Frictional properties of the active San Andreas Fault at SAFOD: Implications for fault strength and slip behavior

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 120, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 5273-5289

  Carpenter, B M ^a,b   Saffer, D M ^b   Marone, C ^b  

^a ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

constitutive relations; earthquakes; friction; SAFOD; San Andreas Fault

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE FAULT; CREEP; FAULT SLIP; FAULT ZONE; FRICTION; MICROEARTHQUAKE; SAN ANDREAS FAULT;

CALIFORNIA; SAN ANDREAS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84939214772     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015JB011963     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Allen, C. R., (1968), The tectonic environments of seismically active and inactive areas along the San Andreas fault system, in Proc. of Conf. on Geologic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System, Univ. Ser., vol. 11, edited by., W. R. Dickinson, and, A. Grantz, pp. 70-82, Stanford Univ. Publ., Geol. Sci., Stanford, Calif.
2. Bhattacharya, P., and, A. M. Rubin, (2014), Frictional response to velocity steps and 1-D fault nucleation under a state evolution law with stressing-rate dependence, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 2272-2304, doi: 10.1002/2013JB010671.
3. Blanpied, M. L., C. J. Marone, D. A. Lockner, J. D. Byerlee, and, D. P. King, (1998), Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid rock interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9691-9712, doi: 10.1029/98JB00162.
4. Bos, B., and, C. J. Spiers, (2002), Frictional-viscous flow of phyllosilicate-bearing fault rock: Microphysical model and implications for crustal strength profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (B2)s, B22028, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000301.
5. Brace, W. F., and, J. D. Byerlee, (1966), Stick-slip as a mechanism for earthquakes, Science, 153, 990-992.
6. Bradbury, K. K., J. P. Evans, J. S. Chester, F. M. Chester, and, D. L. Kirschner, (2011), Lithology and internal structure of the San Andreas Fault at depth based on characterization of Phase 3 whole-rock core in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) borehole, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 310, 131-144, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.020.
7. Brantut, N., A. Schubnel, and, Y. Guéguen, (2011), Damage and rupture dynamics at the brittle-ductile transition: The case of gypsum, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B01404, doi: 10.1029/2010JB007675.
8. Brown, K., A. Kopf, M. Underwood, and, J. Weinberger, (2003), Compositional and fluid pressure controls on the state of stress on the Nankai subduction thrust: A weak plate boundary, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 214, 589-603, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00388-1.
9. Brune, J. N., T. L. Henyey, and, R. F. Roy, (1969), Heat flow, stress, and rate of slip along the San Andreas Fault, California, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 3821-3827, doi: 10.1029/JB074i015p03821.
10. Carpenter, B. M., C. Marone, and, D. M. Saffer, (2009), Frictional behavior of materials in the 3D SAFOD volume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05302, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036660.
11. Carpenter, B. M., C. Marone, and, D. M. Saffer, (2011), Frictional strength of the San Andreas Fault from laboratory measurements of SAFOD drill samples, Nat. Geosci., 4, 251-254, doi: 10.1038/ngeo1089.
12. Carpenter, B. M., D. M. Saffer, and, C. Marone, (2012), Frictional properties and sliding stability of the San Andreas Fault from deep drill core, Geology, 40, 759-762, doi: 10.1130/G33007.1.
13. Chen, T., and, N. Lapusta, (2009), Scaling of small repeating earthquakes explained by interaction of seismic and aseismic slip in a rate and state fault model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B01311, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005749.
14. Coble, C. G., M. E. French, F. M. Chester, J. S. Chester, and, H. Kitajima, (2014), In situ frictional properties of San Andreas Fault gouge at SAFOD, Geophys. J. Int., 199, 956-967, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu306.
15. Collettini, C., A. Niemeijer, C. Viti, and, C. Marone, (2009), Fault zone fabric and fault weakness, Nature, 462, 907-910, doi: 10.1038/nature08585.
16. Collettini, C., A. Niemeijer, C. Viti, S. A. F. Smith, and, C. Marone, (2011), Fault structure, frictional properties and mixed-mode fault slip behavior, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 311, 316-327, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.020.
17. Dibblee, T. W., (1973), Regional geologic map of the San Andreas and related faults in Carrizo Plain, Temblor, Caliente, and La Panza ranges and vicinity, California, U.S. Geol. Surv. Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations, Map I-757.
18. Dieterich, J. H., (1978), Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 790-805.
19. Dieterich, J. H., (1979), Modeling of rock friction: 1. Experimental results and constitutive equations, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2161-2168, doi: 10.1029/JB084iB05p02161.
20. Fagereng, A., and, R. H. Sibson, (2010), Mélange rheology and seismic style, Geology, 38, 751-754, doi: 10.1130/G30868.1.
21. Faulkner, D. R., and, E. H. Rutter, (2001), Can the maintenance of overpressured fluids in large strike-slip fault zones explain their apparent weakness?, Geology, 29, 503-506, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0503.CTMOOF>2.0.CO;2.
22. French, M. E., F. M. Chester, J. S. Chester, and, J. S. Chester, (2015), Micromechanisms of creep in clay-rich gouge from the Central Deforming Zone of the San Andreas Fault, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 120, 827-849, doi: 10.1002/2014JB011496.
23. Gratier, J.-P., J. Richard, F. Renard, S. Mittempergher, M.-L. Doan, G. Di Toro, J. Hadizadeh, and, A.-M. Boullier, (2011), Aseismic sliding of active faults by pressure solution creep: Evidence from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, Geology, 39, 1131-1134, doi: 10.1130/G32073.1.
24. Gu, J.-C., J. R. Rice, A. L. Ruina, and, S. T. Tse, (1984), Slip motion and stability of a single degree of freedom elastic system with rate and state dependent friction, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 32, 167-196.
25. Hadizadeh, J., S. Mittempergher, J.-P. Gratier, F. Renard, G. Di Toro, J. Richard, and, H. A. Babaie, (2012), A microstructural study of fault rocks from the SAFOD: Implications for the deformation mechanisms and strength of the creeping segment of the San Andreas Fault, J. Struct. Geol., 42, 246-260, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.04.011.
26. Haines, S. H., B. Kaproth, C. Marone, D. Saffer, and, B. A. van der Pluijm, (2013), Shear zones in clay-rich fault gouge: A laboratory study of fabric development and evolution, J. Struct. Geol., 51, 206-225, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2013.01.002.
27. Hickman, S., and, M. Zoback, (2004), Stress orientations and magnitudes in the SAFOD pilot hole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15S12, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020043.
28. Hickman, S., M. D. Zoback, and, W. Ellsworth, (2004), Introduction to special issue: Preparing for the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31 L12S01, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020688.
29. Holdsworth, R. E., E. W. E. van Diggelen, C. J. Spiers, J. H. P. de Bresser, R. J. Walker, and, L. Bowen, (2011), Fault rocks from the SAFOD core samples: Implications for weakening at shallow depths along the San Andreas Fault, California, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 132-144, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.11.010.
30. Horowitz, F. G., (1988), Mixed state variable friction laws: Some implications for experiments and stability analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1243-1246, doi: 10.1029/GL015i011p01243.
31. Ikari, M. J., and, D. M. Saffer, (2011), Comparison of frictional strength and velocity dependence between fault zones in the Nankai accretionary complex, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q0AD11, doi: 10.1029/2010GC003442.
32. Ikari, M. J., D. M. Saffer, and, C. Marone, (2009), Frictional and hydrologic properties of clay-rich fault gouge, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B05409, doi: 10.1029/2008JB006089.
33. Ikari, M. J., C. Marone, and, D. M. Saffer, (2011), On the relation between fault strength and frictional stability, Geology, 39, 83-86, doi: 10.1130/G31416.1.
34. Ikari, M. J., C. Marone, D. Saffer, and, A. Kopf, (2013), Slip weakening as a mechanism for slow earthquakes, Nat. Geosci., 6, 468-472, doi: 10.1038/ngeo1818.
35. Inoue, A., and, M. Utada, (1991), Smectite-to-chlorite transformation in thermally metamorphosed volcaniclastic rocks in the Kamikita area, northern Honshu, Japan, Am. Mineral., 79, 628-640.
36. Irwin, W. P., and, I. Barnes, (1975), Effect of geologic structure and metamorphic fluids on seismic behavior of the San Andreas fault system in central and northern California, Geology, 3, 713-716.
37. Johanson, I. A., E. J. Fielding, F. Rolandone, and, R. Bürgmann, (2006), Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake from space geodetic data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96, 269-282, doi: 10.1785/0120050818.
38. Kato, N., and, T. E. Tullis, (2001), A composite rate-and state-dependent law for rock friction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1103-1106, doi: 10.1029/2000GL012060.
39. Kinoshita, M., H. Tobin, J. Ashi, G. Kimura, S. Lallemant, E. J. Screaton, D. Curewitz, H. Masago, K. T. Moe, and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists (2009), IODP Proceedings, 314/315/316, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Washington, D. C., doi: 10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.134.2009.
40. Lachenbruch, A. H., and, J. H. Sass, (1980), Heat flow and energetics of the San Andreas fault zone, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6185-6222, doi: 10.1029/JB085iB11p06185.
41. Langbein, L., R. Borcherdt, D. S. Dreger, J. Fletcher, J. L. Hardebeck, J. R. Murray, R. Nadeau, M. J. Rymer, and, J. A. Treiman, (2005), Preliminary report on the 28 September 2004, M 6.0 Parkfield, California earthquake, Seismol. Res. Lett., 76, doi: 10.1785/gssrl.76.1.10.
42. Lockner, D. A., C. Morrow, D. Moore, and, S. Hickman, (2011), Low strength of deep San Andreas Fault gouge from SAFOD core, Nature, 472, 82-85, doi: 10.1038/nature09927.
43. Logan, J., and, K. Rauenzahn, (1987), Frictional dependence of gouge mixtures of quartz and montmorillonite on velocity, composition, and fabric, Tectonophysics, 144, 87-108, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(87)90010-2.
44. Lupini, J., A. Skinner, and, P. Vaughan, (1981), The drained residual strength of cohesive soils, Geotechnique, 31, 181-213.
45. Marone, C., (1998a), Laboratory-derived friction laws and their application to seismic faulting, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 26, 643-696, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.643.
46. Marone, C., (1998b), The effect of loading rate on static friction and the rate of fault healing during the earthquake cycle, Nature, 391, 69-72, doi: 10.1038/34157.
47. Marone, C., and, D. Saffer, (2015), The mechanics of frictional healing and slip instability during the seismic cycle, Treatise Geophys., 4, 111-138, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00092-0.
48. Marone, C., J. E. Vidale, and, W. L. Ellsworth, (1995), Fault healing inferred from time dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3095-3098, doi: 10.1029/95GL03076.
49. Moore, D. E., (2014), Comparative mineral chemistry and textures of SAFOD fault gouge and damage-zone rocks, J. Struct. Geol., 68, 82-96, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.09.002.
50. Moore, D. E., and, D. A. Lockner, (2004), Crystallographic controls on the frictional behavior of dry and water-saturated sheet structure minerals, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B03401, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002582.
51. Moore, D. E., and, M. J. Rymer, (2012), Correlation of clayey gouge in a surface exposure of serpentinite in the San Andreas Fault with gouge from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), J. Struct. Geol., 38, 51-60, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2011.11.014.
52. Morrow, C., J. Solum, S. Tembe, D. Lockner, and, T. Wong, (2007), Using drill cutting separates to estimate the strength of narrow shear zones at SAFOD, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11301, doi: 10.1029/2007GL029665.
53. Nagata, K., M. Nakatani, and, S. Yoshida, (2008), Monitoring frictional strength with acoustic wave transmission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L06310, doi: 10.1029/2007GL033146.
54. Niemeijer, A. R., and, C. J. Spiers, (2007), A microphysical model for strong velocity weakening in phyllosilicate-bearing fault gouges, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B10405, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005008.
55. Niemeijer, A., C. Marone, and, D. Elsworth, (2010), Fabric induced weakness of tectonic faults, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03304, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041689.
56. Noda, H., and, T. Shimamoto, (2009), Constitutive properties of clayey fault gouge from the Hanaore fault zone, southwest Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B04409, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005683.
57. Noda, H., and, T. Shimamoto, (2010), A rate-and state-dependent ductile flow law of polycrystalline halite under large shear strain and implications for transition to brittle deformation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09310, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042512.
58. Putelat, T., J. H. P. Dawes, and, J. R. Willis, (2011), On the microphysical foundations of rate-and-state friction, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 59, 1062-1075, doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2011.02.002.
59. Reinen, L. A., and, J. D. Weeks, (1993), Determination of rock friction constitutive parameters using an iterative least-squares inversion method, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 15,937-15,950, doi: 10.1029/93JB00780.
60. Reinen, L. A., J. D. Weeks, and, T. E. Tullis, (1991), The frictional behavior of serpentinite: Implications for aseismic creep on shallow crustal faults, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1921-1924, doi: 10.1029/91GL02367.
61. Reinen, L. A., T. E. Tullis, and, J. D. Weeks, (1992), Two-mechanism model for frictional sliding of serpentine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1535-1538, doi: 10.1029/92GL01388.
62. Rice, J. R., (1992), Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions, and the weakness of the San Andreas Fault, in Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks, edited by, B. Evan, and, T.-F. Wong, pp. 475-503, Academic Press, Ltd., San Diego, Calif.
63. Richard, J., J.-P. Gratier, M.-L. Doan, A.-M. Boullier, and, F. Renard, (2014), Rock and mineral transformations in a fault zone leading to permanent creep: Interactions between brittle and viscous mechanisms in the San Andreas Fault, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 8132-8153, doi: 10.1002/2014JB011489.
64. Ruina, A., (1983), Slip instability and state variable friction laws, J. Geophys. Res., 88 (B12), 10,359-10,370, doi: 10.1029/JB088iB12p10359.
65. Saffer, D. M., and, C. Marone, (2003), Comparison of smectite-and illite-rich gouge frictional properties: Application to the updip limit of the seismogenic zone along subduction megathrusts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 215, 219-235, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00424-2.
66. SAFOD (2010), Photographic atlas of the SAFOD 3 cores. [Available at http://earthscope.org/es-doc/data/safod/Core%20Photo%20Atlas%20v4.pdf[, version 4.
67. Schleicher, A. M., L. N. Warr, and, B. A. van der Pluijm, (2008), On the origin of mixed-layered clay minerals from the San Andreas Fault at 2.5-3 km vertical depth (SAFOD drillhole at Parkfield, California), Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 157, 173-187, doi: 10.1007/s00410-008-0328-7.
68. Schleicher, A. M., B. A. van der Pluijm, and, L. N. Warr, (2010), Nanocoatings of clay and creep of the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California, Geology, 38, 667-670.
69. Schleicher, A. M., B. A. van der Pluijm, and, L. N. Warr, (2012), Chlorite-smectite clay minerals and fault behavior: New evidence from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) core, Lithosphere, 4, 209-220, doi: 10.1130/L158.1.
70. Scholz, C. H., (2000), Evidence for a strong San Andreas Fault, Geology, 28, 163-166.
71. Scholz, C. H., (2006), The strength of the San Andreas Fault: A critical analysis, paper presented at Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting, AGU Monograph 170.
72. Solum, J. G., S. H. Hickman, D. A. Lockner, D. E. Moore, B. A. van der Pluijm, A. M. Schleicher, and, J. P. Evans, (2006), Mineralogical characterization of protolith and fault rocks from the SAFOD Main Hole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21314, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027285.
73. Sone, H., T. Shimamoto, and, D. E. Moore, (2012), Frictional properties of saponite-rich fault gouge from a serpentine-bearing fault zone along the Gokasho-Arashima Tectonic Line, central Japan, J. Struct. Geol., 38, 172-182, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2011.09.007.
74. Takahashi, M., S.-I. Uehara, K. Mizoguchi, I. Shimizu, K. Okazaki, and, K. Masuda, (2011), On the transient response of serpentine (antigorite) gouge to step-wise changes in slip velocity under high-temperature conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B10405, doi: 10.1029/2010JB008062.
75. Tembe, S., D. Lockner, J. G. Solum, C. A. Morrow, T. Wong, and, D. E. Moore, (2006), Frictional strength of cuttings and core from SAFOD drill phases 1 and 2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23307, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027626.
76. Thayer, M. R., J. R. Arrowsmith, J. J. Young, A. K. Fayon, and, M. J. Rymer, (2004), Geologic structure of Middle Mountain within the San Andreas Fault zone near Parkfield, California, EOS Trans. AGU, 85, 1335.
77. Thordsen, J. J., W. C. Evans, Y. K. Kharaka, B. M. Kennedy, and, M. van Soest, (2005), Chemical and isotopic composition of water and gases from the SAFOD wells: Implications to the dynamics of the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California, Eos Trans. AGU, 86, T23E-08.
78. Thurber, C. H., S. W. Roecker, H. Zhang, N. L. Bennington, and, D. Peterson, (2010), Crustal structure and seismicity around SAFOD: A ten-year perspective, Eos Trans. AGU, 91, T52B-01.
79. Titus, S. J., C. DeMets, and, B. Tikoff, (2006), Thirty-five-year creep rates for the creeping segment of the San Andreas Fault and the effects of the 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake: Constraints from alignment arrays, continuous GPS, and creepmeters, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96, 5250-5268, doi: 10.1785/0120050811.
80. Townend, J., R. Sutherland, and, V. G. Toy, (2009), Deep Fault Drilling Project-Alpine Fault, New Zealand, Sci. Drill., 8, 75-82, doi: 10.2204/iodp.sd.8.12.2009.
81. Warr, L. N., J. Wajatschke, B. M. Carpenter, C. Marone, A. Schleicher, and, B. van der Pluijm, (2014), A «slice-and-view» (FIB-SEM) study of clay gouge from the SAFOD creeping section of the San Andreas Fault at ~2.7 km depth, J. Struc. Geol., 69, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.006.
82. Zoback, M. D., et al., (1987), New evidence on the state of stress of the San Andreas Fault system, Science, 238 (4830), 1105-1111.
83. Zoback, M. D., S. Hickman, W. Ellsworth, and the SAFOD Science Team (2011), Scientific drilling into the San Andreas Fault Zone-An overview of SAFOD's first five years, Sci. Drill., 11, 14-28.