative complications of Ilizarov external ring fixators in the foot and ankle. J Foot Ankle Surg 46(5):372–375
16. Harding AK, Toksvig-Larsen S, Tagil M, W-Dahl A (2010) A single dose zolendronic acid enhances pin fixation in high tibial osteotomy using the hemicallotasis technique. A double-blind controlled randomized study in 46 patients. Bone 46:649–654
17. Moroni A, Heikkila J, Magyar G, Toksvig-Larsen S, Giannini S (2001) Fixation strength and pin tract infection of hydroxyapatite-coated tapered pins. Clin Orthop Relat Res 388:209–217
18. Moroni A, Aspenberg P, Toksvig-Larsen S, Falzarano G, Giannini S (1998) Enhanced fixation with hydroxyapatite coated pins. Clin Orthop Relat Res 346:171–177
19. Moroni A, Cadossi M, Romagnoli M, Faldini C, Giannini S (2008) A biomechanical and histological analysis of standard versus hydroxyapatite-coated pins for external fixation. J Biomed Mater Res 86B:417–421
20. Antoci V, Ono CM, Antoci V Jr, Raney EM (2008) Pin-tract infection during limb lengthening using external fixation. Am J Orthop 37(9):E150–E154
21. Ferreira N, Marais LC (2012) Prevention and management of external fixator pin tract sepsis. Strat Traum Limb Recon 7:67–72. doi:10.1007/s11751-012-0139-2
22. Harrison WJ (2009) Open tibia fractures in HIV positive patients. Malawi Med J 21(4):174–175
23. Lubega N, Harrison WJ (2010) Orthopaedic and trauma surgery in HIV positive patients. Orthop Trauma 24(4):298–302
24. Norrish AR, Lewis CP, Harrison WJ (2007) Pin-track infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with open fractures treated by external fixation. J Bone Joint Surg 89B:790–793
25. The 2011 national antenatal sentinel HIV and Syphilis prevalence survey in South Africa. http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/presentations/2013/Antenatal_Sentinel_survey_Report2012_final.pdf
26. http://www.who.int/gho/road_safety/en/index.html
27. Global status report on road safety 2013.pdf http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/index.html
28. Hansen AB, Gerstoft J, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, Pedersen G, Obel N (2012) Incidence of low and high-energy fractures in persons with and without HIV infection: a Danish population-based cohort study. AIDS 26(3):285–293. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834ed8a7
29. Shiau S, Broun EC, Arpadi SM, Yin MT (2013) Incident fractures in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 27(12):1949–1957. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328361d241
30. Triant VA, Brown TT, Lee H, Grinspoon SK (2008) Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3499–3504. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0828
31. Catagni MA (2009) Treatment of fractures, nonunions, and bone loss of the tibia with the Ilizarov method, 5th edn. Il quadratino, Italy
32. Bronson DG, Samchukov ML, Birch JG, Browne RH, Ashman RB (1998) Stability of external circular fixation: a multi-variable biomechanical analysis. Clin Biomech 13:441–448
33. Fragomen AT, Rozbruch SR (2007) The mechanics of external fixation. HSSJ 3:13–29. doi:10.1007/s11420-006-9025-0
34. Ilizarov GA (1990) Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening. Clin Orthop 250:8–26
35. Mullins MM, Davidson AW, Goodier D, Barry M (2003) The biomechanics of wire fixation in the Ilizarov system. Inj Int J Care Inj 34:155–157
36. Watson MA, Mathias KJ, Maffulli N (2000) External ring fixators: an overview. Proc Inst Mech Eng 214:459–470
37. Nayagam S (2007) Safe corridors in external fixation: the lower leg (tibia, fibula, hindfoot and forefoot). Strat Traum Limb Recon 2:105–110
38. Checketts RG, MacEachern AG, Otterburn M (2000) Pin track infection and the principles of pin site care. In: Goldberg A, De Bastiani A, Apley AG (eds) Orthofix external fixation in trauma and orthopaedics. Springer, Berlin, pp 97–103
39. Harrison WJ, Lewis CP, Lavy CBD (2004) Open fractures of the tibia in HIV positive patients: a prospective controlled single-blind study. Inj Int J Care Inj 35:852–856
40. Holmes SH, Brown SJ (2005) Skeletal pin site care. Orthop Nurs 24(2):99–107