Emergency care in 59 low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review;La atencion de emergencia en 59 paises de ingresos medios y bajos: Revision sistematica

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Volumn 93, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 577-586

  Obermeyer, Ziad ^a   Abujaber, Samer ^b   Makar, Maggie ^b   Stoll, Samantha ^c   Kayden, Stephanie R ^b   Wallis, Lee A ^d   Reynolds, Teri A ^e  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c University of Cape Town ^*  (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA ACQUISITION; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH MONITORING; HEALTH POLICY; HOSPITAL SECTOR; MORTALITY; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ARTICLE; EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; EMERGENCY WARD; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INCOME; LENGTH OF STAY; MEDICAL RECORD; MORTALITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; CHILD; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; EDUCATION; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FACTUAL DATABASE; FEMALE; GLOBAL HEALTH; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HOSPITAL PERSONNEL; HOSPITALIZATION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POVERTY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; YOUNG ADULT;

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL COMPETENCE; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; FEMALE; GLOBAL HEALTH; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; LATIN AMERICA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONNEL, HOSPITAL; POVERTY; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84938506875     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: 15640604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.14.148338     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Lamontagne F, Clѐment C, Fletcher T, Jacob ST, Fischer WA 2nd, Fowler RA. Doing today's work superbly well-treating Ebola with current tools. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 23;371(17):1565-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMp1411310 PMID: 25251518
2. Ali M, Lopez AL, Ae You Y, Eun Kim Y, Sah B, Maskery B, et al. The global burden of cholera. Bull World Health Organ. 2012 Mar 1;90(3):209-18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.093427 PMID: 22461716
3. Coghlan B, Brennan RJ, Ngoy P, Dofara D, Otto B, Clements M, et al. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey. Lancet. 2006 Jan 7;367(9504):44-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3 PMID: 16399152
4. Sharma D. Nepal earthquake exposes gaps in disaster preparedness. Lancet. 2015;385(9980):1819-20. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/ journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(15)60913-8.pdf [cited 2015 May 25].
5. High level meeting on building resilient systems for health in Ebola-affected countries, 2014 Dec 10-11, Geneva, Switzerland. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/resources/ publications/ebola/hs-meeting.pdf ua=1 [cited 2015 Jan 5].
6. Wen LS, Xu J, Steptoe AP, Sullivan AF, Walline JH, Yu X, et al. Emergency department characteristics and capabilities in Beijing, China. J Emerg Med. 2013 Jun;44(6):1174-1179.e4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jemermed.2012.07.083 PMID: 23473821
7. Wen LS, Oshiomogho JI, Eluwa GI, Steptoe AP, Sullivan AF, Camargo CA Jr. Characteristics and capabilities of emergency departments in Abuja, Nigeria. Emerg Med J. 2012 Oct;29(10):798-801. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1136/emermed-2011-200695 PMID: 22052953
8. Gawande A. Dispatch from India. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 18;349(25):2383-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp038180 PMID: 14681503
9. Das J, Hammer J. Quality of primary care in low-income countries: Facts and economics. Annu Rev Econ. 2014;6(1):525-53.
10. Rogers WJ, Canto JG, Lambrew CT, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Kinkaid B, Shoultz DA, et al. Temporal trends in the treatment of over 1.5 million patients with myocardial infarction in the US from 1990 through 1999. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Dec;36(7):2056-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735- 1097(00)00996-7 PMID: 11127441
11. Nabel EG, Braunwald E. A tale of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jan 5;366(1):54-63. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1056/NEJMra1112570 PMID: 22216842
12. Nathens AB, Jurkovich GJ, Cummings P, Rivara FP, Maier RV. The effect of organized systems of trauma care on motor vehicle crash mortality. JAMA. 2000 Apr 19;283(15):1990-4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/ jama.283.15.1990 PMID: 10789667
13. Riopelle RJ, Howse DC, Bolton C, Elson S, Groll DL, Holtom D, et al. Regional access to acute ischemic stroke intervention. Stroke. 2001 Mar;32(3):652-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.3.652 PMID: 11239182
14. Stevenson EK, Rubenstein AR, Radin GT, Wiener RS, Walkey AJ. Two decades of mortality trends among patients with severe sepsis: a comparative meta-analysis*. Crit Care Med. 2014 Mar;42(3):625-31. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000026 PMID: 24201173
15. Boyle AA, Ahmed V, Palmer CR, Bennett TJ, Robinson SM. Reductions in hospital admissions and mortality rates observed after integrating emergency care: a natural experiment. BMJ Open. 2012;2(4):e000930. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000930 PMID: 22858459
16. Kellermann AL, Hsia RY, Yeh C, Morganti KG. Emergency care: then, now, and next. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013 Dec;32(12):2069-74. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0683 PMID: 24301388
17. Anderson PD, Suter RE, Mulligan T, Bodiwala G, Razzak JA, Mock C; International Federation for Emergency Medicine (IFEM) Task Force on Access and Availability of Emergency Care. World Health Assembly Resolution 60.22 and its importance as a health care policy tool for improving emergency care access and availability globally. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Jul;60(1):35-44.e3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. annemergmed.2011.10.018PMID: 22326860
18. Razzak JA, Kellermann AL. Emergency medical care in developing countries: is it worthwhile? Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(11):900-5. PMID: 12481213
19. Hsia R, Razzak J, Tsai AC, Hirshon JM. Placing emergency care on the global agenda. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Aug;56(2):142-9. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.01.013 PMID: 20138398
20. Hsia RY, Carr BG. Measuring emergency care systems: the path forward. Ann Emerg Med. 2011 Sep;58(3):267-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. annemergmed.2011.03.048 PMID: 21507525
21. Mowafi H, Dworkis D, Bisanzo M, Hansoti B, Seidenberg P, Obermeyer Z, et al. Making recording and analysis of chief complaint a priority for global emergency care research in low-income countries. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Dec;20(12):1241-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.12262 PMID: 24283813
22. Robison J, Ahmed Z, Durand C, Nosek C, Namathanga A, Milazi R, et al. Implementation of ETAT (Emergency Triage Assessment And Treatment) in a central hospital in Malawi. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96 Suppl 1:A74-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2011.212563.174
23. Ahmad S, Ellis JC, Kamwendo H, Molyneux EM. Impact of HIV infection and exposure on survival in critically ill children who attend a paediatric emergency department in a resource-constrained setting. Emerg Med J. 2010 Oct;27(10):746-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2009.085191 PMID: 20515902
24. Fournier P, Dumont A, Tourigny C, Dunkley G, Drame S. Improved access to comprehensive emergency obstetric care and its effect on institutional maternal mortality in rural Mali. Bull World Health Organ. 2009 Jan;87(1):30-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.047076 PMID: 19197402
25. Mock CN, Jurkovich GJ, nii Amon Kotei D, Arreola Risa C, Maier RV. Trauma mortality patterns in three nations at different economic levels: implications for global trauma system development. J Trauma. 1998 May;44(5):804-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199805000-00011 PMID: 9603081
26. Mock CN, Tiska M, Adu-Ampofo M, Boakye G. Improvements in prehospital trauma care in an African country with no formal emergency medical services. J Trauma. 2002 Jul;53(1):90-7. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1097/00005373-200207000-00018 PMID: 12131396
27. Creamer KM, Edwards MJ, Shields CH, Thompson MW, Yu CE, Adelman W. Pediatric wartime admissions to US military combat support hospitals in Afghanistan and Iraq: learning from the first 2,000 admissions. J Trauma. 2009 Oct;67(4):762-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ TA.0b013e31818b1e15 PMID: 19820583
28. Wen LS, Geduld HI, Nagurney JT, Wallis LA. Africa's first emergency medicine training program at the University of Cape Town/Stellenbosch University: history, progress, and lessons learned. Acad Emerg Med. 2011 Aug;18(8):868-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01131.x PMID: 21843223
29. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G0tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and metaanalyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7):e1000100. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 PMID: 19621070
30. Data: country and lending groups [Internet]. Washington: World Bank; 2013. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/ country-and-lending-groups[cited 2013 Aug 20].
31. Global health library [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. Available from: http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/php/index.php [cited 2014 May 1].
32. Peres RR, Lima SBS, de Souza Magnago TSB, Shardong AC, da Silva Ceron MD, Prochnow A, et al. Perfil clinico-epidemiologico dos pacientes internados no pronto-socorro de um hospital universitario. Rev Saude (Santa Maria). 2013;39(1):77-86. Available from: http://cascavel.ufsm.br/revistas/ojs-2.2.2/index.php/revistasaude/article/view/5518 [cited 2014 Jan 10].Portuguese.
33. Ribeiro RCHM, Rodrigues CC, Canova JCM, Rodrigues CDS, Cesarino CB, Junior OLS. Stay and outcome of the clinical and surgical patient in the emergency service. Rev Enferm (Lisboa). 2013;7(9):5426-32. Available from: http://www.revista.ufpe.br/revistaenfermagem/index.php/revista/article/view/4886/pdf_3390 [cited 2014 Jan 10].
34. Rehmani R. Emergency section and overcrowding in a university hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004 May;54(5):233-7. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. PMID: 15270179
35. Gaitan M, Mendez W, Sirker NE, Green GB. Growing pains: status of emergency medicine in Nicaragua. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Mar;31(3):402-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70355-5 PMID: 9506502
36. Tiemeier K, Bisanzo M, Dreifuss B, Ward KC.; Global Emergency Care Collaborative. Ward KC. The effect of geography and demography on outcomes of emergency department patients in rural Uganda. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62(4):599-99. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.07.096
37. Mabiala-Babela JR, Senga P. Consultations de nuit aux urgences pediatriques du CHU de Brazzaville, Congo. (Nighttime attendance at the Pediatric Emergency Room of the University Hospital Centre in Brazzaville, Congo). Med Trop. 2009 Jun;69(3):281-5. PMID: 19702153
38. Duru C, Peterside O, Akinbami F. Pattern and outcome of admissions as seen in the paediatric emergency ward of the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Niger J Paediatr. 2013;40(3):232-7. Available from http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njp/article/view/89985 [cited 2015 May 2].
39. Eroglu SE, Toprak SN, Urgan O, Onur OE, Denizbasi A, Akoglu H, et al. Evaluation of non-urgent visits to a busy urban emergency department. Saudi Med J. 2012 Sep;33(9):967-72. PMID: 22964808
40. Tang N, Stein J, Hsia RY, Maselli JH, Gonzales R. Trends and characteristics of US emergency department visits, 1997-2007. JAMA. 2010 Aug 11;304(6):664-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1112 PMID: 20699458
41. Baker M, Clancy M. Can mortality rates for patients who die within the emergency department, within 30 days of discharge from the emergency department, or within 30 days of admission from the emergency department be easily measured? Emerg Med J. 2006 Aug;23(8):601-3. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2005.028134 PMID: 16858089
42. Health, United States, 2012: with special feature on emergency care. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics; 2013. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus12.pdf [cited 2014 Jan 15].
43. Crisp N, Chen L. Global supply of health professionals. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 6;370(10):950-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1111610 PMID: 24597868
44. Nwakeze NM, Kandala N-B. The spatial distribution of health establishments in Nigeria. Afr Popul Stud. 2011;25(2):680-96.
45. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMID: 23245604
46. Husum H, Gilbert M, Wisborg T, Van Heng Y, Murad M. Rural prehospital trauma systems improve trauma outcome in low-income countries: a prospective study from North Iraq and Cambodia. J Trauma. 2003 Jun;54(6):1188-96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.TA.0000073609.12530.19 PMID: 12813342
47. Molyneux E, Ahmad S, Robertson A. Improved triage and emergency care for children reduces inpatient mortality in a resource-constrained setting. Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Apr;84(4):314-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.04.019505 PMID: 16628305
48. Clark M, Spry E, Daoh K, Baion D, Skordis-Worrall J. Reductions in inpatient mortality following interventions to improve emergency hospital care in Freetown, Sierra Leone. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9):e41458. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041458 PMID: 23028427
49. Robison JA, Ahmad ZP, Nosek CA, Durand C, Namathanga A, Milazi R, et al. Decreased pediatric hospital mortality after an intervention to improve emergency care in Lilongwe, Malawi. Pediatrics. 2012 Sep;130(3):e676-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0026 PMID: 22891229
50. Okolo SN, Ogbonna C, Bode-Thomas F. Healthcare service auditing and intervention in an emergency paediatric unit. Niger J Paediatr. 2002;29(3):71-4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v29i3.12026
51. Muluneh D, Shimelis D, Benti D. Analysis of admissions to the pediatric emergency ward of Tikur Anbessa Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian J Health Dev. 2007;21(1):48-53. Available from: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhd/article/view/10031/2283 [cited 2015 May 2]
52. Bamgboye EA, Familusi JB. Mortality pattern at a children's emergency ward, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1990 Jun;19(2):127-32. PMID: 2115728
53. Kobusingye OC, Hyder AA, Bishai D, Joshipura M, Romero Hicks E, Mock C. Emergency Medical Services. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al., editors. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. Washington: World Bank; 2006. pp. 1261-79.
54. Dimick JB, Ryan AM. Methods for evaluating changes in health care policy: the difference-in-differences approach. JAMA. 2014 Dec 10;312(22):2401-2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.16153 PMID: 25490331
55. Guidelines for essential trauma care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241546409.pdf?ua=1 [cited 2015 May 11].
56. Muelleman RL, Sullivan AF, Espinola JA, Ginde AA, Wadman MC, Camargo CA Jr. Distribution of emergency departments according to annual visit volume and urban-rural status: implications for access and staffing. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Dec;17(12):1390-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.111Vj.1553-2712.2010.00924.x PMID: 21122024
57. Miranda NA, Rezende BD, Oliveira J de SF, Franco MBS, Kawata LS. Caracteriza^ao de crian^as atendidas no pronto-socorro de um hospital universitario. Gestao Saude. 2012;4(1):1631-45. [Portuguese.]
58. Peixoto B de V, Piazzetta E, Rischini FA, Guimaraes MN, Cuziol M, Lodo PB, et al. [The harsh reality of children and youth emergency care showing the health status of a city.] Rev Paul Pediatr. 2013 Jun;31(2):231-6. Portuguese. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-05822013000200015 PMID: 23828061