Esophagitis

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 1, Issue , 2014, Pages 1248-1258

  Graman, Paul S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

^b STRONG MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Aphthous ulcer; Candida albicans; Cytomegalovirus; Esophageal candidiasis; Esophagitis; Herpes simplex virus; Human immunodeficiency virus; Immunosuppression; Odynophagia

Indexed keywords

EID: 84939534190     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00099-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

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2. Katzka DA Esophageal disorders caused by medications, trauma, and infection. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease 2010, 735-743. Saunders, Philadelphia. 9th ed. M. Feldman, L.S. Friedman, L.J. Brandt (Eds.).
3. Kikendall JW Pill esophagitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1999, 28:298-305.
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5. Wilcox CM Esophageal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Am J Med 1992, 92:412-421.
6. Weerasuriya N, Snape J A study of Candida esophagitis in elderly patients attending a district general hospital in the UK. Dis Esophagus 2006, 19:189-192.
7. Baehr PH, McDonald GB Esophageal infections: risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterology 1994, 106:509-532.
8. Tavitian A, Raufman JP, Rosenthal LE Oral candidiasis as a marker for esophageal candidiasis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986, 104:54-55.
9. Connolly GM, Hawkins D, Harcourt-Webster JN, et al. Oesophageal symptoms, their causes, treatment, and prognosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gut 1989, 30:1033-1039.
10. Bonacini M, Laine L, Gal AA, et al. Prospective evaluation of blind brushing of the esophagus for Candida esophagitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1990, 85:385-389.
11. Porro GB, Parente F, Cernuschi M The diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: is endoscopy always necessary?. Am J Gastroenterol 1989, 84:143-146.
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21. Frick T, Fryd DS, Goodale RL, et al. Incidence and treatment of Candida esophagitis in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Data from the Minnesota prospective randomized trial of cyclosporine versus antilymphocyte globulin-azathioprine. Am J Surg 1988, 155:311-313.
22. Peleg AY, Husain S, Kwak EJ, et al. Opportunistic infections in 547 organ transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal CD-52 antibody. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:204-212.
23. Johnson R, Peitzman AB, Webster MW, et al. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy after cardiac transplantation. Surgery 1988, 103:300-304.
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28. Wilcox CM, Diehl DL, Cello JP, et al. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in patients with AIDS: a clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic correlation. Ann Intern Med 1990, 113:589-593.
29. Wilcox CM, Rodgers W, Lazenby A Prospective comparison of brush cytology, viral culture, and histology for the diagnosis of ulcerative esophagitis in AIDS. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 2:564-567.
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33. Wilcox CM, Alexander LN, Clark WS, et al. Fluconazole compared with endoscopy for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with esophageal symptoms. Gastroenterology 1996, 110:1803-1809.
34. Genereau T, Lortholary O, Bouchaud O, et al. Herpes simplex esophagitis in patients with AIDS: report of 34 cases. The Cooperative Study Group on Herpetic Esophagitis in HIV Infection. Clin Infect Dis 1996, 22:926-931.
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38. Bach MC, Howell DA, Valenti AJ, et al. Aphthous ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1990, 112:465-467.
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40. Samonis G, Skordilis P, Maraki S, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis as a marker for esophageal candidiasis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:283-286.
41. Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, et al. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30(suppl 1):S5-S14.
42. San-Andres FJ, Rubio R, Castilla J, et al. Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 1989-1997. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:1177-1185.
43. Monkemuller KE, Lazenby AJ, Lee DH, et al. Occurrence of gastrointestinal opportunistic disorders in AIDS despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2005, 50:230-234.
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52. Parente F, Bianchi Porro G Treatment of cytomegalovirus esophagitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a randomized controlled study of foscarnet versus ganciclovir. Am J Gastroenterol 1998, 93:317-322.
53. Blanshard C, Benhamou Y, Dohin E, et al. Treatment of AIDS-associated gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus infection with foscarnet and ganciclovir: a randomized comparison. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:622-628.
54. Wilcox CM, Schwartz DA Comparison of two corticosteroid regimens for the treatment of HIV-associated idiopathic esophageal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol 1994, 89:2163-2167.
55. Jacobson JM, Greenspan JS, Spritzler J, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1487-1493.
56. Jacobson JM, Greenspan JS, Spritzler J, et al. Thalidomide in low intermittent doses does not prevent recurrence of human immunodeficiency virus-associated aphthous ulcers. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:343-346.
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58. Fichtenbaum CJ, Koletar S, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Refractory mucosal candidiasis in advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:749-756.
59. Wilcox CM, Darouiche RO, Laine L, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole tablets in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:227-232.
60. Goldman M, Cloud GA, Smedema M, et al. Does long-term itraconazole prophylaxis result in in vitro azole resistance in mucosal Candida albicans isolates from persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection?. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44:1585-1587.
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62. Skiest DJ, Vazquez JA, Amstead GM, et al. Posaconazole for the treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in subjects with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:607-614.
63. Villanueva A, Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, et al. A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:1529-1535.
64. Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46:451-457.
65. de Wet NT, Bester AJ, Viljoen JJ, et al. A randomized, double blind, comparative trial of micafungin (FK463) vs. fluconazole for the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005, 21:899-907.
66. Krause DS, Simjee AE, van Rensburg C, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:770-775.
67. Miller CD, Lomaestro BW, Park S, et al. Progressive esophagitis caused by Candida albicans with reduced susceptibility to caspofungin. Pharmacotherapy 2006, 26:877-880.
68. Laverdiere M, Lalonde RG, Baril JG, et al. Progressive loss of echinocandin activity following prolonged use for treatment of Candida albicans oesophagitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57:705-708.
69. Grimes MM, LaPook JD, Bar MH, et al. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1987, 18:307-308.
70. Kitchen VS, Helbert M, Francis ND, et al. Epstein-Barr virus associated oesophageal ulcers in AIDS. Gut 1990, 31:1223-1225.
71. El-Serag HB, Johnston DE Mycobacterium avium complex esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997, 92:1561-1563.
72. Forsmark CE, Wilcox CM, Darragh TM, et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS: an unusual case of esophageal involvement and gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 1990, 36:604-605.
73. Poles MA, McMeeking AA, Scholes JV, et al. Actinomyces infection of a cytomegalovirus esophageal ulcer in two patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1994, 89:1569-1572.
74. Spencer GM, Roach D, Skucas J Actinomycosis of the esophagus in a patient with AIDS: findings on barium esophagograms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993, 161:795-796.
75. Monig SP, Schmidt R, Wolters U, et al. Esophageal tuberculosis: a differential diagnostic challenge. Am J Gastroenterol 1995, 90:153-154.
76. Griga T, Duchna HW, Orth M, et al. Tuberculous involvement of the oesophagus with oesophagobroncheal fistula. Dig Liver Dis 2002, 34:528-531.
77. Jacobs DH, Macher AM, Handler R, et al. Esophageal cryptococcosis in a patient with the hyperimmunoglobulin E-recurrent infection (Job's) syndrome. Gastroenterology 1984, 87:201-203.
78. Sherman RA, Silva J, Gandour-Edwards R Fatal varicella in an adult: case report and review of the gastrointestinal complications of chickenpox. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13:424-427.
79. Lawn SD, Venkatesan P Chickenpox oesophagitis and haematemesis in an immunocompetent adult. J Infect 2002, 44:206.
80. Jacobson JM, Spritzler J, Fox L, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of esophageal aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1999, 180:61-67.
81. Alexander JA, Brouillette DE, Chien MC, et al. Infectious esophagitis following liver and renal transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 1988, 33:1121-1126.
82. Rabeneck L, Popovic M, Gartner S, et al. Acute HIV infection presenting with painful swallowing and esophageal ulcers. JAMA 1990, 263:2318-2322.
83. Katzka DA Esophageal disorders caused by medications, trauma, and infection. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease 2010, 735-743. Saunders, Philadelphia. 9th ed. M. Feldman, L.S. Friedman, L.J. Brandt (Eds.).
84. Bonacini M, Young T, Laine L The causes of esophageal symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective study of 110 patients. Arch Intern Med 1991, 151:1567-1572.
85. Wilcox CM Esophageal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Am J Med 1992, 92:412-421.
86. Weerasuriya N, Snape J A study of Candida esophagitis in elderly patients attending a district general hospital in the UK. Dis Esophagus 2006, 19:189-192.
87. Baehr PH, McDonald GB Esophageal infections: risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterology 1994, 106:509-532.
88. Tavitian A, Raufman JP, Rosenthal LE Oral candidiasis as a marker for esophageal candidiasis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986, 104:54-55.
89. Connolly GM, Hawkins D, Harcourt-Webster JN, et al. Oesophageal symptoms, their causes, treatment, and prognosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gut 1989, 30:1033-1039.
90. Bonacini M, Laine L, Gal AA, et al. Prospective evaluation of blind brushing of the esophagus for Candida esophagitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1990, 85:385-389.
91. Porro GB, Parente F, Cernuschi M The diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: is endoscopy always necessary?. Am J Gastroenterol 1989, 84:143-146.
92. Andersen LI, Frederiksen HJ, Appleyard M Prevalence of esophageal Candida colonization in a Danish population: special reference to esophageal symptoms, benign esophageal disorders, and pulmonary disease. J Infect Dis 1992, 165:389-392.
93. Wilcox CM Esophageal strictures complicating ulcerative esophagitis in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:339-343.
94. Gaissert HA, Roper CL, Patterson GA, et al. Infectious necrotizing esophagitis: outcome after medical and surgical intervention. Ann Thoracic Surg 2003, 75:342-347.
95. Laine L, Bonacini M Esophageal disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1994, 154:1577-1582.
96. Frick T, Fryd DS, Goodale RL, et al. Incidence and treatment of Candida esophagitis in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Data from the Minnesota prospective randomized trial of cyclosporine versus antilymphocyte globulin-azathioprine. Am J Surg 1988, 155:311-313.
97. Peleg AY, Husain S, Kwak EJ, et al. Opportunistic infections in 547 organ transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab, a humanized monoclonal CD-52 antibody. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:204-212.
98. Johnson R, Peitzman AB, Webster MW, et al. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy after cardiac transplantation. Surgery 1988, 103:300-304.
99. McDonald GB, Sharma P, Hackman RC, et al. Esophageal infections in immunosuppressed patients after marrow transplantation. Gastroenterology 1985, 88:1111-1117.
100. Berkovich GY, Levine MS, Miller WT CT findings in patients with esophagitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000, 175:1431-1434.
101. Altman C, Bedossa P, Dussaix E, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection of esophagus in immunocompetent adult. Dig Dis Sci 1995, 40:606-608.
102. Wilcox CM, Diehl DL, Cello JP, et al. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in patients with AIDS: a clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic correlation. Ann Intern Med 1990, 113:589-593.
103. Wilcox CM, Rodgers W, Lazenby A Prospective comparison of brush cytology, viral culture, and histology for the diagnosis of ulcerative esophagitis in AIDS. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 2:564-567.
104. McBane RD, Gross JB Herpes esophagitis: clinical syndrome, endoscopic appearance, and diagnosis in 23 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1991, 37:600-603.
105. Ramanathan J, Rammouni M, Baran J, et al. Herpes simplex virus esophagitis in the immunocompetent host: an overview. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:2171-2176.
106. Wilcox CM, Alexander LN, Clark WS, et al. Fluconazole compared with endoscopy for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with esophageal symptoms. Gastroenterology 1996, 110:1803-1809.
107. Genereau T, Lortholary O, Bouchaud O, et al. Herpes simplex esophagitis in patients with AIDS: report of 34 cases. The Cooperative Study Group on Herpetic Esophagitis in HIV Infection. Clin Infect Dis 1996, 22:926-931.
108. Wilcox CM, Schwartz DA, Clark WS Esophageal ulceration in human immunodeficiency virus infection: causes, response to therapy, and long-term outcome. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123:143-149.
109. Bach MC, Howell DA, Valenti AJ, et al. Aphthous ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1990, 112:465-467.
110. Samonis G, Skordilis P, Maraki S, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis as a marker for esophageal candidiasis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:283-286.
111. Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, et al. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30(suppl 1):S5-S14.
112. San-Andres FJ, Rubio R, Castilla J, et al. Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 1989-1997. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:1177-1185.
113. Monkemuller KE, Lazenby AJ, Lee DH, et al. Occurrence of gastrointestinal opportunistic disorders in AIDS despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2005, 50:230-234.
114. Graybill JR, Vazquez J, Darouiche RO, et al. Randomized trial of itraconazole oral solution for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients. Am J Med 1998, 104:33-39.
115. Barbaro G, Barbarini G, Calderon W, et al. Fluconazole versus itraconazole for Candida esophagitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 1996, 111:1169-1177.
116. Bini EJ, Micale PL, Weinshel EH Natural history of HIV-associated esophageal disease in the era of protease inhibitor therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2000, 45:1301-1307.
117. Wilcox CM, Straub RF, Schwartz DA Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in AIDS: a prospective evaluation of clinical response to ganciclovir therapy, relapse rate, and long-term outcome. Am J Med 1995, 98:169-176.
118. Parente F, Bianchi Porro G Treatment of cytomegalovirus esophagitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a randomized controlled study of foscarnet versus ganciclovir. Am J Gastroenterol 1998, 93:317-322.
119. Blanshard C, Benhamou Y, Dohin E, et al. Treatment of AIDS-associated gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus infection with foscarnet and ganciclovir: a randomized comparison. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:622-628.
120. Wilcox CM, Schwartz DA Comparison of two corticosteroid regimens for the treatment of HIV-associated idiopathic esophageal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol 1994, 89:2163-2167.
121. Jacobson JM, Greenspan JS, Spritzler J, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1487-1493.
122. Fichtenbaum CJ, Koletar S, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Refractory mucosal candidiasis in advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:749-756.
123. Wilcox CM, Darouiche RO, Laine L, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole tablets in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:227-232.
124. Skiest DJ, Vazquez JA, Amstead GM, et al. Posaconazole for the treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in subjects with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:607-614.
125. Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46:451-457.
126. Laverdiere M, Lalonde RG, Baril JG, et al. Progressive loss of echinocandin activity following prolonged use for treatment of Candida albicans oesophagitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57:705-708.
127. Grimes MM, LaPook JD, Bar MH, et al. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1987, 18:307-308.
128. Sherman RA, Silva J, Gandour-Edwards R Fatal varicella in an adult: case report and review of the gastrointestinal complications of chickenpox. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13:424-427.
129. Jacobson JM, Spritzler J, Fox L, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of esophageal aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1999, 180:61-67.
130. Alexander JA, Brouillette DE, Chien MC, et al. Infectious esophagitis following liver and renal transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 1988, 33:1121-1126.