Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine from opioid substitution treatment: Patients who regularly sell or share their medication

Journal of Addictive Diseases

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-17

  Johnson, Björn ^a   Richert, Torkel ^a  

^a MALMÖ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

buprenorphine; diversion; illicit use; Methadone; opioid substitution treatment

Indexed keywords

BUPRENORPHINE; BUPRENORPHINE PLUS NALOXONE; CANNABIS; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; ILLICIT DRUG; METHADONE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUANTITATIVE A; RISK FACTOR; SWEDEN; TREATMENT DURATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECONOMICS; INTERVIEW; MOTIVATION; MULTICENTER STUDY; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; PRESCRIPTION DRUG DIVERSION; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANALGESICS, OPIOID; BUPRENORPHINE; COMMERCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; MALE; METHADONE; MOTIVATION; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; PRESCRIPTION DRUG DIVERSION; RISK FACTORS; SWEDEN;

EID: 84928499850     PISSN: 10550887     EISSN: 15450848     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2014.975617     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Mattick RP., Kimber J., Breen C., Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2:1-61.
2. Mattick RP., Breen C., Kimber J., Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3:1-25.
3. Bart G. Maintenance medication for opiate addiction: The foundation of recovery. J Addict Dis 2012; 31: 207-25.
4. Milroy CM., Forrest ARW. Methadone deaths: A toxicological analysis. JCP 2000; 53 (4): 277-81.
5. Seymour, A., Black M., Jay J., Cooper G., Weir C., Oliver J. The role of methadone in drug-related deaths in the west of Scotland. Addiction 2003; 98 (7): 995-1002.
6. Morgan O., Griffiths C., Hickman M. Association between availability of heroin and methadone and fatal poisoning in England and Wales 1993-2004. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35 (6): 1579-85.
7. Fugelstad A., Stenbacka M., Leifman A., Nylander M., Thiblin I. Methadone maintenance treatment: The balance between life-saving treatment and fatal poisonings. Addiction 2007; 102 (3): 406-12.
8. Strang J., Hall W., Hickman M., Bird SM. Impact of supervision of methadone consumption on deaths related to methadone overdose (1993-2008). BMJ 2010; 341: c4851.
9. Madden ME., Shapiro SL. The methadone epidemic: Methadone-related deaths on the rise in Vermont. Am J Forens Med Pathol 2011; 32 (2): 131-5.
10. Auriacombe M., Fatseas M., Dubernet J., Daulouede JP., Tignol J. French field experience with buprenorphine. Am J Addiction 2004; 13 (Suppl 1): S17-28.
11. Mégarbane B., Hreiche R., Pirnay S., Marie N., Baud FJ. Does high-dose buprenorphine cause respiratory depression ? Toxicol Rev 2006; 25 (2): 79-85.
12. Seldén T., Ahlner J., Druid H., Kronstrand R. Toxicological and pathological findings in a series of buprenorphine related deaths. Possible risk factors for fatal outcome. Forens Sci Int 2012; 220 (1-3): 284-90.
13. Wikner BN., Öhman I., Seldén T., Druid H., Brandt L., Kieler H. Opioid-related mortality and filled prescriptions for buprenorphine and methadone. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014; doi: 10.1111/dar.12143.
14. Lauzon P., Vincelette J., Bruneau J., Lamothe F., Lachance N., Brabant M., Soto J. Illicit use of methadone among I.V. drug users in Montreal. J Subst Abuse Treat 2002; 11 (5): 457-61.
15. Humeniuk R., Ali R., McGregor C., Darke S. Prevalence and correlates of intravenous methadone syrup administration in Adelaide, Australia. Addiction 2003; 98 (4): 413-18.
16. Davis WR., Johnson BD. Prescription opioid use, misuse, and diversion among street drug users in New York City. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 92 (1-3): 267-76.
17. Vlahov D., ODriscoll P., Mehta SH, et al. Risk factors for methadone outside treatment programs: Implications for HIV treatment among injection drug users. Addiction 2007; 102 (5): 771-7.
18. Roche A., McCabe S., Smyth BR. Illicit methadone use and abuse in young people accessing treatment for opiate dependence. Eur Addiction Res 2008; 14: 219-25.
19. Schmidt CS., Schulte B., Wickert C., Thane K., Kuhn S., Verthein U., Reimer J. Non-prescribed use of substitution medication among German drug users: prevalence, motives, and availability. Int J Drug Policy 2013; 24 (6): e111-14.
20. Spunt B., Hunt DE., Lipton DS., Goldsmith DS. Methadone diversion: a new look. J Drug Issues 1986; 16 (4): 569-83.
21. Duffy P., Mackridge AJ. Use and diversion of illicit methadone-under what circumstances does it occur, and potential risks associated with continued use of other substances. J Subst Use 2014; 19 (1-2): 48-55.
22. Obadia Y., Perrin V., Feroini I., Vlahov D., Moatti JP. Injecting misuse of buprenorphine among French drug users. Addiction 2001; 96 (2): 267-72.
23. Varescon I., Vidal-Trecan G., Nabet N., Boissonnas A. Buprenorphine abuse: high dose intravenous administration of buprenorphine. Encephale 2002; 28 (5): 397-402.
24. Håkansson A., Medvedeo A., Andersson M., Berglund M. Buprenorphine misuse among heroin and amphetamine users in Malmö, Sweden: purpose of misuse and route of administration. Eur Addiction Res 2007; 13 (4): 207-15.
25. Yokell MA., Zaller ND., Green TC., Rich JD. Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone diversion, misuse, and illicit use: an international review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2011; 4 (1): 28-41.
26. Antoniusson E-M. Illegal Subutexanvändning [Illicit use of Subutex]. Stockholm: Mobilisering mot narkotika, 2007.
27. Agar MH., Stephens RC. The methadone street scene: the addict's view. Psychiatry 1975; 38 (4): 381-7.
28. Agar MH. Going through the changes: methadone in New York City. Human Organ 1977; 36 (3): 291-5.
29. Richert T., Johnson B. Illicit use of methadone and buprenorphine among adolescents and young adults in Sweden. Harm Reduct J 2013; 10: 27.
30. Fountain J., Strang J. The play, the plot, and the players: The illicit market in methadone. In: Tober G., Strang J., eds. Methadone matters. London: Martin Dunitz, 2003. p. 167-76.
31. Cicero TJ., Inciardi JA. Diversion and abuse of methadone prescribed for pain management. JAMA 2005; 293 (3): 293-8.
32. Fountain J., Strang J., Gossop M., Farrell M., Griffiths P. Diversion of prescribed drugs by drug users in treatment: analysis of the UK market and new data from London. Addiction 2000; 95 (3): 393-406.
33. Inciardi JA., Surratt HL., Kurtz SP., Cicero TJ. Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. Pain Med 2007; 8 (2): 171-83.
34. Johnson B., Richert T. Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine by patients in opioid substitution treatment in Sweden: prevalence estimates and risk factors. Int J Drug Policy 2015; 26(2):183-90.
35. Winstock AR., Lea T. Diversion and injection of methadone and buprenorphine among clients in public opioid treatment clinics in New South Wales, Australia. Subst Use Misuse 2010; 45 (1-2): 240-52.
36. Dale-Perera A., Goulão J., Stöver H. Quality of care provided to patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment in Europe. Heroin Addict Related Clin Probl 2012; 14 (4): 23-38.
37. Winstock AR., Lea T., Sheridan J. Prevalence of diversion and injection of methadone and buprenorphine among clients receiving opioid treatment at community pharmacies in New South Wales, Australia. Int J Drug Policy 2008; 19 (6): 450-8.
38. Duffy P., Baldwin H. The nature of methadone diversion in England: a Merseyside case study. Harm Reduct J 2012; 9: 3.
39. Ritter A., Di Natale R. The relationship between take-away methadone policies and methadone diversion. Drug Alcohol Rev 2005; 24 (4) 347-52.
40. Fountain J., Griffiths P., Farrell M., Gossop M., Strang J. Diversion tactics: how a sample of drug misusers in treatment obtained surplus drugs to sell on the illicit market. Int J Drug Policy 1998; 9 (3): 159-67.
41. Winsock AR., Lea T., Jackson AP. Methods and motivations for buprenorphine diversion from public opioid substitution treatment clinics. J Addict Dis 2009; 28 (1): 57-63.
42. Johnson B., Richert T. Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine from opioid substitution treatment: A staff perspective. J Psychoactive Drugs 2015; 46(5):427-35.
43. Marsch LA., Bickel WK., Badger GJ., Jacobs EA. Buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence: the relative efficacy of daily, twice, and thrice weekly dosing. Drug Alcohol Dep 2005; 77 (2): 195-204.
44. Welsh C., Valades-Metlzer A. Buprenorphine: a (relatively) new treatment for opioid dependence. Psychiatry 2005; 2 (12): 29-39.
45. Bourgois P. The moral economies of homeless heroin addicts: confronting ethnography, HIV risk, and everyday violence in San Francisco shooting encampments. Subst Use Misuse 1998; 33 (11): 2323-51.
46. Bourgois P., Schonberg J. Righteous dopefiend. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.