Local virus extinctions following a host population bottleneck

Journal of Virology

Volumn 89, Issue 16, 2015, Pages 8152-8161

  Kapusinszky, Beatrix ^a,b   Mulvaney, Usha ^a,c   Jasinska, Anna J ^d   Deng, Xutao ^a,b   Freimer, Nelson ^d   Delwart, Eric ^a,b  

^a BLOOD SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NUCLEIC ACID;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA; ANELLOVIRIDAE; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CARIBBEAN; CHLOROCEBUS AETHIOPS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GAMBIA; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HOST; HOST POPULATION BOTTLENECK; INFANT; MALE; METAGENOMICS; MIXED INFECTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PEGIVIRUS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; SPECIES EXTINCTION; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS EXTINCTION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WEST AFRICA; ANIMAL; PHYLOGENY; VIRAL PHENOMENA AND FUNCTIONS; VIROLOGY;

ANIMALIA; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; PRIMATES; SIMIAE; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

ANIMALS; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; EXTINCTION, BIOLOGICAL; GENOME, VIRAL; PHYLOGENY; VIRUS PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 84938150481     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: 10985514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00671-15     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Black FL. 1975. Infectious diseases in primitive societies. Science 187:515-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.163483.
2. Nathanson N. 2001. Epidemiology. In Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE (ed), Fields virology, 4th ed, vol 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
3. Cassar O, Einsiedel L, Afonso PV, Gessain A. 2013. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 subtype C molecular variants among indigenous Australians: new insights into the molecular epidemiology of HTLV-1 in Australo-Melanesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002418.
4. Slattery JP, Franchini G, Gessain A. 1999. Genomic evolution, patterns of global dissemination, and interspecies transmission of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses. Genome Res 9:525-540.
5. Vandamme AM, Salemi M, Van Brussel M, Liu HF, Van Laethem K, Van Ranst M, Michels L, Desmyter J, Goubau P. 1998. African origin of human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) supported by a potential new HTLV-2d subtype in Congolese Bambuti Efe Pygmies. J Virol 72: 4327-4340.
6. Cawthon Lang K. 3 January 2006, posting date. Primate factsheets: vervet (Chlorocebus) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. Primate Info Net, Wisconsin Primate Research Center Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/vervet.Accessed1March2015.
7. Jasinska AJ, Lin MK, Service S, Choi OW, De Young J, Grujic O, Kong SY, Jung Y, Jorgensen MJ, Fairbanks LA, Turner T, Cantor RM, Wasserscheid J, Dewar K, Warren W, Wilson RK, Weinstock G, Jentsch JD, Freimer NB. 2012. A non-human primate system for large-scale genetic studies of complex traits.HumMol Genet 21:3307-3316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds160.
8. McGuire MT. 1974. Contributions to primatology, vol 1. The St. Kitts vervet. S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
9. van der Kuyl AC, Dekker JT. 1996. St. Kitts green monkeys originate from West Africa: genetic evidence from feces.AmJ Primatol 40:361-364.
10. Denham WW. 1987. Contributions to primatology, vol 24. West Indian green monkeys: problems in historical biogeography. S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
11. Aarnink A, Jacquelin B, Dauba A, Hebrard S, Moureaux E, Muller-Trutwin M, Blancher A. 2014.MHCpolymorphism in Caribbean African green monkeys. Immunogenetics 66:353-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-014-0770-9.
12. Wiseman RW, Blanchard TJJL, Jorgensen MJ, Jasinska AJ, Freimer NB, Schmitz JE, O'Connor DH. 2011. Caribbean-origin African green monkeys exhibit remarkably limited major histocompatibility complex (MHC) diversity. J Med Primatol 40:262-262.
13. Broussard SR, Staprans SI, White R, Whitehead EM, Feinberg MB, Allan JS. 2001. Simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in naturally infected African green monkeys without inducing immunologic or neurologic disease. J Virol 75:2262-2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.5.2262-2275.2001.
14. Goldstein S, Brown CR, Ourmanov I, Pandrea I, Buckler-White A, Erb C, Nandi JS, Foster GJ, Autissier P, Schmitz JE, Hirsch VM. 2006. Comparison of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagmVer replication and CD4+ T-cell dynamics in vervet and sabaeus African green monkeys. J Virol 80:4868-4877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.10.4868-4877.2006.
15. Ma D, Jasinska AJ, Feyertag F, Wijewardana V, Kristoff J, He T, Raehtz K, Schmitt CA, Jung Y, Cramer JD, Dione M, Antonio M, Tracy R, Turner T, Robertson DL, Pandrea I, Freimer N, Apetrei C. 2014. Factors associated with siman immunodeficiency virus transmission in a natural African nonhuman primate host in the wild. J Virol 88:5687-5705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03606-13.
16. Ma D, Jasinska A, Kristoff J, Grobler JP, Turner T, Jung Y, Schmitt C, Raehtz K, Feyertag F, Martinez Sosa N, Wijewardana V, Burke DS, Robertson DL, Tracy R, Pandrea I, Freimer N, Apetrei C. 2013. SIVagm infection in wild African green monkeys from South Africa: epidemiology, natural history, and evolutionary considerations. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003011.
17. Bibollet-Ruche F, Brengues C, Galat-Luong A, Galat G, Pourrut X, Vidal N, Veas F, Durand JP, Cuny G. 1997. Genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency viruses from West African green monkeys: evidence of multiple genotypes within populations from the same geographical locale. J Virol 71:307-313.
18. Johnson PR, Gravell M, Allan J, Goldstein S, Olmsted RA, Dapolito G, McGann C, London WT, Purcell RH, Hirsch VM. 1989. Genetic diversity among simian immunodeficiency virus isolates from African green monkeys. J Med Primatol 18:271-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350180312.
19. Muller MC, Saksena NK, Nerrienet E, Chappey C, Herve VM, Durand JP, Legal-Campodonico P, Lang MC, Digoutte JP, Georges AJ. 1993. Simian immunodeficiency viruses from central and western Africa: evidence for a new species-specific lentivirus in tantalus monkeys. J Virol 67:1227-1235.
20. Jin MJ, Hui H, Robertson DL, Muller MC, Barre-Sinoussi F, Hirsch VM, Allan JS, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. 1994. Mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west African green monkeys. EMBO J 13:2935-2947.
21. Li L, Deng X, Mee ET, Collot-Teixeira S, Anderson R, Schepelmann S, Minor PD, Delwart E. 2014. Comparing viral metagenomics methods using a highly multiplexed human viral pathogens reagent. J Virol Methods 213:139-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.12.002.
22. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2.
23. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. 2013. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30: 2725-2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197.
24. Muhire BM, Varsani A, Martin DP. 2014. SDT: a virus classification tool based on pairwise sequence alignment and identity calculation. PLoS One 9:e108277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108277.
25. Lole KS, Bollinger RC, Paranjape RS, Gadkari D, Kulkarni SS, Novak NG, Ingersoll R, Sheppard HW, Ray SC. 1999. Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J Virol 73:152-160.
26. Sanger F, Coulson AR. 1975. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol 94:441-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(75)90213-2.
27. Stapleton JT, Foung S, Muerhoff AS, Bukh J, Simmonds P. 2011. The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol 92:233-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.027490-0.
28. Deng X, Naccache SN, Ng T, Federman S, Li L, Chiu CY, Delwart EL. 2015. An ensemble strategy that significantly improves de novo assembly of microbial genomes from metagenomic next-generation sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 43(7):e46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv002.
29. Sibley SD, Lauck M, Bailey AL, Hyeroba D, Tumukunde A, Weny G, Chapman CA, O'Connor DH, Goldberg TL, Friedrich TC. 2014. Discovery and characterization of distinct simian pegiviruses in three wild African Old World monkey species. PLoS One 9:e98569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098569.
30. Gron K. 26 April 2007, posting date. Primate factsheets: Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. Primate Info Net, Wisconsin Primate Research Center Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/japanese_macaque.Accessed1March2015.
31. Okamoto H, Nishizawa T, Tawara A, Peng Y, Takahashi M, Kishimoto J, Tanaka T, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. 2000. Species-specific TT viruses in humans and nonhuman primates and their phylogenetic relatedness. Virology 277:368-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0588.
32. Peng YH, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Ishikawa T, Yoshikawa A, Okamoto H. 2002. Analysis of the entire genomes of thirteen TT virus variants classifiable into the fourth and fifth genetic groups, isolated from viremic infants. Arch Virol 147:21-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s705-002-8301-7.
33. Ninomiya M, Takahashi M, Hoshino Y, Ichiyama K, Simmonds P, Okamoto H. 2009. Analysis of the entire genomes of torque teno midi virus variants in chimpanzees: infrequent cross-species infection between humans and chimpanzees. J Gen Virol 90:347-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.007385-0.
34. King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ. 2012. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego.
35. Gessian A, Yanagihara R, Franchini G, Garruto RM, Jenkins CL, Ajdukiewicz AB, Gallo RC, Gajdusek DC. 1991. Highly divergent molecular variants of human T-lymphotropic virus type I from isolated populations in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:7694-7698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.17.7694.
36. Neel JV, Centerwall WR, Chagnon NA, Casey HL. 1970. Notes on the effect of measles and measles vaccine in a virgin-soil population of South American Indians. Am J Epidemiol 91:418-429.
37. Patterson KB, Runge T. 2002. Smallpox and the Native American. Am J Med Sci 323:216-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000441-200204000-00009.
38. Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Petros B, Allan JS, Desrosiers RC. 1994. Sexual transmission of SIVagm in wild grivet monkeys. J Med Primatol 23:1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00088.x.
39. Pandrea I, Apetrei C, Dufour J, Dillon N, Barbercheck J, Metzger M, Jacquelin B, Bohm R, Marx PA, Barre-Sinoussi F, Hirsch VM, Muller-Trutwin MC, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. 2006. Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm.sab infection of Caribbean African green monkeys: a new model for the study of SIV pathogenesis in natural hosts. J Virol 80:4858-4867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.10.4858-4867.2006.
40. Daniel MD, Letvin NL, Sehgal PK, Schmidt DK, Silva DP, Solomon KR, Hodi FS, Jr, Ringler DJ, Hunt RD, King NW, Desrosiers RC. 1988. Prevalence of antibodies to 3 retroviruses in a captive colony of macaque monkeys. Int J Cancer 41:601-608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910410421.
41. Hendry RM, Wells MA, Phelan MA, Schneider AL, Epstein JS, Quinnan GV. 1986. Antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus in African green monkeys in Africa in 1957-62. Lancet ii:455.
42. Simons JN, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Pilot-Matias TJ, Muerhoff AS, Schlauder GG, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK. 1995. Isolation of novel viruslike sequences associated with human hepatitis. Nat Med 1:564-569.
43. Bhattarai N, Stapleton JT. 2012. GB virus C: the good boy virus? Trends Microbiol 20:124-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.004.
44. Bernardin F, Operskalski E, Busch M, Delwart E. 2010. Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses. Transfusion 50:2474-2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02699.x.
45. Bjorkman P, Naucler A, Winqvist N, Mushahwar I, Widell A. 2001. A case-control study of transmission routes for GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Swedish blood donors lacking markers for hepatitis C virus infection. Vox Sang 81:148-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00098.x.
46. El-Zayadi AR, Abe K, Selim O, Naito H, Hess G, Ahdy A. 1999. Prevalence of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus viraemia among blood donors, health care personnel, chronic non-B non-C hepatitis, chronic hepatitis C and hemodialysis patients in Egypt. J Virol Methods 80:53-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00036-1.
47. Giret MT, Kallas EG. 2012. GBV-C: state of the art and future prospects. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 9:26-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-011-0109-1.
48. Kleinman S. 2001. Hepatitis G virus biology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations: implications for blood safety. Transfus Med Rev 15:201-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/tmrv.2001.24589.
49. Poovorawan Y, Theamboonlers A, Chongsrisawat V, Seksarn P, Jarvis L, Simmonds P. 1998. High prevalence of hepatitis G virus infection in multiply transfused children with thalassaemia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:253-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01552.x.
50. Ribeiro-dos-Santos G, Nishiya AS, Nascimento CM, Bassit L, Chamone DF, Focaccia R, Eluf-Neto J, Sabino EC. 2002. Prevalence of GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) and risk factors for infection in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21:438-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-002-0752-y.
51. Vahidnia F, Petersen M, Stapleton JT, Rutherford GW, Busch M, Custer B. 2012. Acquisition of GB virus type C and lower mortality in patients with advanced HIV disease. Clin Infect Dis 55:1012-1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis589.
52. Okamoto H. 2009. History of discoveries and pathogenicity of TT viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 331:1-20.
53. Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Konishi K, Yoshizawa H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. 1997. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241:92-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7765.
54. Beland K, Dore-Nguyen M, Gagne MJ, Patey N, Brassard J, Alvarez F, Halac U. 2014. Torque Teno virus in children who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation: new insights about a common pathogen. J Infect Dis 209:247-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit423.
55. Ninomiya M, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Shimosegawa T, Okamoto H. 2008. Development of PCR assays with nested primers specific for differential detection of three human anelloviruses and early acquisition of dual or triple infection during infancy. J Clin Microbiol 46:507-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01703-07.
56. Biagini P. 2009. Classification of TTV and related viruses (anelloviruses). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 331:21-33.
57. Chan PK, Chik KW, Li CK, Tang NL, Ming MS, Cheung JL, Ng KC, Yuen PM, Cheng AF. 2001. Prevalence and genotype distribution of TT virus in various specimen types from thalassaemic patients. J Viral Hepat 8:304-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00276.x.
58. de Villiers EM, Borkosky SS, Kimmel R, Gunst K, Fei JW. 2011. The diversity of torque teno viruses: in vitro replication leads to the formation of additional replication-competent subviral molecules. J Virol 85:7284-7295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02472-10.
59. Beland K, Dore-Nguyen M, Gagne MJ, Patey N, Brassard J, Alvarez F, Halac U. 2014. Torque Teno virus load as a biomarker of immunosuppression? New hopes and insights. J Infect Dis 210:668-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu210.
60. De Vlaminck I, Khush KK, Strehl C, Kohli B, Luikart H, Neff NF, Okamoto J, Snyder TM, Cornfield DN, Nicolls MR, Weill D, Bernstein D, Valantine HA, Quake SR. 2013. Temporal response of the human virome to immunosuppression and antiviral therapy. Cell 155:1178-1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.034.
61. Li L, Deng X, Linsuwanon P, Bangsberg D, Bwana MB, Hunt P, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Delwart E. 2013. AIDS alters the commensal plasma virome. J Virol 87:10912-10915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01839-13.
62. Maggi F, Pifferi M, Michelucci A, Albani M, Sbranti S, Lanini L, Simi P, Macchia P, Pistello M, Bendinelli M. 2011. Torque teno virus viremia load size in patients with selected congenital defects of innate immunity. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18:692-694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00466-10.
63. Young JC, Chehoud C, Bittinger K, Bailey A, Diamond JM, Cantu E, Haas AR, Abbas A, Frye L, Christie JD, Bushman FD, Collman RG. 2015. Viral metagenomics reveal blooms of anelloviruses in the respiratory tract of lung transplant recipients.AmJ Transplant 15:200-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13031.
64. Chen T, Vaisanen E, Mattila PS, Hedman K, Soderlund-Venermo M. 2013. Antigenic diversity and seroprevalences of Torque teno viruses in children and adults by ORF2-based immunoassays. J Gen Virol 94:409-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.046862-0.
65. Chan PK, Tam WH, Yeo W, Cheung JL, Zhong S, Cheng AF. 2001. High carriage rate of TT virus in the cervices of pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 32:1376-1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/319983.
66. Deng X, Terunuma H, Handema R, Sakamoto M, Kitamura T, Ito M, Akahane Y. 2000. Higher prevalence and viral load of TT virus in saliva than in the corresponding serum: another possible transmission route and replication site of TT virus. J Med Virol 62:531-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9071(200012)62:4<531::AID-JMV20>3.3.CO;2-3.
67. Goto K, Sugiyama K, Ando T, Mizutani F, Terabe K, Tanaka K, Nishiyama M, Wada Y. 2000. Detection rates of TT virus DNA in serum of umbilical cord blood, breast milk and saliva. Tohoku J Exp Med 191: 203-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.191.203.
68. Inami T, Konomi N, Arakawa Y, Abe K. 2000. High prevalence of TT virus DNA in human saliva and semen. J Clin Microbiol 38:2407-2408.
69. Itoh M, Shimomura H, Fujioka S, Miyake M, Tsuji H, Ikeda F, Tsuji T. 2001. High prevalence of TT virus in human bile juice samples: importance of secretion through bile into feces. Dig Dis Sci 46:457-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005618308943.
70. Ross RS, Viazov S, Runde V, Schaefer UW, Roggendorf M. 1999. Detection of TT virus DNA in specimens other than blood. J Clin Virol 13:181-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00015-3.
71. Schroter M, Polywka S, Zollner B, Schafer P, Laufs R, Feucht HH. 2000. Detection of TT virus DNA and GB virus type C/hepatitis G virus RNA in serum and breast milk: determination of mother-to-child transmission. J Clin Microbiol 38:745-747.
72. Toyoda H, Naruse M, Yokozaki S, Morita K, Nakano I, Itakura A, Okamura M, Fukuda Y, Hayakawa T. 1999. Prevalence of infection with TT virus (TTV), a novelDNAvirus, in healthy Japanese subjects, newborn infants, cord blood and breast milk. J Infect 38:198-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0163-4453(99)90254-2.
73. Vasconcelos HC, Cataldo M, Niel C. 2002. Mixed infections of adults and children with multiple TTV-like mini virus isolates. J Med Virol 68: 291-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10187.
74. Bagaglio S, Sitia G, Prati D, Cella D, Hasson H, Novati R, Lazzarin A, Morsica G. 2002. Mother-to-child transmission of TT virus: sequence analysis of non-coding region of TT virus in infected mother-infant pairs. Arch Virol 147:803-812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050200027.
75. Gerner P, Oettinger R, Gerner W, Falbrede J, Wirth S. 2000. Motherto-infant transmission of TT virus: prevalence, extent and mechanism of vertical transmission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19:1074-1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200011000-00009.
76. Iso K, Suzuki Y, Takayama M. 2001. Mother-to-infant transmission of TT virus in Japan. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 75:11-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(01)00450-7.
77. Komatsu H, Inui A, Sogo T, Kuroda K, Tanaka T, Fujisawa T. 2004. TTV infection in children born to mothers infected with TTV but not with HBV, HCV, or HIV. J Med Virol 74:499-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20204.
78. Lin HH, Kao JH, Lee PI, Chen DS. 2002. Early acquisition of TT virus in infants: possible minor role of maternal transmission. J Med Virol 66:285-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.2143.
79. Ohto H, Ujiie N, Takeuchi C, Sato A, Hayashi A, Ishiko H, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. 2002. TT virus infection during childhood. Transfusion 42:892-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00150.x.
80. McKeown NE, Fenaux M, Halbur PG, Meng XJ. 2004. Molecular characterization of porcine TT virus, an orphan virus, in pigs from six different countries. Vet Microbiol 104:113-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.08.013.
81. Nishiyama S, Dutia BM, Stewart JP, Meredith AL, Shaw DJ, Simmonds P, Sharp CP. 2014. Identification of novel anelloviruses with broad diversity in United Kingdom rodents. J Gen Virol 95:1544-1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.065219-0.
82. Okamoto H, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Tawara A, Fukai K, Muramatsu U, Naito Y, Yoshikawa A. 2002. Genomic characterization of TT viruses (TTVs) in pigs, cats and dogs and their relatedness with speciesspecific TTVs in primates and tupaias. J Gen Virol 83:1291-1297.
83. Thom K, Morrison C, Lewis JC, Simmonds P. 2003. Distribution of TT virus (TTV), TTV-like minivirus, and related viruses in humans and nonhuman primates. Virology 306:324-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00049-1.
84. Gallian P, Biagini P, Attoui H, Cantaloube JF, Dussol B, Berland Y, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X. 2002. High genetic diversity revealed by the study of TLMV infection in French hemodialysis patients. J Med Virol 67:630-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10150.
85. Matsubara H, Michitaka K, Horiike N, Kihana T, Yano M, Mori T, Onji M. 2001. Existence of TT virus DNA and TTV-like mini virus DNA in infant cord blood: mother-to-neonatal transmission. Hepatol Res 21: 280-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1386-6346(01)00115-2.
86. Okamoto H, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Ukita M, Fukuda M, Tsuda F, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. 1999. Marked genomic heterogeneity and frequent mixed infection of TT virus demonstrated by PCR with primers from coding and noncoding regions. Virology 259:428-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.9770.
87. Toyoda H, Fukuda Y, Nakano I, Katano Y, Yokozaki S, Hayashi K, Ito Y, Suzuki K, Nakano H, Saito H, Takamatsu J. 2001. TT virus genotype changes frequently in multiply transfused patients with hemophilia but rarely in patients with chronic hepatitis C and in healthy subjects. Transfusion 41:1130-1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41091130.x.
88. Simmonds P. 2001. Reconstructing the origins of human hepatitis viruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356:1013-1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0890.
89. Budda ML, Ely JJ, Doan S, Chavez-Suarez M, White GL, Wolf RF. 2013. Evaluation of reproduction and raising offspring in a nursery-reared SPF baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis) colony. Am J Primatol 75:798-806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22136.
90. Wolf RF, Eberle R, White GL. 2010. Generation of a specific-pathogenfree baboon colony. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 49:814-820.