Transdiagnostic dimensions of anxiety: Neural mechanisms, executive functions, and new directions

International Journal of Psychophysiology

Volumn 98, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 365-377

  Sharp, Paul B ^a   Miller, Gregory A ^a,b   Heller, Wendy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxious apprehension; Anxious arousal; Executive function; Neural mechanisms; RDoC; Transdiagnostic

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEPRESSION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROIMAGING; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BRAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BRAIN; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMANS;

EID: 84937622231     PISSN: 01678760     EISSN: 18727697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Airaksinen, E., Larsson, M., Forsell, Y., Neuropsychological functions in anxiety disorders in population-based samples: evidence of episodic memory dysfunction. J. Psychiatr. Res. 39 (2005), 207–214, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.06.001.
2. Banich, M.T., Executive function: the search for an integrated account. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 18 (2009), 89–94.
3. Banich, M.T., Mackiewicz, K.L., Depue, B.E., Whitmer, A.J., Miller, G.A., Heller, W., Cognitive control mechanisms, emotion and memory: a neural perspective with implications for psychopathology. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33 (2009), 613–630.
4. Barlow, D.H., Disorders of emotion. Psychological Inquiry 2 (1991), 58–71.
5. Barrett, L.F., The conceptual act theory: A précis. Emotion Review 6:4 (2014), 292–297.
6. Barrett, L.F., Russell, J.A., (eds.) The Psychological Construction of Emotion, 2015.
7. Baxter, L.R., Schwartz, J.M., Mazziotta, J.C., Phelps, M.E., Pahl, J.J., Guze, B.H., Fairbanks, L., Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatr. 145 (1988), 1560–1563.
8. Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R.A., An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 56(6), 1988.
9. Berenbaum, H., Classification and psychopathology research. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122 (2013), 894–901, 10.1037/a0033096.
10. Bergman, R.L., Craske, M.G., Verbalization and imagery during worry activity. Depress. Anxiety 11 (2000), 169–174.
11. Borkovec, T.D., Alcaine, O., Behar, E., Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Heimberg, R., Turk, C.L., Mennin, D.S., (eds.) Generalized anxiety disorder: advances in research and practice, 2004, Guilford Press, New York, NY, 77–108.
12. Bradley, M.M., Natural selective attention: orienting and emotion. Psychophysiology 46 (2009), 1–11.
13. Bredemeier, K., Spielberg, J.M., Silton, R.L., Berenbaum, H., Heller, W., Miller, G.A., Screening for depressive disorders using the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire Anhedonic Depression Scale: a receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Psychol. Assess. 22 (2010), 702–710, 10.1037/a0019915 (PMCID: PMC2992834).
14. Bruder, G.E., Fong, R., Tenke, C.E., Leite, P., Towey, J.P., Stewart, J.E., Quitkin, F.M., Regional brain asymmetries in major depression with or without an anxiety disorder: a quantitative electroencephalographic study. Biol. Psychiatry 41:9 (1997), 939–948.
15. Buckby, J.A., Yung, A.R., Cosgrave, E.M., Killackey, E.J., Clinical utility of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) in a sample of young help-seekers. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 2007, 50.
16. Buckholtz, J.W., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. Neuron 74 (2012), 990–1004, 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.002.
17. Burdwood, E.N., Infantolino, Z.P., Crocker, L.D., Spielberg, J.M., Banich, M.T., Miller, G.A., Heller, W., in revision. Resting-state functional connectivity differentiates anxious apprehension, anxious arousal, and depression.
18. Chikazoe, J., Lee, D.H., Kriegeskorte, N., Anderson, A.K., Population coding of affect across stimuli, modalities and individuals. Nat. Neurosci. 17 (2014), 1114–1122, 10.1038/nn.3749.
19. Clark, A., Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Brain Behav. Sci. 36:3 (2013), 181–253.
20. Clark, L.A., Watson, D., Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 100 (1991), 316–336, 10.1037//0021-843X.100.3.316.
21. Coan, J.A., Allen, J.J., Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biol. Psychol. 67 (2004), 7–49, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.002.
22. Compton, R.J., Banich, M.T., Mohanty, A., Milham, M.P., Herrington, J., Miller, G.A., Scalf, P.E., Webb, A., Heller, W., Paying attention to emotion: an fMRI investigation of cognitive and emotional Stroop tasks. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 3 (2003), 81–96.
23. Corbetta, M., Shulman, G.L., Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002), 201–215.
24. Corbetta, M., Patel, G., Shulman, G.L., The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind. Neuron 58 (2008), 306–324, 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017.
25. Craske, M.G., Treanor, M., Conway, C.C., Zbozinek, T., Vervlliet, B., Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach. Behav. Res. Ther. 58 (2014), 10–23.
26. Craver, C.F., Bechtel, W., Top-down causation without top-down causes. Biol. Philos. 22:4 (2007), 547–563.
27. Crocker, L.D., Heller, W., Spielberg, J.M., Warren, S.L., Bredemeier, K., Sutton, B.P., Miller, G.A., Neural mechanisms of attentional control differentiate trait and state negative affect. Front. Psychol., 3, 2012, 298, 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00298.
28. Crocker, L.D., Heller, W., Warren, S.L., O'Hare, A.J., Infantolino, Z.P., Miller, G.A., Relationships among cognition, emotion, and motivation: implications for intervention and neuroplasticity in psychopathology. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7, 2013, 261, 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00261.
29. Cuthbert, B.N., Kozak, M.J., Constructing constructs for psychopathology: the NIMH Research Domain Criteria. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122 (2013), 928–937.
30. Davidson, R.J., Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain Cogn. 20:1 (1992), 125–151.
31. Davis, M., Walker, D.L., Miles, L., Grillon, C., Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1 (2010), 105–135.
32. Dehaene, S., Charles, L., King, J.R., Marti, S., Toward a computational theory of conscious processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 25 (2014), 76–84.
33. Dien, J., Differential lateralization of trait anxiety and trait fearfulness: evoked potential correlates. Personal. Individ. Differ. 26 (1999), 333–356.
34. Dosenbach, N.U., Fair, D.A., Cohen, A.L., Schlaggar, B.L., Petersen, S.E., A dual-networks architecture of top-down control. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12 (2008), 99–105, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.001.
35. Duncan, S., Barrett, L.F., Affect is a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis. Cognition and emotion 21:6 (2007), 1184–1211.
36. Ekman, P., An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion. 6 (1992), 169–200.
37. Elliott, R., Baker, S.C., Rogers, R.D., O'Leary, D.A., Paykel, E.S., Frith, C.D., Dolan, R.J., Sahakian, B.J., Prefrontal dysfunction in depressed patients performing a complex planning task: a study using positron emission tomography. Psychol Med. 27:4 (1997), 931–942.
38. Elton, A., Alcauter, S., Gao, W., Network connectivity abnormality profile supports a categorical‐dimensional hybrid model of ADHD. Hum. Brain Mapp., 35(9), 2014.
39. Engels, A.S., Heller, W., Mohanty, A., Herrington, J.D., Banich, M.T., Webb, A.G., Miller, G.A., Specificity of regional brain activity in anxiety types during emotion processing. Psychophysiology 44 (2007), 352–363, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00518.x.
40. Engels, A.S., Heller, W., Spielberg, J.M., Warren, S.L., Sutton, B.P., Banich, M.T., Miller, G.A., Co-occurring anxiety influences patterns of brain activity in depression. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 10 (2010), 141–156, 10.3758/CABN.10.1.141.
41. Eysenck, M.W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., Calvo, M.G., Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion 7 (2007), 336–353, 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336.
42. Fanselow, M.S., Sterlace, S.R., Pavlovian fear conditioning: function, cause, treatment. McSweeney, F.K., Murphy, E.S., (eds.) The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning, 2014, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oxford, UK, 117–141.
43. Finy, M.S., Infantolino, Z.P., Crocker, L.D., Spielberg, J.M., Hojnicki, M.P., Niznikiewicz, M.A., O'Hare, A.J., Smolen, A., Miller, G.A., Heller, W., Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) 7-repeat carriers exhibit impaired behavioral performance and dysfunction in an inhibition-related brain region. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Psychopathology, Evanston, IL, 2014 (September).
44. Foa, E.B., Kozak, M.J., Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol. Bull., 99(1), 1986, 20.
45. Gotlib, I., Joormann, J., Cognition and depression: current status and future directions., 6, 2010, 285–312, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305.
46. Heller, W., Neuropsychological mechanisms of individual differences in emotion, personality, and arousal. Neuropsychology 7 (1993), 476–498.
47. Heller, W., Nitschke, J.B., The puzzle of regional brain activity in depression and anxiety: the importance of subtypes and comorbidity. Cogn. Emot. 12 (1998), 421–447.
48. Heller, W., Etienne, M.A., Miller, G.A., Patterns of perceptual asymmetry in depression and anxiety: implications for neuropsychological models of emotion and psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104 (1995), 327–333.
49. Heller, W., Nitschke, J.B., Etienne, M.A., Miller, G.A., Patterns of regional brain activity differentiate types of anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 106 (1997), 376–385.
50. Herrington, J.D., Mohanty, A., Koven, N.S., Fisher, J.E., Stewart, J.L., Banich, M.T., Webb, A.G., Miller, G.A., Heller, W., Emotion-modulated performance and activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Emotion 5 (2005), 200–207.
51. Herrington, J.D., Heller, W., Mohanty, A., Engels, A.S., Banich, M.T., Webb, A.G., Miller, G.A., Localization of asymmetric brain function in emotion and depression. Psychophysiology 47 (2010), 442–454, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00958.x.
52. Herschbach, M., Bechtel, B., Mental mechanisms and psychological construction. Barrett, L.F., Russell, J.A., (eds.) The Psychological Construction of Emotion, 2015, Guilford Press, New York, 21–44.
53. Hochman, E.Y., Orr, J.M., Gehring, W.J., Toward a more sophisticated response representation in theories of medial frontal performance monitoring: the effects of motor similarity and motor asymmetries. Cereb. Cortex 24 (2014), 414–425, 10.1093/cercor/bhs323.
54. Hofmann, S.G., Ellard, K.K., Siegle, G.J., Neurobiological correlates of cognitions in fear and anxiety: a cognitive–neurobiological information processing model. Cogn. Emot. 26 (2012), 282–299, 10.1080/02699931.2011.579414.
55. Hugdahl, K., Rund, B.R., Lund, A., Asbjørnsen, A., Egeland, J., Ersland, L., et al. Brain activation measured with fMRI during a mental arithmetic task in schizophrenia and major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 161 (2004), 286–293.
56. Hyman, S.E., The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 6 (2010), 155–179, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091532.
57. Insel, T.R., Cuthbert, B.N., Brain disorders? Precisely: precision medicine comes to psychiatry. Science 348 (2015), 499–500.
58. Insel, T.R., Cuthbert, B.N., Garvey, M.B., Heinssen, R., Pine, D.S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., Wang, P., Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am. J. Psychiatr. 167 (2010), 748–750.
59. Jackson, J.L., Passamonti, M., Kroenke, K., Outcome and impact of mental disorders in primary care at 5 years. Psychosom. Med. 69 (2007), 270–276.
60. Keller, J., Nitschke, J.B., Bhargava, T., Deldin, P.J., Gergen, J.A., Miller, G.A., Heller, W., Neuropsychological differentiation of depression and anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 109 (2000), 3–10.
61. Kozak, M.J., Miller, G.A., Hypothetical constructs versus intervening variables: a re-appraisal of the three-systems model of anxiety assessment. Behav. Assess. 14 (1982), 347–358.
62. Kriegeskorte, N., Kievit, R.A., Representational geometry: integrating cognition, computation, and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17 (2013), 401–412, 10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.007.
63. Krueger, R.F., Markon, K.E., Understanding psychopathology melding behavior genetics, personality, and quantitative psychology to develop an empirically based model. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 15:3 (2006), 113–117.
64. Lang, P.J., Fear reduction and fear behavior: problems in treating a construct. Schlien, J., (eds.) Research in Psychotherapy, III, 1968, APA, Washington, DC, 90–103.
65. Lang, P.J., Anxiety: toward a psychophysiological definition. Akiskal, H.S., Webb, W.L., (eds.) Psychiatric Diagnosis: Exploration of Biological Predictors, 1978, Spectrum, New York, 365–389.
66. Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., Cuthbert, B.N., Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychol. Rev. 97 (1990), 377–395.
67. Letkiewicz, A.M., Heller, W., Crocker, L.D., Warren, S.L., Infantolino, Z.P., Mimnaugh, K.J., Miller, G.A., Executive function deficits in daily life predict increases in depressive symptoms. Cogn. Ther. Res., 2014, 10.1007/s10608-014-9629-5 (Advance online publication).
68. Levin, R.L., Heller, W., Mohanty, A., Herrington, J.D., Miller, G.A., Cognitive deficits in depression and functional specificity of regional brain activity. Cogn. Ther. Res. 31 (2007), 211–233, 10.1007/s10608-007-9128-z.
69. Marvasti, F., Stafford, R., From sick care to health care — reengineering prevention into the US system. N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (2012), 888–889, 10.1056/NEJMp1206862.
70. Meehl, P.E., Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. Am. Psychol. 17 (1962), 827–838, 10.1037/h0041029.
71. Meehl, P.E., Schizotaxia revisited. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46 (1989), 935–944.
72. Meyer, T., Miller, M., Metzger, R., Borkovec, T.D., Development and validity of the Penn State Worry Scale. Behav. Res. Ther. 28 (1990), 487–495.
73. Miller, G.A., How we think about cognition, emotion, and biology in psychopathology. Psychophysiology 33 (1996), 615–628.
74. Miller, G.A., Mistreating psychology in the decades of the brain. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5 (2010), 716–743, 10.1177/1745691610388774.
75. Miller, G.A., Keller, J., Psychology and neuroscience: making peace. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 9 (2000), 212–215, 10.1111/1467-8721.00097.
76. Miller, G.A., Kozak, M.J., A philosophy for the study of emotion: three-systems theory. Birbaumer, N., Öhman, A., (eds.) The Structure of Emotion: Physiological, Cognitive and Clinical Aspects, 1993, Hogrefe & Huber, Seattle, 31–47.
77. Miller, G.A., Rockstroh, B., Endophenotypes in psychopathology research: where do we stand?. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 9 (2013), 177–213, 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185540.
78. Miller, G.A., Rockstroh, B., Progress and prospects for endophenotypes in schizophrenia in the time of genomics, epigenetics, and RDoC. Nickl-Jockschat, T., Abel, T., (eds.) The Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, 2015, Elsevier (in press).
79. Miltner, W.H.R., Lemke, U., Weiss, T., Holroyd, C., Scheffers, M.K., Coles, M.G.H., Implementation of error-processing in the human anterior cingulate cortex: a source analysis of the magnetic equivalent of the error-related negativity. Biol. Psychol. 64 (2003), 157–166.
80. Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21 (2012), 8–14, 10.1177/0963721411429458.
81. Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., Wager, T.D., The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn. Psychol. 41:1 (2000), 49–100.
82. Morris, S.E., Cuthbert, B.N., Research Domain Criteria: cognitive systems, neural circuits, and dimensions of behavior. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 14 (2012), 29–37.
83. Moser, J.S., Moran, T.P., Schroder, H.S., Donnellan, M.B., Yeung, N., On the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: a meta-analysis and conceptual framework. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7, 2013, 466, 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00466.
84. Nitschke, J.B., Heller, W., Palmieri, P.A., Miller, G.A., Contrasting patterns of brain activity in anxious apprehension and anxious arousal. Psychophysiology 36 (1999), 628–637.
85. Nitschke, J.B., Heller, W., Miller, G.A., Anxiety, stress, and cortical brain function. Borod, J.C., (eds.) The Neuropsychology of Emotion, 2000, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 298–319.
86. O'Hare, A.J., Dien, J., The Fear Survey Schedule as a measure of anxious arousal: evidence from ERPs. Neurosci. Lett. 441 (2008), 243–247, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.017.
87. O'Hare, A.J., Crocker, L.D., Warren, S.L., Spielberg, J.M., Miller, G.A., Heller, W., Neural mechanisms of anxious apprehension and interference during emotional and non-emotional Stroop tasks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Atlanta, Georgia, 2014 (September).
88. Oathes, D.J., Patenaude, B., Schatzberg, A.F., Etkin, A., Neurobiological signatures of anxiety and depression in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol. Psychiatry 77:4 (2015), 385–393.
89. Ofrat, S., Krueger, R.F., How research on the meta-structure of psychopathology aids in understanding biological correlates of mood and anxiety disorders. Biol. Mood Anxiety Disord., 2, 2012, 13.
90. Olff, M., Polak, A.R., Witteveen, A.B., Denys, D., Executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the influence of comorbid depression. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 112 (2014), 114–121, 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.003.
91. Paulesu, E., Frith, C.D., Frackowiak, R.S.J., The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362 (1993), 342–345.
92. Pessoa, L., On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9:2 (2008), 148–158.
93. Pickles, A., Angold, A., Natural categories or fundamental dimensions: on carving nature at the joints and the rearticulation of psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 15:3 (2003), 529–551.
94. Poulos, A.M., Li, V., Sterlace, S.S., Tokushige, F., Ponnusamy, R., Fanselow, M.W., Persistence of fear memory across time requires the basolateral amygdala complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (2009), 11737–11741.
95. Reid, S.A., Duke, L.M., Allen, J.J.B., Resting frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in depression: Inconsistencies suggest the need to identify mediating factors. Psychophysiology 35 (1998), 389–404, 10.1017/S0048577298970986.
96. Reiman, E.M., Raichle, M.E., Robins, E., Mintum, M.A., Fusselman, M.J., Fox, P.T., Price, J.L., Hackman, K.A., Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46 (1989), 493–500.
97. Roberts, B.W., Back to the future: personality and assessment and personality development. J. Res. Pers. 43 (2009), 137–145, 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.015.
98. Rodríguez-Biglieri, R., Vetere, G.L., Psychometric characteristics of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in an Argentinean sample: a cross-cultural contribution. Span. J. Psychol. 14 (2011), 452–463, 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.41.
99. Ruscio, A.M., Borkovec, T.D., Ruscio, J., A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of worry. J. Abnorm. Psychol., 110(3), 2001, 413.
100. Russell, J.A., Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological review, 110(1), 2003, 145.
101. Sanislow, C.A., Pine, D.S., Quinn, K.J., Kozak, M.J., Garvey, M.A., Heinssen, R.K., Cuthbert, B.N., Developing constructs for psychopathology research: research domain criteria. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 119 (2010), 631–639, 10.1037/a0020909.
102. Sartorius, N., The only one or one of many? A comment on the RDoC project. World Psychiatry 13 (2014), 50–51, 10.1002/wps.20103.
103. Sass, S.M., Heller, W., Stewart, J.L., Silton, R.L., Edgar, J.C., Fisher, J.E., Miller, G.A., Time course of attentional bias in anxiety: emotion and gender specificity. Psychophysiology 47 (2010), 247–259, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00926.x.
104. Schacter, D.L., Addis, D.R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V.C., Spreng, R.N., Szpunar, K.K., The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain. Neuron 76 (2012), 677–694, 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001.
105. Shipp, S., Adams, R.A., Friston, K.J., Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor cortex. Trends Neurosci. 36 (2013), 706–716, 10.1016/j.tins.2013.09.004.
106. Silton, R.L., Heller, W., Engels, A.S., Towers, D.N., Spielberg, J.M., Edgar, J.C., Miller, G.A., Depression and anxious apprehension distinguish frontocingulate cortical activity during top-down attentional control. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 120 (2011), 272–285, 10.1037/a0023204.
107. Smitherman, T.A., Huerkamp, J.K., Miller, B.I., Houle, T.T., O'Jile, J.R., The relation of depression and anxiety to measures of executive functioning in a mixed psychiatric sample. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 22 (2007), 647–654, 10.1016/j.acn.2007.04.007.
108. Snyder, H.R., Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. Psychol. Bull. 139 (2013), 81–132, 10.1037/a0028727.
109. Snyder, H.R., Kaiser, R.H., Warren, S.L., Heller, W., Obsessive–compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: a meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Sci., 2014, 10.1177/2167702614534210 (Advanced Online Publication).
110. Snyder, H.R., Miyake, A., Hankin, B.L., Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches. Front. Psychol., 6, 2015, 328, 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00328.
111. Somerville, L.H., Wagner, D.D., Wig, G.S., Moran, J.M., Whalen, P.J., Kelley, W.M., Interactions between transient and sustained neural signals support the generation and regulation of anxious emotion. Cereb. Cortex 23 (2013), 49–60, 10.1093/cercor/bhr373.
112. Spielberg, J.M., De Leon, A.A., Bredemeier, K., Heller, W., Engels, A.S., Warren, S.L., …, Miller, G.A., Anxiety type modulates immediate versus delayed engagement of attention-related brain regions. Brain Behav. 3 (2013), 532–551, 10.1002/brb3.157.
113. Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R.E., State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. 1970, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
114. Tempesta, D., Mazza, M., Serroni, N., Moschetta, F.S., Di Giannantonio, M., Ferrara, M., De Berardis, D., Neuropsychological functioning in young subjects with generalized anxiety disorder with and without pharmacotherapy. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 45 (2013), 236–241, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.006.
115. Ursache, A., Raver, C.C., Trait and state anxiety: relations to executive functioning in an at-risk sample. Cogn. Emot. 28 (2014), 845–855, 10.1080/02699931.2013.855173.
116. Van Veen, V., Carter, C.S., The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies. Physiol. Behav. 77 (2002), 477–482.
117. Warren, S.L., Crocker, L.D., Spielberg, J.M., Engels, A.S., Banich, M.T., Sutton, B.P., Miller, G.A., Heller, W., Cortical organization of inhibition-related functions and modulation by psychopathology. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7, 2013, 271, 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00271.
118. Warren, S. L., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (in prep). The structure of executive dysfunction in depression and anxiety.
119. Watson, D., Clark, L.A., 1991. The Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa, Department of Psychology, Iowa City.
120. Watson, D., Tellegen, A., Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychol. Bull. 98 (1985), 219–235, 10.1037//0033-2909.98.2.219.
121. Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J.S., Clark, L.A., Strauss, M.E., McCormick, R.A., Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104 (1995), 3–14.
122. Watson, D., O'Hara, M.W., Simms, L.J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E.A., Stuart, S., Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Psychol. Assess., 19, 2007, 253.
123. Yehuda, R., LeDoux, J., Response variation following trauma: a translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron 56 (2007), 19–32, 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.006.