What do people really think of generic medicines? A systematic review and critical appraisal of literature on stakeholder perceptions of generic drugs

BMC Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Dunne, Suzanne S ^a   Dunne, Colum P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Generic drug; Generic medicine; Opinions; Patient; Perceptions; Pharmacist; Physician; Stakeholders; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

GENERIC DRUG;

ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG COST; DRUG QUALITY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PHARMACIST ATTITUDE; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PUBLICATION; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUANTITATIVE STUDY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIOECONOMICS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRUST; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH;

DRUGS, GENERIC; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS;

EID: 84938062085     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0415-3     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Generic drugs. Geneva: WHO; 2015. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story034/en/index.html . Accessed 21 June 2015.
2. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). pproval of generic drugs. In: Generic drugs. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2008. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/SmallBusinessAssistance/ucm127615.pdf . Accessed 21 June 2015.
3. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Questions and answers on generic medicines. Canary Wharf: EMA; 2011. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Medicine_QA/2009/11/WC500012382.pdf . Accessed 21 June 2015.
4. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). What future for health spending? OECD Economics Department Policy Notes. 2013;19:1-13. http://www.oecd.org/economy/health-spending.pdf . Accessed 21 June 2015.
5. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO drug information. Volume 28, No 1. Geneva: WHO; 2014. http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/DrugInformation2014_Vol28-1/en/ . Accessed 21 June 2015.
6. Dunne S, Shannon B, Dunne C, Cullen W. A review of the differences and similarities between generic drugs and their originator counterparts, including economic benefits associated with usage of generic medicines, using Ireland as a case study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;14:1.
7. Woerkom M, Piepenbrink H, Godman B, Metz J, Campbell S, Bennie M, et al. Ongoing measures to enhance the efficiency of prescribing of proton pump inhibitors and statins in The Netherlands: influence and future implications. J Comp Eff Res. 2012;1:527-38. doi: 10.2217/cer.12.52 .
8. Cameron A, Laing R. Cost savings of switching private sector consumption from originator brand medicines to generic equivalents. Geneva: WHO; 2010. http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/35MedicineCostSavings.pdf . Accessed 17 April 2015.
9. Godman B, Malmstrom RE, Diogene E, Gray A, Jayathissa S, Timoney A, et al. Are new models needed to optimize the utilization of new medicines to sustain healthcare systems? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2015;8:77-94. doi: 10.1586/17512433.2015.990380 .
10. Vogler S. The impact of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies on generics uptake: implementation of policy options on generics in 29 European countries-an overview. Generics Biosimilars Initiative J. 2012;1:93-100. doi: 10.5639/gabij.2012.0102.020 .
11. Andersson K, Sonesson C, Petzold M, Carlsten A, Lonnroth K. What are the obstacles to generic substitution? An assessment of the behaviour of prescribers, patients and pharmacies during the first year of generic substitution in Sweden. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14:341-8. doi: 10.1002/pds.1055 .
12. Garuoliene K, Godman B, Gulbinovic J, Wettermark B, Haycox A. European countries with small populations can obtain low prices for drugs: Lithuania as a case history. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;11:343-9. doi: 10.1586/erp.11.24 .
13. Auta A, Bala ET, Shalkur D. Generic medicine substitution: a cross-sectional survey of the perception of pharmacists in north-central. Nigeria Med Princ Pract. 2014;23:53-8. doi: 10.1159/000355473 .
14. Maly J, Dosedel M, Kubena A, Vlcek J. Analysis of pharmacists' opinions, attitudes and experiences with generic drugs and generic substitution in the Czech Republic. Acta Pol Pharm. 2013;70:923-31.
15. Patel A, Gauld R, Norris P, Rades T. Quality of generic medicines in South Africa: perceptions versus reality - a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:297. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-297 .
16. Shrank WH, Liberman JN, Fischer MA, Girdish C, Brennan TA, Choudhry NK. Physician perceptions about generic drugs. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:31-8. doi: 10.1345/aph.1P389 .
17. Dunne S, Shannon B, Dunne C, Cullen W. Patient perceptions of generic medicines: A mixed-methods study. Patient. 2014;7:177-85. doi: 10.1007/s40271-013-0042-z .
18. Rathe J, Larsen P, Andersen M, Paulsen M, Jarbol D, Thomsen J, et al. Associations between generic substitution and patients' attitudes, beliefs and experiences. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69:1827-36. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1539-z .
19. Omojasola A, Gor B, Jones L. Perceptions of generic drug discount programs among low-income women: a qualitative study. Womens Health Issues. 2013;23:e55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2012.10.002 .
20. Ngo SN, Stupans I, McKinnon RA. Generic substitution in the treatment of epilepsy: patient attitudes and perceptions. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;26:64-6. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.10.032 .
21. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidance for industry. Bioavailability and bioequivalence. Studies submitted in NDAs or INDs - general considerations. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2014. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm389370.pdf .
22. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guideline on the investigation of bioequivalence. Canary Wharf: European Medicines Agency (EMA); 2010. http://www.emea.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2010/01/WC500070039.pdf .
23. Davit BM, Nwakama PE, Buehler GJ, Conner DP, Haidar SH, Patel DT, et al. Comparing generic and innovator drugs: a review of 12 years of bioequivalence data from the United States Food and Drug Administration. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1583-97. doi: 10.1345/aph.1M141 .
24. Kesselheim AS, Misono AS, Lee JL, Stedman MR, Brookhart MA, Choudhry NK, et al. Clinical equivalence of generic and brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300:2514-26. doi: 10.1001/jama.2008.758 .
25. Paton C. Generic clozapine: outcomes after switching formulations. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:184-5. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.017079 .
26. Kesselheim AS, Stedman MR, Bubrick EJ, Gagne JJ, Misono AS, Lee JL, et al. Seizure outcomes following the use of generic versus brand-name antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2010;70:605-21. doi: 10.2165/10898530000000000-00000 .
27. Tattevin P, Crémieux A-C, Rabaud C, Gauzit R. Efficacy and quality of antibacterial generic products approved for human use: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:458-69. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit769 .
28. Autorité de la concurrence (French Competition Authority). L'Autorité de la concurrence sanctionne Sanofi-Aventis à hauteur de 40,6 millions d'euros pour avoir mis en place une stratégie de dénigrement à l'encontre des génériques de Plavix®, l'un des médicaments les plus vendus dans le monde. Press release. Paris: Autorité de la concurrence; 2013. http://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/user/standard.php?id_rub=482&id_article=2090 . Accessed 4 April 2015.
29. Young JM, Solomon MJ. How to critically appraise an article. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6:82-91.
30. Doak C, Doak L, Root L. Teaching patients with low literacy skills. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott Company; 1996.
31. Pereira JA, Holbrook AM, Dolovich L, Goldsmith C, Thabane L, Douketis JD, et al. Are brand-name and generic warfarin interchangeable? A survey of Ontario patients and physicians. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;12:e229-39.
32. Kersnik J, Peklar J. Attitudes of Slovene general practitioners towards generic drug prescribing and comparison with international studies. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2006;31:577-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00776.x .
33. Alghasham AA. Generic drug prescribing in central Saudi Arabia: perceptions and attitudes of physicians. Ann Saudi Med. 2009;29:24-9.
34. Zaoui S, Hakkou F, Filali H. Generic drugs in Morocco: survey of physicians. Therapie. 2011;66:499-506. doi: 10.2515/therapie/2011067 .
35. Garcia AJ, Martos F, Leiva F, Sanchez de la Cuesta F. Generic drugs: good or bad? Physician's knowledge of generic drugs and prescribing habits. Gac Sanit. 2003;17:144-9.
36. Tsiantou V, Zavras D, Kousoulakou H, Geitona M, Kyriopoulos J. Generic medicines: Greek physicians' perceptions and prescribing practices. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2009;34:547-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01037.x .
37. Berg MJ, Gross RA, Haskins LS, Zingaro WM, Tomaszewski KJ. Generic substitution in the treatment of epilepsy: patient and physician perceptions. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13:693-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.06.001 .
38. Gossell-Williams M. Generic substitutions: a 2005 survey of the acceptance and perceptions of physicians in Jamaica. West Indian Med J. 2007;56:458-63.
39. Lagarce L, Lusson-Brisset C, Bruhat C, Diquet B, Laine-Cessac P. How practitioners view generic drugs: an opinion study from general practitioners in Maine-et-Loire (France). Therapie. 2005;60:67-74.
40. Jamshed SQ, Hassali MA, Ibrahim MI, Babar ZU. Knowledge attitude and perception of dispensing doctors regarding generic medicines in Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011;61:80-3.
41. Fraeyman J, De Winter J, De Loof H, Van Hal G, Beutels P, Remmen R, et al. Opinions and attitudes of Flemish pharmacists and general practitioners towards INN prescribing. A survery in Antwerp and East Flanders. J Pharm Belg. 2013;2:18-31.
42. Jamshed SQ, Ibrahim MI, Hassali MA, Masood I, Low BY, Shafie AA, et al. Perception and attitude of general practitioners regarding generic medicines in Karachi, Pakistan: A questionnaire based study. Southern Med Review. 2012;5:22-30.
43. Fabiano V, Mameli C, Cattaneo D, Delle Fave A, Preziosa A, Mele G, et al. Perceptions and patterns of use of generic drugs among Italian family pediatricians: first round results of a web survey. Health Policy. 2012;104:247-52. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.12.005 .
44. Simmenroth-Nayda A, Hummers-Pradier E, Ledig T, Jansen R, Niebling W, Bjerre LM, et al. Prescription of generic drugs in general practice. Results of a survey of general practitioners. Med Klin (Munich). 2006;101:705-10. doi: 10.1007/s00063-006-1097-6 .
45. Chua GN, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A. A survey exploring knowledge and perceptions of general practitioners towards the use of generic medicines in the northern state of Malaysia. Health Policy. 2010;95:229-35. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.11.019 .
46. Verger P, Gourheux JC, Villani P, Desquins B, Bouvenot G, Paraponaris A. Willingness to prescribe by international non proprietary names: general practitioners attitudes in South East France in 2002. Presse Med. 2003;32:1022-5.
47. Hamann J, Mendel R, Kissling W, Leucht S. Psychiatrists' decision making between branded and generic drugs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23:686-90. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.08.007 .
48. Dunne SS, Shannon B, Cullen W, Dunne CP. Beliefs, perceptions and behaviours of GPs towards generic medicines. Fam Pract. 2014;31:467-74. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmu024 .
49. Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A, Ibrahim MI, Chong Chee P, Jamshed S. Physicians' views on generic medicines: A narrative review. J Generic Med. 2010;7:30-9. doi: 10.1057/jgm.2009.32 .
50. Hassali MA, Kong DCM, Stewart K. Generic medicines: Perceptions of general practitioners in Melbourne, Australia. J Generic Med. 2006;3:214-25.
51. Williams AE, Chrystyn H. Survey of pharmacists' attitudes towards interchangeable use of dry powder inhalers. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29:221-7. doi: 10.1007/s11096-006-9079-6 .
52. Quintal C, Mendes P. Underuse of generic medicines in Portugal: an empirical study on the perceptions and attitudes of patients and pharmacists. Health Policy. 2012;104:61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.10.001 .
53. Olsson E, Kalvemark SS. Pharmacists' experiences and attitudes regarding generic drugs and generic substitution: two sides of the coin. Int J Pharm Pract. 2012;20:377-83. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2012.00214.x .
54. McAuley JW, Chen AY, Elliott JO, Shneker BF. An assessment of patient and pharmacist knowledge of and attitudes toward reporting adverse drug events due to formulation switching in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:113-7. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.08.009 .
55. Chong CP, Hassali MA, Bahari MB, Shafie AA. Exploring community pharmacists' views on generic medicines: a nationwide study from Malaysia. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:124-31. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9470-1 .
56. Babar ZU, Grover P, Stewart J, Hogg M, Short L, Seo HG, et al. Evaluating pharmacists' views, knowledge, and perception regarding generic medicines in New Zealand. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2011;7:294-305. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2010.06.004 .
57. Allenet B, Barry H. Opinion and behaviour of pharmacists towards the substitution of branded drugs by generic drugs: survey of 1,000 French community pharmacists. Pharm World Sci. 2003;25:197-202.
58. Dunne SS, Shannon B, Cullen W, Dunne CP. Perceptions and attitudes of community pharmacists towards generic medicines. J Manag Care Pharm. 2014;20:1138-46.
59. Himmel W, Simmenroth-Nayda A, Niebling W, Ledig T, Jansen RD, Kochen MM, et al. What do primary care patients think about generic drugs? Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;43:472-9.
60. Kjoenniksen I, Lindbaek M, Granas AG. Patients' attitudes towards and experiences of generic drug substitution in Norway. Pharm World Sci. 2006;28:284-9. doi: 10.1007/s11096-006-9043-5 .
61. Sarradon-Eck A, Blanc MA, Faure M. Users sceptical about generic drugs: an anthropological approach. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2007;55:179-85. doi: 10.1016/j.respe.2007.01.026 .
62. Ringuier R, Rouquette A, Dagorne C, Garnier F, Fanello S. Fifty years old and more patients' attitudes towards and experiences of generic substitution of prescription medicines. Therapie. 2008;63:11-7. doi: 10.2515/therapie:2008006 .
63. Hakonsen H, Eilertsen M, Borge H, Toverud EL. Generic substitution: additional challenge for adherence in hypertensive patients? Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:2515-21. doi: 10.1185/03007990903192223 .
64. Halme M, Linden K, Kaaria K. Patients' preferences for generic and branded over-the-counter medicines: an adaptive conjoint analysis approach. Patient. 2009;2:243-55. doi: 10.2165/11314130-000000000-00000 .
65. Papsdorf TB, Ablah E, Ram S, Sadler T, Liow K. Patient perception of generic antiepileptic drugs in the Midwestern United States. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:150-3. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.09.009 .
66. Roman B. Patients' attitudes towards generic substitution of oral atypical antipsychotics: a questionnaire-based survey in a hypothetical pharmacy setting. CNS Drugs. 2009;23:693-701. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200923080-00006 .
67. Shrank WH, Cadarette SM, Cox E, Fischer MA, Mehta J, Brookhart AM, et al. Is there a relationship between patient beliefs or communication about generic drugs and medication utilization? Med Care. 2009;47:319-25. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31818af850 .
68. Shrank WH, Cox ER, Fischer MA, Mehta J, Choudhry NK. Patients' perceptions of generic medications. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28:546-56. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.2.546 .
69. Babar ZU, Stewart J, Reddy S, Alzaher W, Vareed P, Yacoub N, et al. An evaluation of consumers' knowledge, perceptions and attitudes regarding generic medicines in Auckland. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32:440-8. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9402-0 .
70. Bulsara C, McKenzie A, Sanfilippo F, Holman CD, Emery JE. 'Not the full Monty': a qualitative study of seniors' perceptions of generic medicines in Western Australia. Aust J Prim Health. 2010;16:240-5. doi: 10.1071/py10006 .
71. Patel A, Gauld R, Norris P, Rades T. "This body does not want free medicines": South African consumer perceptions of drug quality. Health Policy Plan. 2010;25:61-9. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czp039 .
72. Hakonsen H, Toverud EL. Special challenges for drug adherence following generic substitution in Pakistani immigrants living in Norway. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67:193-201. doi: 10.1007/s00228-010-0960-9 .
73. Heikkila R, Mantyselka P, Ahonen R. Do people regard cheaper medicines effective? Population survey on public opinion of generic substitution in Finland. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:185-91. doi: 10.1002/pds.2084 .
74. Kobayashi E, Karigome H, Sakurada T, Satoh N, Ueda S. Patients' attitudes towards generic drug substitution in Japan. Health Policy. 2011;99:60-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.07.006 .
75. Sharrad AK, Hassali MA. Consumer perception on generic medicines in Basrah, Iraq: preliminary findings from a qualitative study. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2011;7:108-12. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2009.12.003 .
76. Heikkilä R, Mäntyselkä P, Ahonen R. Why people refuse generic substitution: a population survey of public opinion on generic substitution in Finland. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2012;28:24-6.
77. Keenum AJ, Devoe JE, Chisolm DJ, Wallace LS. Generic medications for you, but brand-name medications for me. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2012;8:574-8. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.12.004 .
78. Sewell K, Andreae S, Luke E, Safford MM. Perceptions of and barriers to use of generic medications in a rural African American population, Alabama, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E142. doi: 10.5888/pcd9.120010 .
79. Al Ameri MN, Mohamed W, Makramalla E, Shalhoub B, Tucker A, Johnston A. Renal patients' views on generic prescribing and substitution: example from the United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J. 2013;19:373-81.
80. Allenet B, Golay A. What are patients' attitudes towards generic drugs? The example of metformin. Rev Med Suisse. 2013;9:1005-9.
81. Hensler K, Uhlmann C, Porschen T, Benecke R, Rösche J. Generic substitution of antiepileptic drugs - A survey of patients' perspectives in Germany and other German-speaking countries. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;27:135-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.029 .
82. Zaoui S, Hakkou F, Filali H, Khabal Y, Tazi I, Mahmal L. Generic drug in Morocco: the point of view of the consumer. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;15:18. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2013.15.18.2243 .
83. Kohli E, Buller A. Factors influencing consumer purchasing patterns of generic versus brand name over-the-counter drugs. South Med J. 2013;106:155-60. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3182804c58 .
84. Hassali MAA, Shafie AA, Jamshed S, Ibrahim MIM, Awaisu A. Consumers' views on generic medicines: A review of the literature. Int J Pharm Pract. 2009;17:79-88. doi: 10.1211/ijpp.17.02.0002 .
85. Gonzalez Hernando S, Gonzalez Mieres C, Diaz Martin AM. Intention of purchasing generic prescription drugs on the part of consumers in Asturias, Spain. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2003;77:691-9.
86. Flemming K. Synthesis of quantitative and qualitative research: an example using Critical Interpretive Synthesis. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66:201-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05173.x .
87. Alian AA, Mohamed Azmi H, Stewart K, Kong DCM, Aljadhey H, Ibrahim MIM, et al. Patient knowledge, perceptions, and acceptance of generic medicines: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Patient Intell. 2014;6:1-29. doi: 10.2147/PI.S46737 .
88. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Review of therapeutic equivalence generic Bupropion XL 300 mg and Wellbutrin XL 300 mg. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2013. http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm153270.htm . Accessed 22 November 2014.
89. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Methylphenidate hydrochloride extended release tablets (generic Concerta) made by Mallinckrodt and Kudco. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; 2014. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm422568.htm . Accessed 22 November 2014.
90. Ferner RE, Lenney W, Marriott JF. Controversy over generic substitution. BMJ. 2010;340: c2548. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2548 .
91. Duerden MG, Hughes DA. Generic and therapeutic substitutions in the UK: are they a good thing? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;70:335-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03718.x .
92. Tschabitscher D, Platzer P, Baumgärtel C, Müllner M. Generika: qualität, wirksamkeit, sicherheit und austauschbarkeit. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2008;120:63-9. doi: 10.1007/s00508-008-0927-3 .
93. Moe-Byrne T, Chambers D, Harden M, McDaid C. Behaviour change interventions to promote prescribing of generic drugs: a rapid evidence synthesis and systematic review. BMJ. 2014;4:e004623. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004623 .
94. Freeman MK, Lauderdale SA, Kendrach MG, Woolley TW. Google Scholar versus PubMed in locating primary literature to answer drug-related questions. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:478-84. doi: 10.1345/aph.1L223 .
95. Falagas ME, Pitsouni EI, Malietzis GA, Pappas G. Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: strengths and weaknesses. FASEB J. 2008;22:338-42. doi: 10.1096/fj.07-9492LSF .
96. Dixon-Woods M, Bonas S, Booth A, Jones DR, Miller T, Sutton AJ, et al. How can systematic reviews incorporate qualitative research? A critical perspective. Qual Res. 2006;6:27-44. doi: 10.1177/1468794106058867 .
97. Kuper A, Lingard L, Levinson W. Critically appraising qualitative research. Br Med J. 2008;337:a1035. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1035 .
98. Letts L, Wilkins S, Law MR, Stewart D, Bosch J, Westmorland M. Guidelines for the critical review of qualitative studies. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; 2007. https://www.canchild.ca/en/canchildresources/resources/qualguide.pdf . Accessed 2 July 2014.