Large and mesoscale variability of the water masses and the deep chlorophyll maximum in the Azores Front

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 108, Issue 7, 2003, Pages

  Pérez, Fiz F ^a   Gilcoto, M ^a   Ríos, Aida F ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS   (Spain)

Author keywords

Chlorophyll; Mesoscale; Subtropical front; Water masses

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; CHLOROPHYLL; MESOSCALE EDDY; OCEANIC FRONT; THERMOHALINE STRUCTURE; WATER MASS;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; AZORES FRONT;

EID: 84938211665     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Alves, M. L. G. R., and A. Colin de Verdiére, Instability dynamics of a subtropical jet and applications to Azores Fronts Current System: Eddy-Driven mean flow, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 837-864, 1999.
2. Cromwell, D., P. G. Challenor, A. L. New, and R. D. Pingree, Persistent westward flow in the Azores Current as seen from altimetry and hydrography, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11,923-11,933, 1996.
3. Dias, C. M. A., M. H. Cavaco, and J. L. Pissarra, Observation of the Azores front in July 1987 and June 1989. ICES J. Mar. Sci., C34, 1990.
4. Dietrich, G., K. Kalle, W. Krauss, and G. Siedler, General Oceanography, 626 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1975.
5. Dixon, T. H., An introduction to the global positioning system and some geological applications, Rev. Geophys., 29(2), 249-276, 1991.
6. Emery, W. J., and J. Meincke, Global water masses: Summary and review, Oceanol. Acta, 9, 383-391, 1986.
7. Fasham, M. J. R., T. Platt, B. Irwin, and K. Jones, Factors affecting the spatial pattern of the deep chlorophyll maximum in the region of the Azores front, Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 129-165, 1985.
8. Fernández, E., and R. D. Pingree, Coupling between physical and biological fields in the North Atlantic subtropical front southeast of the Azores, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 1369-1393, 1996.
9. Fiúza, A. F. G., Hidrologia e dinamica das augas costeiras de Portugal, Ph.D. thesis, Lisbon Univ., Lisbon, 1984.
10. Fiúza, A. F. G., and D. Halpern, Hydrographic observations of the Canary current between 21 N and 25.5 N in March/April 1974, Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 180, 58-64, 1982.
11. Gould, W. J., Physical oceanography of the Azores front, Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 167-190, 1985.
12. Griffiths, G., Using 3DF heading for improving underway ADCP data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11(4), 1135-1143, 1994.
13. Hitchcock, G. L., A. J. Mariano, and T. Rossby, Mesoscale pigment fields in the Gulf Stream: Observations in a meander crest and trough, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8425-8445, 1993.
14. Iselin, C. O., A study of the circulation of the western north Atlantic, Phys. Oceanogr. Meteorol., 4, 1-101, 1936.
15. Jochem, F. J., and B. Zeitzschel, Productivity regime and phytoplankton size structure in the tropical North Atlantic in spring 1989, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 40, 495-519, 1993.
16. Käse, R. H., and G. Siedler, Meandering of the subtropical front, south-east of Azores, Nature, 300, 245-246, 1982.
17. Käse, R. H., W. Zenk, T. B. Sanford, and W. Hiller, Currents, fronts and eddy fluxes in the Canary basin, Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 231-257, 1985.
18. Kielmann, J., and R. H. Käse, Numerical modeling of meander and eddy formation in the Azores Current Frontal Zone, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 529-541, 1987.
19. King, B. A., and E. B. Cooper, Comparison of ship's heading determined from an array of GPS antennas with heading from conventional gyro-compass measurements, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 40, 2207-2216, 1993.
20. Klein, B., and G. Siedler, On the origin of the Azores current. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6159-6168, 1989.
21. Krauss, W., and J. Meincke, Drilling buoy trajectories in the North Atlantic Current, Nature, 296, 737-740, 1982.
22. Le Fevre, J., Aspects of the biology of frontal systems. Adv. Mar. Biol., 23, 163-299, 1986.
23. Le Traon, P. Y., and P. De Mey, The eddy field associated with the Azores Front east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as observed by Geosat altimeter, J. Geophys., Res., 99, 9907-9923, 1994.
24. Le Traon, P. Y., F. Nadal, and N. Ducet, An improved mapping method of multi-satellite altimeter data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 522-534, 1998.
25. Lévy, M., P. Klein, and A. M. Treguier, Impacts of sub-mesoscale physics on production and subduction of phytoplankton in an oligotrophic regime, J. Mar. Res., 59, 535-565, 2001.
26. Lohrenz, S. E., J. J. Cullen, D. A. Phinney, D. B. Olson, and C. S. Yentsch, Distribution of pigments and primary production in a Gulf Stream Meander, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 14,545-14,560, 1993.
27. Marshall, J. C., A. J. G. Nurser, and R. G. Williams, Inferring the subduction rate and period over North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1315-1329, 1993.
28. Müller, T. J., and G. Siedler, Multi-year current time series in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean, J. Mar. Res., 50, 63-98, 1992.
29. New, A. L., R. Bleck, Y. Jia, R. Marsh, M. Huddleston, and S. Barnard, An isopycnic model study of the north Atlantic: J. Model experiment, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2667-2699, 1995.
30. New, A. L., Y. Jia, M. Coulibaly, and J. Dengg, On the role of the Azores Current in the ventilation of the North Atlantic Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 48, 163-194, 2001.
31. Onken, R., The Azores countercurrent, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1638-1646, 1993.
32. Paillet, J., and H. Mercier, An inverse model of the eastern North Atlantic general circulation and thermocline ventilation, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 44, 1293-1328, 1997.
33. Pingree, R. D., The eastern subtropical gyre (North Atlantic): Flow rings recirculations structure and subduction, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 77, 573-624, 1997.
34. Pingree, R. D., and B. Sinha, Dynamic topography (ERS-1/2 and Seatruth) of subtropical ring (STORM 0) in the storm corridor (32-34°N, eastern basin, North Atlantic Ocean), J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 78, 351-376, 1998.
35. Pingree, R. D., C. Garcia-Soto, and B. Sinha, Position and structure of the Subtropical/Azores Front region from combined Lagrangian and remote sensing (IR/altimeter/SeaWifs) measurements, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 79, 769-792, 1999.
36. Pollard, R. T., and S. Pu, Structure and circulation of the upper Atlantic Ocean northeast of the Azores, Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 443-462, 1985.
37. Pollard, R. T., M. J. Griffiths, S. A. Cunningham, J. F. Read, F. F. Pérez, and A. F. Ríos, Vivaldi 1991-A study of the formation, circulation and ventilation of Eastern North Atlantic Central Water, Prog. Oceanogr., 37, 167-192, 1996.
38. Reverdin, G. F., and F. Hernandez, Variability of the Azores Current during October-December 1993, J. Mar. Syst., 29, 101-123, 2000.
39. Rios, A., F. F. Pérez, and F. Fraga, Water masses in the upper and middle North Atlantic Ocean east of the Azores, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 39, 645-658, 1992.
40. Rudnick, D. L., Intensive surveys of the Azores Front: 2. Inferring the geostrophic and vertical velocity fields, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,291-16,303, 1996.
41. Saunders, P. M., Circulation in the eastern North Atlantic, J. Mar. Res., 40, 641-657, 1982.
42. Schmitt, R. W., Form of the temperature-salinity relationship in the central water: Evidence for double-diffusive mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1015-1026, 1981.
43. Schmitt, R. W., P. S. Bogden, and C. L. Dorman, Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1209 - 1221, 1989.
44. Siedler, G., W. Zenk, and W. J. Emery, Strong current events related to a subtropical front in the Northeast Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 885-897, 1985.
45. Siedler, G., A. Kuhl, and W. Zenk, The Madeira mode water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1561-1970, 1987.
46. Stramma, L., Geostrophic transport in the Warm Water Sphere of eastern subtropical North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 42, 537-558, 1984.
47. Stramma, L., and H. J. Isemer, Seasonal variability of meridional temperature fluxes in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean, J. Mar. Res., 46, 281-299, 1988.
48. Stramma, L., and T. J. Müller, Some observations of the Azores Current and the North Equatorial Current, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3181-3186, 1989.
49. Stramma, L., and G. Siedler, Seasonal changes in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8111-8118, 1988.
50. Strass, V. J., Chlorophyll patchiness caused by mesoscale upwelling at fronts, Deep Sea Res., 39, 75-96, 1992.
51. Sy, A., Investigation of large-scale circulation patterns in the central North Atlantic: The North Atlantic Current, the Azores Current, and the Mediterranean water plume in the area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 35, 383-413, 1988.
52. Talley, L. D., and M. E. Raymer, Eighteen degree water variability. J. Mar. Res., 40, 757-775, 1982.
53. Tychensky, A., P. Y. Le Traon, F. Hernandez, and D. Jourdan, Large structures and temporal change in the Azores Front during the Semaphore experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25,009-25,027, 1998.
54. Yentsch, C. S., and D. W. Menzel, A method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll and phaeophytin by fluorescence, Deep Sea Res., 10, 221-231, 1963.