Lead toxicity

Occupational Medicine

Volumn 65, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 348-356

  Gidlow, D A ^a  

^a RPS Health in Business Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Inorganic lead; Legislation; Organic lead; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

LEAD;

ADVERSE EFFECTS; HUMAN; LEAD POISONING; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH;

HUMANS; LEAD; LEAD POISONING; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH;

EID: 84939475261     PISSN: 09627480     EISSN: 14718405     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqv018     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Lane RE. The care of the lead worker. Br J Ind Med 1949;6:125-143.
2. Levin SM, Goldberg M, Doucette JT. The effect of the OSHA lead exposure in construction standard on blood lead levels among iron workers employed in bridge rehabilitation. Am J Ind Med 1997;31:303-309.
3. Sen D, Wolfson H, Dilworth M. Lead exposure in scaffolders during refurbishment construction activity-an observational study. Occup Med (Lond) 2002;52:49-54.
4. Nordström S, Beckman L, Nordenson I. Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in northern Sweden. V. Spontaneous abortion among female employees and decreased birth weight in their offspring. Hereditas 1979;90:291-296.
5. Borja-Aburto VH, Hertz-Picciotto I, Rojas Lopez M, Farias P, Rios C, Blanco J. Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:590-597.
6. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Inorganic Lead. Environmental Health Criteria 165. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, 1995.
7. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR). Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2007.
8. Lerda D. Study of sperm characteristics in persons occupationally exposed to lead. Am J Ind Med 1992;22:567-571.
9. Braunstein GD, Dahlgren J, Loriaux DL. Hypogonadism in chronically lead-poisoned men. Infertility 1978;1:33-51.
10. Chowdhury AR, Chinoy NJ, Gautam AK et al. Effect of lead on human semen. Adv Contracept Deliv Syst 1986;2:208-210.
11. Assennato G, Paci C, Baser ME et al. Sperm count suppression without endocrine dysfunction in lead-exposed men. Arch Environ Health 1987;42:124-127.
12. Telisman S, Cvitković P, Jurasović J, Pizent A, Gavella M, Rocić B. Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function in relation to biomarkers of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in men. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:45-53.
13. Apostoli P, Kiss P, Porru S, Bonde JP, Vanhoorne M. Male reproductive toxicity of lead in animals and humans. ASCLEPIOS Study Group. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:364-374.
14. Bonde JP, Joffe M, Apostoli P et al. Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:234-242.
15. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Evaluation - Monograph on Lead, Inorganic. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.
16. National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) US. Lead. TOXBASE, Health Protection Agency, 2010.
17. Davis JM, Svendsgaard DJ. Nerve conduction velocity and lead; a critical review and meta-analysis. In: Johnson BL, Anger WK, Durao A, Xinteras C, eds. Advances in Neurobehavioural Toxicology: Applications in Environmental and Occupational Health. Chelsea, MI: Michigan Lewis Publishers, 1990; 353-376.
18. Triebig G, Weltle D, Valentin H. Investigations on neurotoxicity of chemical substances at the workplace. V. Determination of the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in persons occupationally exposed to lead. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1984;53:189-203.
19. Seppalainen AM, Hernberg S, Kock B. Relationship between blood lead levels and nerve conduction velocities. Neurotoxicology 1979;1:313-332.
20. Beritić T. Lead neuropathy. Crit Rev Toxicol 1984;12:149-213.
21. Hogstedt C, Hane M, Agrell A, Bodin L. Neuropsychological test results and symptoms among workers with well-defined long-term exposure to lead. Br J Ind Med 1983;40:99-105.
22. Mantere P, Hänninen H, Hernberg S, Luukkonen R. A prospective follow-up study on psychological effects in workers exposed to low levels of lead. Scand J Work Environ Health 1984;10:43-50.
23. Campara P, D'Andrea F, Micciolo R, Savonitto C, Tansella M, Zimmermann-Tansella C. Psychological performance of workers with blood-lead concentration below the current threshold limit value. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1984;53:233-246.
24. Hänninen H, Aitio A, Kovala T et al. Occupational exposure to lead and neuropsychological dysfunction. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:202-209.
25. Stollery BT, Banks HA, Broadbent DE, Lee WR. Cognitive functioning in lead workers. Br J Ind Med 1989;46:698-707.
26. Baker EL, White RF, Pothier LJ et al. Occupational lead neurotoxicity: improvement in behavioural effects after reduction of exposure. Br J Ind Med 1985;42:507-516.
27. Goodman M, LaVerda N, Clarke C, Foster ED, Iannuzzi J, Mandel J. Neurobehavioural testing in workers occupationally exposed to lead: systematic review and meta-analysis of publications. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:217-223.
28. Schwartz BS, Stewart W, Hu H. Neurobehavioural testing in workers occupationally exposed to lead. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:648-649.
29. Winneke G, Brockhaus A, Ewers U, Krämer U, Neuf M. Results from the European multicenter study on lead neurotoxicity in children: implications for risk assessment. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990;12:553-559.
30. Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment (COT). COT Statement on the 2006 UK Total Diet Study of Metals and Other Elements. London: Food Standards Agency, 2008.
31. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Lead. Atlanta, GA, August 2007; 112-136.
32. International Agency for the Research on Cancer (IARC). Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 87. Lyon, France, 2006.
33. National Toxicity Program. Department of Health and Human Carcinogens. 12th edn. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2011.
34. Lundström NG, Nordberg G, Englyst V et al. Cumulative lead exposure in relation to mortality and lung cancer morbidity in a cohort of primary smelter workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1997;23:24-30.
35. Wynant W, Siemiatycki J, Parent MÉ, Rousseau MC. Occupational exposure to lead and lung cancer: results from two case-control studies in Montreal, Canada. Occup Environ Med 2013;70:164-170.
36. Wong O, Harris F. Cancer mortality study of employees at lead battery plants and lead smelters, 1947-1995. Am J Ind Med 2000;38:255-270.
37. Muhle H, Steenland K. Lead and Lead Compounds. IARC Monographs 87. 2006.
38. Cheng Y, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Aro A, Weiss ST, Hu H. Bone lead and blood lead levels in relation to baseline blood pressure and the prospective development of hypertension: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:164-171.
39. Glenn BS, Stewart WF, Schwartz BS, Bressler J. Relation of alleles of the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase alpha 2 gene with blood pressure and lead exposure. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:537-545.
40. Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Ashby D, Delves T, Whitehead TP. Blood lead concentration, blood pressure, and renal function. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;289:872-874.
41. Vupputuri S, He J, Muntner P, Bazzano LA, Whelton PK, Batuman V. Blood lead level is associated with elevated blood pressure in blacks. Hypertension 2003;41:463-468.
42. Wells EM, Navas-Acien A, Herbstman JB et al. Low-level lead exposure and elevations in blood pressure during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:664-669.
43. Den Hond E, Nawrot T, Staessen JA. The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead in NHANES III. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. J Hum Hypertens 2002;16:563-568.
44. Loghman-Adham M. Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105:928-938.
45. Ehrlich R, Robins T, Jordaan E et al. Lead absorption and renal dysfunction in a South African battery factory. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:453-460.
46. Gerhardsson L, Chettle DR, Englyst V et al. Kidney effects in long term exposed lead smelter workers. Br J Ind Med 1992;49:186-192.
47. Ong CN, Endo G, Chia KS, Evaluation of renal function in workers with low blood lead levels. In: Foa V, ed. Occupational and Environmental Chemical Hazards: Cellular and Biochemical Indices for Monitoring Toxicity. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1987; 327-333.
48. Gennart JP, Bernard A, Lauwerys R. Assessment of thyroid, testes, kidney and autonomic nervous system function in lead-exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992;64:49-57.
49. Tsaih SW, Korrick S, Schwartz J et al. Lead, diabetes, hypertension, and renal function: the normative aging study. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:1178-1182.
50. Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Buchet JP et al. Impairment of renal function with increasing blood lead concentrations in the general population. The Cadmibel Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992;327:151-156.
51. Koller LD. Immunological effects of lead. In: Mehaffey KR, ed. Dietary and Environmental Lead: Human Effects. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1985; 339-354.
52. Taha N, Korshom M, Mandour A-W, Lebdah M, Aladham E. Effect of lead toxicity on mineral metabolism and immunological factors in rats. Alexandria J Vet Sci 2013;39:64-73.
53. Ewers U, Stiller-Winkler R, Idel H. Serum immunoglobulin, complement C3, and salivary IgA levels in lead workers. Environ Res 1982;29:351-357.
54. Kimber I, Stonard MD, Gidlow DA, Niewola Z. Influence of chronic low-level exposure to lead on plasma immunoglobulin concentration and cellular immune function in man. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1986;57:117-125.
55. Coscia GC, Discalzi G, Ponzetti C. Immunological aspects of occupational lead exposure. Med Lav 1987;78:360-364.
56. Wang L, Wang JY, Bai H, Li XF, Wan F. Impact of excessive blood-lead levels on T cell subsets in lead exposed workers. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2011;19:1509-1511.
57. Koo WW, Succop PA, Bornschein RL et al. Serum vitamin D metabolites and bone mineralization in young children with chronic low to moderate lead exposure. Pediatrics 1991;87:680-687.
58. Rosen JF, Chesney RW, Hamstra A, DeLuca HF, Mahaffey KR. Reduction in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in children with increased lead absorption. N Engl J Med 1980;302:1128-1131.
59. Chalkley SR, Richmond J, Barltrop D. Measurement of vitamin D3 metabolites in smelter workers exposed to lead and cadmium. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:446-452.
60. Health Protection Agency. Lead Toxicological Overview. Version 3. London, UK: H.P.A., 2012.
61. Hu H. Knowledge of diagnosis and reproductive history among survivors of childhood plumbism. Am J Public Health 1991;81:1070-1072.
62. Froom P, Kristal-Boneh E, Benbassat J, Ashkanazi R, Ribak J. Predictive value of determinations of zinc protoporphyrin for increased blood lead concentrations. Clin Chem 1998;44:1283-1288.
63. Jain NB, Laden F, Guller U, Shankar A, Kazani S, Garshick E. Relation between blood lead levels and childhood anemia in India. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:968-973.
64. Schwartz BS, Lee BK, Lee GS et al. Associations of blood lead, dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead, and tibia lead with polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and [delta]-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genes. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:949-954.
65. van Bemmel DM, Li Y, McLean J et al. Blood lead levels, ALAD gene polymorphisms, and mortality. Epidemiology 2011;22:273-278.
66. Cremer JE. The toxicity of tetraethyl lead and related alkyl metallic compounds. Ann Occup Hyg 1961;3:226-230.
67. Cremer JE, Callaway S. Further studies on the toxicity of some tetra and trialkyl lead compounds. Br J Ind Med 1961;18:277-282.
68. Fayerweather WE, Karns ME, Nuwayhid IA, Nelson TJ. Case-control study of cancer risk in tetraethyl lead manufacturing. Am J Ind Med 1997;31:28-35.
69. Health and Safety Executive. Control of Lead at Work Regulations. HSE, 2002.
70. Health and Safety Executive. RIDDOR Regulations. London, UK, 1995.
71. Recommendations From the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Lead and Its Inorganic Compounds. SCOEL/SUM/83. European Commission, January 2002.
72. Health and Safety Executive. Research, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulations. London, UK: HSE, 2008.
73. Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ et al. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:463-471.
74. Askin DP, Volkmann M. Effect of personal hygiene on blood lead levels of workers at a lead processing facility. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1997;58:752-753.
75. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria 85. Lead. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1989.