Diversion of opioid maintenance treatment medications and predictors for diversion among Finnish maintenance treatment patients

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 26, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 875-882

  Launonen, Essiina ^a,b   Alho, Hannu ^a,c   Kotovirta, Elina ^d   Wallace, Isla ^e   Simojoki, Kaarlo ^a,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^c NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d Sosiaali ja terveysministerio   (Finland)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^f A klinikkasaatio Finland   (Finland)

Author keywords

Abuse; Buprenorphine; Diversion; Methadone; Opioid maintenance treatment; Substance use

Indexed keywords

BUPRENORPHINE PLUS NALOXONE; METHADONE;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DRUG MARKETING; EXPLANATORY VARIABLE; FEMALE; FINN (CITIZEN); GENDER; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PRESCRIPTION DRUG DIVERSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK REDUCTION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; FINLAND; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; PROCEDURES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; BUPRENORPHINE, NALOXONE DRUG COMBINATION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMANS; MALE; METHADONE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; PRESCRIPTION DRUG DIVERSION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84939257193     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.007     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Aitken C.K., Higgs P.G., Hellard M.E. Buprenorphine injection in Melbourne, Australia - An update. Drug and Alcohol Review 2008, 27(2):197-199. 10.1080/09595230701829553.
2. Alho H., Sinclair D., Vuori E., Holopainen A. Abuse liability of buprenorphine-naloxone tablets in untreated IV drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 88(1):75-78. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.012.
3. Auriacombe M., Fatseas M., Dubernet J., Daulouede J.P., Tignol J. French field experience with buprenorphine. American Journal on Addictions 2004, 13(Suppl. 1):S17-S28. 10.1080/10550490490440780.
4. Bazazi A.R., Yokell M., Fu J.J., Rich J.D., Zaller N.D. Illicit use of buprenorphine/naloxone among injecting and noninjecting opioid users. Journal of Addiction Medicine 2011, 5(3):175-180. 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182034e31.
5. Bell J. The global diversion of pharmaceutical drugs: Opiate treatment and the diversion of pharmaceutical opiates: A clinician's perspective. Addiction 2010, 105(9):1531-1537. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03014.x.
6. Bretteville-Jensen A.L., Lillehagen M., Gjersing L., Andreas J.B. Illicit use of opioid substitution drugs: Prevalence, user characteristics, and the association with non-fatal overdoses. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2014, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.002.
7. Bruce R.D., Govindasamy S., Sylla L., Haddad M.S., Kamarulzaman A., Altice F.L. Case series of buprenorphine injectors in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2008, 34(4):511-517. 10.1080/00952990802122259.
8. Bruce R.D., Govindasamy S., Sylla L., Kamarulzaman A., Altice F.L. Lack of reduction in buprenorphine injection after introduction of co-formulated buprenorphine/naloxone to the Malaysian market. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2009, 35(2):68-72. 10.1080/00952990802585406.
9. Cicero T.J., Surratt H.L., Inciardi J. Use and misuse of buprenorphine in the management of opioid addiction. Journal of Opioid Management 2007, 3(6):302-308.
10. Comer S.D., Sullivan M.A., Vosburg S.K., Manubay J., Amass L., Cooper Z.D., et al. Abuse liability of intravenous buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine alone in buprenorphine-maintained intravenous heroin abusers. Addiction 2010, 105(4):709-718. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02843.x.
11. Dale-Perera A., Goulão J., Stöver H. Quality of care provided to patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment in Europe: Results from the EQUATOR analysis. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems 2012, 14(4):23-38.
12. Darke S. Self-report among injecting drug users: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1998, 51(3):253-263. (discussion 267-258).
13. Dasgupta N., Bailey E.J., Cicero T., Inciardi J., Parrino M., Rosenblum A., et al. Post-marketing surveillance of methadone and buprenorphine in the United States. Pain Medicine 2010, 11(7):1078-1091. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00877.x.
14. Degenhardt L., Larance B., Mathers B., Azim T., Kamarulzaman A., Mattick R., et al. Benefits and risks of pharmaceutical opioids: Essential treatment and diverted medication. A global review of availability, extra-medical use, injection and the association with HIV 2008, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
15. Degenhardt L., Larance B.K., Bell J.R., Winstock A.R., Lintzeris N., Ali R.L., et al. Injection of medications used in opioid substitution treatment in Australia after the introduction of a mixed partial agonist-antagonist formulation. Medical Journal of Australia 2009, 191(3):161-165.
16. Hakansson A., Medvedeo A., Andersson M., Berglund M. Buprenorphine misuse among heroin and amphetamine users in Malmo, Sweden: Purpose of misuse and route of administration. European Addiction Research 2007, 13(4):207-215. 10.1159/000104883.
17. Hakkinen M., Heikman P., Ojanpera I. Parenteral buprenorphine-naloxone abuse is a major cause of fatal buprenorphine-related poisoning. Forensic Science International 2013, 232(1-3):11-15. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.06.017.
18. Horyniak D., Dietze P., Larance B., Winstock A., Degenhardt L. The prevalence and correlates of buprenorphine inhalation amongst opioid substitution treatment (OST) clients in Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy 2011, 22(2):167-171. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.10.004.
19. Iwersen-Bergmann S., Jungen H., Andresen-Streichert H., Muller A., Elakkary S., Puschel K., et al. Intravenous methadone application as a serious risk factor for an overdose death: Methadone-related fatalities in Hamburg from 2007 to 2012. International Journal of Legal Medicine 2014, 128(5):751-764. 10.1007/s00414-014-1017-x.
20. Jenkinson R.A., Clark N.C., Fry C.L., Dobbin M. Buprenorphine diversion and injection in Melbourne, Australia: An emerging issue?. Addiction 2005, 100(2):197-205. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00958.x.
21. Johanson C.E., Arfken C.L., di Menza S., Schuster C.R. Diversion and abuse of buprenorphine: Findings from national surveys of treatment patients and physicians. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2012, 120(1-3):190-195. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.019.
22. Johnson B., Richert T. Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine by patients in opioid substitution treatment in Sweden: Prevalence estimates and risk factors. International Journal of Drug Policy 2014, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.003.
23. Johnson B., Richert T. Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine from opioid substitution treatment: Patients who regularly sell or share their medication. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2014, 10.1080/10550887.2014.975617.
24. Larance B., Degenhardt L., Lintzeris N., Bell J., Winstock A., Dietze P., et al. Post-marketing surveillance of buprenorphine-naloxone in Australia: Diversion, injection and adherence with supervised dosing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011, 118(2-3):265-273. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.002.
25. Larance B., Degenhardt L., Lintzeris N., Winstock A., Mattick R. Definitions related to the use of pharmaceutical opioids: Extramedical use, diversion, non-adherence and aberrant medication-related behaviours. Drug and Alcohol Review 2011, 30(3):236-245. 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00283.x.
26. Larance B., Lintzeris N., Ali R., Dietze P., Mattick R., Jenkinson R., et al. The diversion and injection of a buprenorphine-naloxone soluble film formulation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2014, 136:21-27. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.005.
27. Lavonas E.J., Severtson S.G., Martinez E.M., Bucher-Bartelson B., Le Lait M.C., Green J.L., et al. Abuse and diversion of buprenorphine sublingual tablets and film. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2014, 10.1016/j.jsat.2014.02.003.
28. Lofwall M.R., Havens J.R. Inability to access buprenorphine treatment as a risk factor for using diverted buprenorphine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2012, 126:379-383. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.025.
29. Mammen K., Bell J. The clinical efficacy and abuse potential of combination buprenorphine-naloxone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2009, 10(15):2537-2544. 10.1517/14656560903213405.
30. Monte A.A., Mandell T., Wilford B.B., Tennyson J., Boyer E.W. Diversion of buprenorphine/naloxone coformulated tablets in a region with high prescribing prevalence. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2009, 28(3):226-231. 10.1080/10550880903014767.
31. Nordmann S., Frauger E., Pauly V., Orleans V., Pradel V., Mallaret M., et al. Misuse of buprenorphine maintenance treatment since introduction of its generic forms: OPPIDUM survey. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2012, 21(2):184-190. 10.1002/pds.2263.
32. Obadia Y., Perrin V., Feroni I., Vlahov D., Moatti J.P. Injecting misuse of buprenorphine among French drug users. Addiction 2001, 96(2):267-272. 10.1080/09652140020021008.
33. Ollgren J., Forsell M., Varjonen V., Alho H., Brummer-Korvenkontio H., Kainulainen H., et al. Amfetamiinien ja opioidien ongelmakäytön yleisyys Suomessa 2012 (The prevalence of amphetamine and opioid abuse in Finland in 2012). Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 2014, 5(79):498-508.
34. Partanen A., Vorma H., Alho H., Leppo A. Opioidiriippuvuuden lääkkeellinen vieroitus- ja korvaushoito Suomessa (Detoxification and substitution in the treatment of opioid addicts in Finland in 2011: Is treatment becoming more varied?). Finnish Medical Journal 2014, 69(7):481-486.
35. Roux P., Villes V., Blanche J., Bry D., Spire B., Feroni I., et al. Buprenorphine in primary care: Risk factors for treatment injection and implications for clinical management. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008, 97(1-2):105-113. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.025.
36. Roux P., Villes V., Bry D., Spire B., Feroni I., Marcellin F., et al. Buprenorphine sniffing as a response to inadequate care in substituted patients: Results from the Subazur survey in south-eastern France. Addictive Behaviors 2008, 33(12):1625-1629. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.018.
37. Schuman-Olivier Z., Albanese M., Nelson S.E., Roland L., Puopolo F., Klinker L., et al. Self-treatment: Illicit buprenorphine use by opioid-dependent treatment seekers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010, 39(1):41-50. 10.1016/j.jsat.2010.03.014.
38. Simojoki K., Alho H. A five-year follow-up of buprenorphine abuse potential. Journal of Alcoholism & Drug Dependence 2013, 1(2):111.
39. Uosukainen H., Kauhanen J., Voutilainen S., Fohr J., Paasolainen M., Tiihonen J., et al. Twelve-year trend in treatment seeking for buprenorphine abuse in Finland. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2013, 127(1-3):207-214. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.002.
40. Varjonen V., Tanhua H., Forsell M. Finland drug situation 2013. National Report to The EMCDDA by Reitox Focal Point (Vol. THL report 5/2014) 2014, National Institute for Health and Welfare.
41. Vicknasingam B., Mazlan M., Schottenfeld R.S., Chawarski M.C. Injection of buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in Malaysia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2010, 111(1-2):44-49. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.014.
42. Vidal-Trecan G., Varescon I., Nabet N., Boissonnas A. Intravenous use of prescribed sublingual buprenorphine tablets by drug users receiving maintenance therapy in France. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2003, 69(2):175-181.
43. Winstock A.R., Lea T. Diversion and injection of methadone and buprenorphine among clients in public opioid treatment clinics in New South Wales, Australia. Substance Use and Misuse 2010, 45(1-2):240-252. 10.3109/10826080903080664.
44. Winstock A.R., Lea T., Jackson A.P. Methods and motivations for buprenorphine diversion from public opioid substitution treatment clinics. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2009, 28(1):57-63. 10.1080/10550880802545036.
45. Winstock A.R., Lea T., Sheridan J. Prevalence of diversion and injection of methadone and buprenorphine among clients receiving opioid treatment at community pharmacies in New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy 2008, 19(6):450-458. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.03.002.
46. Vuori E., Ojanperä I., Launiainen T., Nokua J., Ojansivu R. Myrkytyskuolemien määrä kääntynyt laskuun (Prevalence of fatal poisonings turned down). Finnish Medical Journal 2012, 67(22):1735-1741.
47. Yokell M.A., Zaller N.D., Green T.C., Rich J.D. Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone diversion, misuse, and illicit use: An international review. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 2011, 4(1):28-41.